Histone-modifying enzymes
Histone-Modifying Enzymes, the sites for modification are marked in color.
The packaging of the eukaryotic genome into highly condensed chromatin makes it inaccessible to the factors required for gene transcription, DNA replication, recombination and repair. Eukaryotes have developed intricate mechanisms to overcome this repressive barrier imposed by the chromatin. The nucleosome is composed of an octamer of the four core histones (H3, H4, H2A, H2B) around which 146 base pairs of DNA are wrapped. Several distinct classes of enzyme can modify histones at multiple sites.[1] The figure on the right enlists those histone-modifying enzymes whose specificity has been determined. There are at least eight distinct types of modifications found on histones (see the legend box on the top left of the figure). Enzymes have been identified for acetylation,[2]methylation,[3]demethylation,[4]phosphorylation,[5]ubiquitination,[6]sumoylation,[7]ADP-ribosylation,[8]deimination,[9][10] and
proline isomerization.[11] For a detailed example of histone modifications in transcription regulation see RNA polymerase control by chromatin structure and table "Examples of histone modifications in transcriptional regulation".
See also
- Histone deacetylases
- Histone methyltransferase
- Histone acetyltransferase
- Nucleosome
- Chromatin
- PRMT4 pathway
References
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^ Nathan D, Ingvarsdottir K, Sterner DE, et al. (April 2006). "Histone sumoylation is a negative regulator in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and shows dynamic interplay with positive-acting histone modifications". Genes Dev. 20 (8): 966–76. doi:10.1101/gad.1404206. PMC 1472304. PMID 16598039.
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^ Cuthbert GL, Daujat S, Snowden AW, et al. (September 2004). "Histone deimination antagonizes arginine methylation". Cell. 118 (5): 545–53. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2004.08.020. PMID 15339660.
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^ Nelson CJ, Santos-Rosa H, Kouzarides T (September 2006). "Proline isomerization of histone H3 regulates lysine methylation and gene expression". Cell. 126 (5): 905–16. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.07.026. PMID 16959570.
