Travancore
Kingdom of Travancore | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1729–1949 | |||||||||
Flag Coat of arms | |||||||||
Anthem: Vanchishamangalam (Hail the Lord of Vanchi!) | |||||||||
Kingdom of Travancore in India | |||||||||
Status | Principality of the British Indian Empire Capital - Trivandrum | ||||||||
Capital | Padmanabhapuram (1729–1795) Thiruvananthapuram (1795–1949) | ||||||||
Common languages | Malayalam, Tamil | ||||||||
Religion | Hinduism, Christianity, Islam | ||||||||
Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
Maharaja | |||||||||
• 1729–1758 (first) | Marthanda Varma | ||||||||
• 1829–1846 (peak) | Swathi Thirunal | ||||||||
• 1931–1949 (last) | Chithira Thirunal | ||||||||
Resident | |||||||||
• 1788–1800 (first) | George Powney | ||||||||
• 1800–1810 | Colin Macaulay | ||||||||
• 1840–1860 (peak) | William Cullen | ||||||||
• 1947 (last) | Cosmo Grant Niven Edwards | ||||||||
Historical era | Age of Imperialism | ||||||||
• Established | 1729 | ||||||||
• vassal under British Raj | 1795 | ||||||||
• vassal under independent India | 1947 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 1949 | ||||||||
Area | |||||||||
1941 | 19,844 km2 (7,662 sq mi) | ||||||||
Population | |||||||||
• 1941 | 6070018 | ||||||||
Currency | Travancore rupee | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Today part of | India |
The Kingdom of Travancore (/ˈtrævənkɔːr/) (Thiruvithamkoor) was an Indian kingdom from 1500 until 1949. It was ruled by the Travancore Royal Family from Padmanabhapuram, and later Thiruvananthapuram. At its zenith, the kingdom covered most of modern-day central and southern Kerala with the Thachudaya Kaimal's enclave of Irinjalakuda Koodalmanikkam temple in the neighbouring Kingdom of Cochin,[1] as well as the district of Kanyakumari, now in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The official flag of the state was red with a dextrally-coiled silver conch shell (Turbinella pyrum) at its center. In the early 19th century, the kingdom became a princely state of the British Empire. The Travancore Government took many progressive steps on the socio-economic front and during the reign of Maharajah Sri Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma, Travancore became the second most prosperous princely state in British India, with reputed achievements in education, political administration, public work and social reforms.[2][3]
Contents
1 Etymology
2 Geography
3 History
3.1 Venad Swaroopam
3.2 Formation and development of Travancore
3.3 The Mysore invasion
3.4 Velu Thampi Dalawa's rebellion
3.5 Cessation of mahādanams
3.6 19th and early 20th centuries
3.7 Formation of Kerala
4 Politics
4.1 Rulers of Travancore
4.2 Prime Ministers of Travancore
4.2.1 Dalawas
4.2.2 Dewans
5 Administrative divisions
6 Demographics
7 Culture
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Etymology
When the region was once part of the Chera empire, it was known as Thiruvazhumkode. It was contracted to Thiruvankode, and anglicised by the English to Travancore.[4][5][6]
In course of time, the Ay kingdom, part of the Chera empire, which ruled the Thiruvazhumkode area, became independent, and the land was called Aayi desam or Aayi rajyam, meaning 'Aayi territory'. The Aayis controlled the land from present-day Kollam district in the north, through Thiruvananthapuram district, all in Kerala, to the Kanyakumari district. There were two capitals, the major one at Kollam (Venad Swaroopam or Desinganadu) and a subsidiary one at Thrippapur (Thrippapur Swaroopam or Nanjinad). The kingdom was thus also called Venad. Kings of Venad had, at various times, travelled from Kollam and built residential palaces in Thiruvithamcode and Kalkulam. Thiruvithamcode became the capital of the Thrippapur Swaroopam, and the country was referred to as Thiruvithamcode by Europeans even after the capital had been moved in 1601 to Padmanabhapuram, near Kalkulam.[7]
The Chera empire had dissolved by around 1100 and thereafter the territory comprised numerous small kingdoms until the time of Marthanda Varma who, as king of Venad from 1729, employed brutal methods to unify them.[8] During his reign, Thiruvithamcode or Travancore became the official name.[citation needed]
Geography
The Kingdom of Travancore was located at the extreme southern tip of the Indian subcontinent. Geographically, Travancore was divided into three climatically distinct regions: the eastern highlands (rugged and cool mountainous terrain), the central midlands (rolling hills), and the western lowlands (coastal plains).[citation needed]
History
Venad Swaroopam
Venad was a former state at the tip of the Indian Subcontinent, traditionally ruled by rajas known as the Venattadis. Till the end of the 11th century AD, it was a small principality in the Ay Kingdom. The Ays were the earliest ruling dynasty in southern Kerala, who, at their zenith, ruled over a region from Nagercoil in the south to Trivandrum in the north. Their capital during the first Sangam age was in Aykudi and later, towards the end of the 8th century AD, was at Quilon(Kollam). Though a series of attacks by the resurgent Pandyas between the 7th and 8th centuries caused the decline of the Ays, the dynasty was powerful till the beginning of the 10th century.[9]
