Brstjjy

Southern Sami
	åarjelsaemien gïele
Region	; Norway, Sweden;
Native speakers	(600 cited 1992);
Language family	; Uralic; ; Sami ; Western Southern Sami; ; ; ; ; ;
Writing system	Latin
Official status
Official language in	; Snåsa & Røyrvik, Norway ;
Recognised minority; language in	Norway; Sweden;
Language codes
ISO 639-2	sma
ISO 639-3	sma
Glottolog	; sout2674;
	; Southern Sami is 1 on this map.;
	; This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For a guide to IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Åarjel-saemiej skuvle (Southern Sami school) and maanagierte (kindergarten) in Snåsa.

Southern or South Sami (åarjelsaemien gïele) is the southwestern-most of the Sami languages. It is a seriously endangered language; the strongholds of this language are the municipalities of Snåsa, Røyrvik, Røros and Hattfjelldal in Norway.

Writing system

Southern Sami is one of the six Sami languages that has an official written language, but only a few books have been published for the language, one of which is an adequate-sized Southern Sami–Norwegian dictionary.

Southern Sami uses the Latin alphabet:

A a	B b	D d	E e	F f	G g	H h	I i
(Ï ï)	J j	K k	L l	M m	N n	O o	P p
R r	S s	T t	U u	V v	Y y	Æ æ	Ö ö
Å å

The Sami Language Council recommended in 1976 to use ⟨æ⟩ and ⟨ö⟩, but in practice the latter is replaced by ⟨ø⟩ in Norway and the former by ⟨ä⟩ in Sweden.^[5] This is in accordance with the usage in Norwegian and Swedish, based on computer or typewriter availability. The Ï ï represents a back version of I i, however many texts fail to distinguish between the two.

C c, Q q, W w, X x, Z z are only used in words of foreign origin.

Phonology

Southern Sami has two dialects, the northern and the southern dialect. The phonological differences between the dialects are relatively small; the phonemic system of the northern dialect is explained below.

Vowels

The vowel phonemes of the northern dialect are the following; orthographic counterparts are given in italics:

	front		central		back
	unrounded	rounded	unrounded	rounded	unrounded	rounded
close	i ⟨i⟩	y ⟨y⟩	ɨ ⟨ï⟩, ⟨i⟩^[a]	ʉ ⟨u⟩		u ⟨o⟩
mid	e ⟨e⟩					o ⟨å⟩
open	ɛ ⟨æ⟩, ⟨ä⟩^[b], ⟨ae⟩^[c]				ɑ ⟨a⟩

^ The distinction between the vowels /i/ and /ɨ/ is normally not indicated in spelling: both of these sounds are written with the letter ⟨i⟩. However, dictionaries and other linguistically precise sources use the character ⟨ï⟩ for the latter vowel.

^ The spelling ⟨æ⟩ is used in Norway, and ⟨ä⟩ in Sweden.

^ Long /ɛː/ is written ⟨ae⟩.

The non-high vowels /e/, /ɛ/, /o/ and /ɑ/ contrast in length: they may occur as both short and long. High vowels only occur as short.

The vowels may combine to form ten different diphthongs:

	front	front to back	central to back	central to front	back to front	back
close to mid	/ie/ ⟨ie⟩	/yo/ ⟨yø⟩, ⟨yö⟩		/ʉe/ ⟨ue⟩; /ɨe/ ⟨ïe⟩, ⟨ie⟩		/uo/ ⟨oe⟩
close to open			/ʉa/ ⟨ua⟩
mid					/oe/ ⟨øø⟩, ⟨öö⟩
mid to open	/eæ/ ⟨ea⟩				/oæ/ ⟨åe⟩	/oa/ ⟨åa⟩

Consonants

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	unaspirated	p ⟨b⟩, ⟨p⟩	t ⟨d⟩, ⟨t⟩	ts ⟨ts⟩	tʃ ⟨tj⟩		k ⟨g⟩, ⟨k⟩
Plosive	aspirated	pʰ ⟨p⟩	tʰ ⟨t⟩				kʰ ⟨k⟩
Fricative		f ⟨f⟩		s ⟨s⟩	ʃ ⟨sj⟩			h ⟨h⟩
Nasal		m ⟨m⟩	n ⟨n⟩			ɲ ⟨nj⟩	ŋ ⟨ng⟩
Lateral				l ⟨l⟩
Trill				r ⟨r⟩
Approximant		β ~ w ⟨v⟩				j ⟨j⟩

Grammar

Sound alternations

In Southern Sami, the vowel in the second syllable of a word causes changes to the vowel in the first syllable, a feature called umlaut. The vowel in the second syllable can change depending on the inflectional ending being attached, and the vowel in the first vowel will likewise alternate accordingly. Often there are three different vowels that alternate with each other in the paradigm of a single word, for example as follows:

ae ~ aa ~ ee: vaedtsedh 'to walk' : vaadtsam 'I walk' : veedtsim 'I walked'

ue ~ ua ~ øø: vuelkedh 'to leave' : vualkam 'I leave' : vøølkim 'I left'

The following table gives a full overview of the alternations:

Proto-Samic first vowel	Followed by *ā	Followed by *ē	Followed by *ō	Followed by *ë	Followed by *i
*ā	aa	ae	aa	aa	ee
*ea	ea	ie	ea	aa	ee
*ie	ea	ie	ea	ïe	ie
*oa	åa	åe	åa	oe	öö
*uo	ua	ue	åa	oe	öö
*ë	a	e	æ, å	a, ï	e
*i	æ, ij	i	æ	ïj	i
*o	å	u	å, a	o, a, ov	u
*u	å, a	u	å	o, ov	u

On the other hand, Southern Sami is the only Sami language that does not have consonant gradation. Hence consonants in the middle of words never alternate in Southern Sami, even though such alternations are frequent in other Sami languages. Compare, for instance, Southern Sami nomme 'name' : nommesne 'in the name' to Northern Sami namma : namas, with the consonant gradation mm : m.

