御准

Multi tool use

加拿大國王喬治六世御准加拿大議院的法律,右為伊麗莎白皇后,1939年5月19日。
御准又稱王室同意(英语:Royal Assent),是指立憲君主正式批准並頒布其國家議會法案,由此建立法律的程序。對絕大多數的現代君主政體而言,御准僅是一項例行程序;但即使在統治者仍有權拒絕授予御准的國家(例如英國、马来西亚、挪威和列支敦斯登),統治者也甚少動用此權,而是遵從其政府的決策,以免陷國家於可怕的政治危機中(參見保留權)。歐洲君主政體對否決權的行使曾實為頻繁;但自18世紀發展出現代民主政治氛圍後,拒授御准的情形已極為少見。
御准通常是以英皇制誥等較為書面的方式進行授予,有時也會伴隨著詳盡儀式。例如在英國,上議院專員在經君主任命後,負責在西敏宮的典禮上宣布批予御准。在其他國家,如澳大利亞和加拿大,僅由總督簽署法案。然而,無論是御准方式為何,議會在事後必須獲知御准;此可以由兩種途徑:上議院專員或君主的代表在各議院在場時公開授予御准;或者個別通知議院,對象通常是該議院議長。
相關程式
在英國,法案行將獲得御准前,必須已經在國會上下兩院通過所有必需的階段(即所謂“三讀流程”)。根據1911年和1949年議會法令,下議院可以在若干情況下,徑直將一項法案呈諸御准,而無需征得上議院的同意。正常地,御准常由君主或經由英皇制誥授權的上議院專員行使。該御准可能於議會內或議會外批出:在後一種情況下,在該法案正式生效前,上下兩院必須分別向君主提出呈請。
在議會中,供職上議院的國會執行秘書(Clerk of the Parliaments),會以傳統盎格魯-諾曼法律法語(Anglo-Norman Law French)的程式性短語,表明君主的決定。通常的流程為:首先大法官在上議院專員陪同下,於上議院宣讀涉及該法案之英皇制誥。然後,駐大法官署皇室執行秘書(Clerk of the Crown in Chancery)讀出該法案的簡稱。接著國會執行秘書面向院內欄柵外側下議院代表(通常為下院正副議長、下院秘書、警衛官及相關法案委員會之議員眾人等)逐一用上述短語回應相關法案的御准詳情。同時這句話也具列在法案之中,以表明君主批給該法案御准。
御准內容
當獲御准之法案為撥款事宜時,常用"La Reyne /Le Roy remercie ses bons sujets, accepte leur benevolence, et ainsi le veult",“女王/國王感謝其優秀之臣民,接受其盛情善意,并依其所願執行之”(英語:"The Queen / The King thanks her good subjects, accepts their bounty, and wills it so.")。
當獲御准之法案為其他公共事宜草案時,常用"La Reyne /Le Roy le veult",“女王/國王依其所願准行之”(英語:"The Queen / The King wills it")。
當獲御准之法案為私人條例草案時,常用"Soit fait comme il est désiré",“因之所需,允其所請” (英語:"let it be as it is desired")。
當相關呈請之議案未獲御准時,通常會以委婉的形式表達: "La Reyne /Le Roy s'avisera",“女王/國王就此再行三思,容后聖裁” ("the Queen /the King will consider it")。
外部連結
1967年御准法案,現今已經修訂且生效。英國成文法數據庫。
Jx9pMqn,rdj 9LvgkPF
Popular posts from this blog
This article is about the letter of the alphabet. For other uses, see Y (disambiguation). See also: Wye (disambiguation) Y Y y (See below) Usage Writing system Latin script Type Alphabetic and Logographic Language of origin Latin language Phonetic usage [ y ] [ ɨ ] [ j ] [ iː ] [ ɪ ] [ ɘ ] [ ə ] [ ɯ ] [ ɛː ] [ j ] [ ɥ ] [ ɣ̟ ] / w aɪ / / aɪ / Unicode value U+0059, U+0079 Alphabetical position 25 History Development Υ υ 𐌖 Y y Time period 54 to present Descendants • U • V • W • Ỿ • ¥ • Ꮙ • Ꮍ • Ꭹ Sisters F Ѵ У Ў Ұ Ү ו و ܘ וּ וֹ ࠅ 𐎆 𐡅 ወ વ ૂ ુ उ Variations (See below) Other Other letters commonly used with y(x), ly, ny This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. ISO basic Latin alphabet Aa Bb Cc D...
Mount Tamalpais Mount Tamalpais, viewed from the south Highest point Elevation 2,571 ft (784 m) NAVD 88 [1] Prominence 2,456 ft (749 m) [1] Listing California county high points 55th Coordinates 37°55′45″N 122°34′40″W / 37.929088°N 122.577829°W / 37.929088; -122.577829 Coordinates: 37°55′45″N 122°34′40″W / 37.929088°N 122.577829°W / 37.929088; -122.577829 [1] Geography Mount Tamalpais Marin County, California, U.S. Show map of California Mount Tamalpais Mount Tamalpais (the US) Show map of the US Parent range California Coast Ranges Topo map USGS San Rafael Geology Mountain type Sedimentary Climbing First ascent 1830s by Jacob P. Leese (first recorded ascent) [2] Easiest route Railroad Grade fire trail Mount Tamalpais ( / t æ m əl ˈ p aɪ . ɪ s / ; TAM -əl- PY -iss ; Coast Miwok: /t̪ɑmɑlˈpɑis̺/ , known locally as Mount Tam ) is a peak in Marin County, California, United State...
FMW Women's Championship Details Promotion Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling [1] Date established November 5, 1990 [1] Date retired September 28, 1997 Other name(s) WWA World Women's Championship FMW Independent Women's Championship Statistics First champion(s) Combat Toyoda [1] Most reigns Megumi Kudo (6 reigns) [1] Longest reign Megumi Kudo (426 days) [1] Shortest reign Shark Tsuchiya (<1 day) [1] The FMW Women's Championship (or the FMW Independent Women's & WWA Women's Championship ) was two Japanese women's professional wrestling championships (WWA World Women's Championship and FMW Independent World Women's Championship) contested in the promotion Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling (FMW). During the heyday of FMW, the female wrestlers wrestled in the same types of bloody death matches as the FMW men, and were feared by other Japanese female wrestlers for their toughness and intensity. ...