When the Ay power diminished, Venad became the southernmost principality of the Second Chera Kingdom.[10] An invasion of the Cholas into Venad caused the destruction of Kollam in 1096. However, the Chera capital, Mahodayapuram, also fell in the subsequent Chola attack, which compelled the Chera king, Rama varma Kulasekara, to shift his capital to Kollam.[11] Thus, Rama Varma Kulasekara, the last emperor of the Chera dynasty, is probably the founder of the Venad royal house, and the title of the Chera kings, Kulasekara, was thenceforth kept by the rulers of Venad. Thus the end of the Second Chera dynasty in the 12th century marks the independence of Venad.[12]
In the second half of the 12th century, two branches of the Ay Dynasty, Thrippappur and Chirava, merged in the Venad family, which set up the tradition of designating the ruler of Venad as Chirava Moopan and the heir-apparent as Thrippappur Moopan. While the Chrirava Moopan had his residence at Kollam, the Thrippappur Moopan resided at his palace in Thrippappur, 9 miles north of Thiruvananthapuram, and was vested with the authority over the temples of Venad kingdom, especially the Sri Padmanabhaswamy temple.[10]
Formation and development of Travancore
The history of Travancore began with Marthanda Varma, who inherited the kingdom of Venad (Thrippappur), and expanded it into Travancore during his reign (1729–1758). After defeating a union of feudal lords and establishing internal peace, he expanded the kingdom of Venad through a series of military campaigns from Kanyakumari in the south to the borders of Kochi in the north during his 29-year rule.[13] This led to the Travancore-Dutch War (1739–1753) between the Dutch East India Company who had been allied to some of these kingdoms and Travancore.[citation needed]
In 1741, Travancore won the Battle of Colachel against the Dutch East India Company, resulting in the complete eclipse of Dutch power in the region. In this battle, the admiral of the Dutch, Eustachius De Lannoy, was captured and later defected to Travancore.[14] De Lannoy was appointed as Captain of His Highness' Body-guard[14] and later Senior Admiral ("Valiya kappittan")[15] and he modernised the Travancore army by introducing firearms and artillery.[14] Travancore became the most dominant state in the Kerala region by defeating the powerful Zamorin of Kozhikode in the battle of Purakkad in 1755.[15]Ramayyan Dalawa, the Prime Minister (1737–1756) of Marthanda Varma, also played an important role in this consolidation and expansion.
On 3 January 1750, (5 Makaram, 925 Kollavarsham), Marthanda Varma virtually "dedicated" Travancore to his tutelary deity Padmanabha, one of the aspects of the Hindu God Vishnu with a lotus issuing from his navel on which Brahma sits. From then on the rulers of Travancore ruled as the "servants of Padmanabha" (the Padmnabha-dasar).[16]
At the Battle of Ambalapuzha, Marthanda Varma defeated the union of the kings who had been deposed and the king of the Cochin kingdom.[citation needed]
The Mysore invasion
Marthanda Varma's successor Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma (1758–1798), who was popularly known as Dharma Raja, shifted the capital in 1795 from Padmanabhapuram to Thiruvananthapuram. Dharma Raja's period is considered as a Golden Age in the history of Travancore. He not only retained the territorial gains of his predecessor Marthanda Varma, but also improved and encouraged social development. He was greatly assisted by a very efficient administrator, Raja Kesavadas, who was the Diwan of Travancore.[citation needed]
Travancore often allied with the English East India Company in military conflicts.[2] During Dharma Raja's reign, Tipu Sultan, the de facto ruler of Mysore and the son of Hyder Ali, attacked Travancore in 1789 as a part of the Mysore invasion of Kerala. Dharma Raja had earlier refused to hand over the Hindu political refugees from the Mysore occupation of Malabar, who had been given asylum in Travancore. The Mysore army entered the Cochin kingdom from Coimbatore in November 1789 and reached Trichur in December. On 28 December 1789 Tipu Sultan attacked the Nedunkotta (Northern Lines) from the north, causing the Battle of the Nedumkotta (1789).[citation needed]
Velu Thampi Dalawa's rebellion
On Dharma Raja's death in 1798, Balarama Varma (1798–1810), the weakest ruler of the dynasty, took over crown at the age of sixteen. A treaty brought Travancore under East India Company protection in 1795.[2]