Cases

Southern Sami has 8 cases:

Case	Singular ending	Plural ending
Nominative	-	-h
Genitive	-n	-i / -j
Accusative	-m	-jte / -ite / -idie
Inessive	-sne / -snie	-ine / -jne / -inie
Elative	-ste / -stie	-jste / -jstie
Illative	-n / -se / -sse	-jte / -ite / -idie
Comitative	-ine / -jne / -inie	-igujmie / -jgujmie
Essive	-ine / -jne / -inie	(no plural form)

Verbs

Person

Southern Sami verbs conjugate for three grammatical persons:

first person

second person

third person

Mood

Tense

Grammatical number

Southern Sami verbs conjugate for three grammatical numbers:

singular

dual

plural

Negative verb

Southern Sami, like Finnish, the other Sami languages and Estonian, has a negative verb. In Southern Sami, the negative verb conjugates according to tense (past and non-past), mood (indicative and imperative), person (1st, 2nd and 3rd) and number (singular, dual and plural). This differs from some other Sami languages, e.g. from Northern Sami, which do not conjugate according to tense.

Southern Sami negative verb, indicative forms
	Non-past indicative			Past indicative
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
1st	im	ean	ibie	idtjim	idtjimen	idtjimh
2nd	ih	idien	idie	idtjih	idtjiden	idtjidh
3rd	ij	eakan	eah	idtji	idtjigan	idtjin

Southern Sami negative verb, imperative forms
	Non-past imperative			Past imperative
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
1st	aelliem	aellien	aellebe	ollem	ollen	ollebe
2nd	aellieh	aelleden	aellede	ollh	olleden	ollede
3rd	aellis	aellis	aellis	olles	olles	olles

Syntax

Like Skolt Sami and unlike other Sami languages, Southern Sami is an SOV language.

References

^ Southern Sami at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)

^ "Samelovens språkregler og forvaltningsområdet for samisk språk". Regjeringen.no (in Norwegian). Statsministerens kontor. 2014-08-12. Retrieved 2018-01-30. Forvaltningsområdet for samisk språk omfatter [...] Snåasen tjïelte/Snåsa kommune og Raarvihke Tjielte/Røyrvik kommune i Nord-Trøndelag..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}

^ "To which languages does the Charter apply?". European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Council of Europe. p. 5. Retrieved 2014-04-03.

^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Southern Sami". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

^ Magga, Ole Henrik; Magga, Lajla Mattsson (2012). Sørsamisk grammatikk [A Grammar of South Sami] (in Norwegian). Kautokeino: Davvi Girji. p. 12. ISBN 978-82-7374-855-3.

Bergsland, Knut. Røroslappisk grammatikk, 1946.

Knut Bergsland. Sydsamisk grammatikk, 1982.

Knut Bergsland and Lajla Mattson Magga. Åarjelsaemien-daaroen baakoegærja, 1993.

Hasselbrink, Gustav. Südsamisches Wörterbuch I–III

External links

Sámi lottit Names of birds found in Sápmi in a number of languages, including Skolt Sámi and English. Search function only works with Finnish input though.

Southern Sámi grammatical resources

Samien Sijte – Southern Sámi Museum and Cultural Center

Sørsamisk forskning og undervisning^{[permanent dead link]} – Universitetet i Tromsø

[6] The distinction between the vowels /i/ and /ɨ/ is normally not indicated in spelling: both of these sounds are written with the letter ⟨i⟩. However, dictionaries and other linguistically precise sources use the character ⟨ï⟩ for the latter vowel.

[7] The spelling ⟨æ⟩ is used in Norway, and ⟨ä⟩ in Sweden.

[8] Long /ɛː/ is written ⟨ae⟩.

[e18-1] Southern Sami at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)

[2] "Samelovens språkregler og forvaltningsområdet for samisk språk". Regjeringen.no (in Norwegian). Statsministerens kontor. 2014-08-12. Retrieved 2018-01-30. Forvaltningsområdet for samisk språk omfatter [...] Snåasen tjïelte/Snåsa kommune og Raarvihke Tjielte/Røyrvik kommune i Nord-Trøndelag..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}

[3] "To which languages does the Charter apply?". European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Council of Europe. p. 5. Retrieved 2014-04-03.

[Glottolog-4] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Southern Sami". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[5] Magga, Ole Henrik; Magga, Lajla Mattsson (2012). Sørsamisk grammatikk [A Grammar of South Sami] (in Norwegian). Kautokeino: Davvi Girji. p. 12. ISBN 978-82-7374-855-3.

v t e Languages of Norway
Official languages	Norwegian Bokmål Nynorsk Sami Southern Ume Pite Lule Northern
Minority languages	Kven Romani Scandoromani
Sign languages	Norwegian Sign Language

v t e Languages of Sweden
Official language	Swedish
Minority languages	Finnish Meänkieli Sami Southern Ume Pite Lule Northern Romani Finnish Kalo Scandoromani Yiddish
Sign languages	Swedish Sign Language
See also: Official minority languages of Sweden

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