The Prime Ministers (Dalawas or Dewans) started taking control of the kingdom beginning with Velu Thampi Dalawa (Velayudhan Chempakaraman Thampi) (1799–1809) who was appointed as the divan following the dismissal of Jayanthan Sankaran Nampoothiri (1798–1799). Initially, Velayudhan Chempakaraman Thampi and the English East India Company got along very well. When a section of the Travancore army mutinied in 1805 against Velu Thampi Dalawa, he sought refuge with the British Resident and later used English East India Company troops to crush the mutiny. Velu Thampi also played a key role in renegotiating a new treaty between Travancore and the English East India Company. However, the demands by the East India Company for the payment of compensation for their involvement in the Travancore-Mysore War (1791) on behalf of Travancore, led to tension between the Diwan and the East India Company Resident. Velu Thampi and the diwan of Cochin kingdom, Paliath Achan Govindan Menon, who was unhappy with the Resident for granting asylum to his enemy Kunhi Krishna Menon, declared "war" on the East India Company.[citation needed]
The East India Company army defeated Paliath Achan's army in Cochin on 27 February 1809. Paliath Achan surrendered to the East India Company and was exiled to Madras and later to Benaras. The Company defeated forces under Velu Thampi Dalawa at battles near Nagercoil and Kollam and inflicted heavy casualties on the rebels, following which many of his supporters deserted and went back to their homes. The Maharajah of Travancore, who hitherto had not taken any part in the rebellion openly, now allied with the British and appointed one of Thampi's enemies as his Prime Minister. The allied East India Company army and the Travancore soldiers camped in Pappanamcode, just outside Trivandrum. Velu Thampi Dalawa now organised a guerrilla struggle against the Company, but committed suicide to avoid capture by the Travancore army. After the mutiny of 1805 against Velu Thampi Dalawa, most of the army battalions of Travancore had been disbanded, and after Velu Thampi Dalawa's uprising, almost all of the remaining Travancore forces were also disbanded, with the East India Company undertaking to serve the king in cases of external and internal aggression.[citation needed]
Cessation of mahādanams
The kings of Travancore had been conditionally promoted to Kshatryahood with periodic performance of 16 mahādānams (great gifts in charity) such as Hiranya-garbhā, Hiranya-Kāmdhenu, and Hiranyāswaratā in which each of which thousands of Brahmins had been given costly gifts apart from each getting a minimum of 1 kazhanch (78.65 gm) of gold.[17] In 1848 the Marquess of Dalhousie, then Governor-General of British India, was apprised that the depressed condition of the finances in Travancore was due to the mahādanams by the rulers.[18] Lord Dalhousie instructed Lord Harris, Governor of the Madras Presidency, to warn the then King of Travancore, Martanda Varma (Uttram Tirunal 1847–60), that if he did not put a stop to this practice, the Madras Presidency would take over his Kingdom's administration. This led to the cessation of the practice of mahādanams.[citation needed]
All Travancore kings including Sree Moolam Thirunal conducted the Hiranyagarbham and Tulapurushadaanam ceremonies. Maharajah Chithira Thirunal was the only King of Travancore not to have conducted these rituals as he considered them extremely costly.[19]
19th and early 20th centuries
In Travancore the caste system was more rigorously enforced than in many other parts of India up to the mid-1800s. The rule of discriminative hierarchical caste order was deeply entrenched in the social system and was supported by the government, which had transformed this caste-based social system into a religious institution.[20] In such a context, the belief in Ayyavazhi, apart from being a religious system, served also as a reform movement in uplifting the downtrodden section of the society, both socially and as well religiously. The rituals of Ayyavazhi constituted a social discourse. Its beliefs, mode of worship, and religious organisation seem to have enabled the Ayyavazhi group to negotiate and cope with, and resist the imposition of authority.[21] The hard tone of Vaikundar towards this was perceived as a revolution against the government.[22] So the King Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma initially imprisoned Vaikundar in the Singarathoppu jail, where the jailor Appaguru ended up as a disciple of Vaikundar. Vaikundar was later set at liberty by the King.[23]
After the death of Sree Moolam Thirunal in 1924, Sethu Lakshmi Bayi became the regent (1924–1931), as the Heir Apparent Sree Chithira Thirunal was then a minor (12 years old).[24]
The last ruling king of Travancore was Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma, who reigned from 1931 to 1949. "His reign marked revolutionary progress in the fields of education, defence, economy and society as a whole."[25] He made the famous Temple Entry Proclamation on 12 November 1936, which opened all the Kshetrams (Hindu temples in Kerala) in Travancore to all Hindus, a privilege reserved to only upper caste Hindus till then. This act won him praise from across India, most notably from Mahatma Gandhi. The first public transport system (Thiruvananthapuram–Mavelikkara) and telecommunication system (Thiruvananthapuram Palace–Mavelikkara Palace) were launched during the reign of Sree Chithira Thirunal. He also started the industrialisation of the state, enhancing the role of the public sector. He introduced heavy industry in the State and established giant public sector undertakings. As many as twenty industries were established, mostly for utilizing the local raw materials such as rubber, ceramics, and minerals. A majority of the premier industries running in Kerala even today, were established by Sree Chithira Thirunal. He patronized musicians, artists, dancers, and Vedic scholars. Sree Chithira Thirunal appointed, for the first time, an Art Advisor to the Government, Dr. G. H. Cousins. He also established a new form of University Training Corps, viz. Labour Corps, preceding the N.C.C, in the educational institutions. The expenses of the University were to be met fully by the Government. Sree Chithira Thirunal also built a beautiful palace named Kowdiar Palace, finished in 1934, which was previously an old Naluektu, given by Sree Moolam Thirunal to his mother Sethu Parvathi Bayi in 1915.[26][27][28]
However, his Prime Minister, Sir C.P. Ramaswami Iyer, was unpopular among the communists of Travancore. The tension between the Communists and Sir C.P. Ramaswami Iyer led to minor riots in various places of the country. In one such riot in Punnapra-Vayalar in 1946, the Communist rioters established their own government in the area. This was put down by the Travancore Army and Navy to save law-abiding citizens from mobs. The Prime Minister issued a statement in June 1947 that Travancore would remain as an independent country instead of joining the Indian Union; subsequently, an attempt was made on the life of Sir C.P. Ramaswamy Iyer, following which he resigned and left for Madras, to be succeeded by Sri P.G.N. Unnithan. According to witnesses such as K.Aiyappan Pillai,constitutional adviser to the Maharaja and historians like A. Sreedhara Menon,the rioters and mob-attacks had no bearing on the decision of the Maharaja.[29][30] After several rounds of discussions and negotiations between Sree Chithira Thirunal and V.P. Menon, the King agreed that the Kingdom should accede to the Indian Union in 1949. On 1 July 1949 the Kingdom of Travancore was merged with the Kingdom of Cochin and the short-lived state of Travancore-Kochi was formed.[31][32][33][34][35][36]
On 11 July 1991, Sree Chithira Thirunal suffered a stroke and was admitted to Sree Chithira Thirunal hospital, where he died on 20 July. He had ruled Travancore for 67 years and at his death was one of the few surviving rulers of a first-class princely state in the old Indian Empire. He was also the last surviving Knight Grand Commander of both the Order of the Star of India and of the Order of the Indian Empire. He was succeeded as head of the Royal House as well as the Titular Maharajah of Travancore by his brother, Uthradom Thirunal Marthanda Varma. The Government of India issued a stamp on Nov 6, 1991, commemorating the reforms that marked the reign of Maharajah Sree Chithira Thirunal in Travancore.[37]
Formation of Kerala
The State of Kerala came into existence on 1 November 1956, with a Governor appointed by the President of India as the head of the State instead of the King.[citation needed] The King was stripped of all his political powers and the right to receive privy purses, according to the twenty-sixth amendment of the Indian constitution act of 31 July 1971. He died on 20 July 1991.[38]
Politics
Under the direct control of the king, Travancore's administration was headed by a Dewan assisted by the Neetezhutthu Pillay or secretary, Rayasom Pillay (assistant or under-secretary) and a number of Rayasoms or clerks along with Kanakku Pillamars (accountants). Individual districts were run by Sarvadhikaris under supervision of the Diwan, while dealings with neighbouring states and Europeans was under the purview of the Valia Sarvahi, who signed treaties and agreements.[39]
Rulers of Travancore
- Anizham Tirunal Marthanda Varma 1729–1758[40]
- Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma (Dharma Raja) 1758–1798
Balarama Varma I 1798–1810
Gowri Lakshmi Bayi 1810–1815 (Queen from 1810–1813 and Regent Queen from 1813–1815)
Gowri Parvati Bayi (Regent) 1815–1829
Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma II 1813–1846- Uthradom Thirunal Marthanda Varma II 1846–1860
Ayilyam Thirunal Rama Varma III 1860–1880
Visakham Thirunal Rama Varma IV 1880–1885- Sree Moolam Thirunal Rama Varma VI 1885–1924
Sethu Lakshmi Bayi (Regent) 1924–1931
Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma II 1924–1949
Prime Ministers of Travancore
Dalawas
- Arumukham Pillai 1729–1736[41]
- Thanu Pillai 1736–1737
Ramayyan Dalawa 1737–1756- Martanda Pillai 1756–1763
- Warkala Subbayyan 1763–1768
Krishna Gopalayyan 1768–1776- Vadiswaran Subbrahmanya Iyer 1776–1780
- Mullen Chempakaraman Pillai 1780–1782
- Nagercoil Ramayyan 1782–1788
- Krishnan Chempakaraman 1788–1789
Raja Kesavadas 1789–1798- Odiery Jayanthan Sankaran Nampoothiri 1798–1799
Velu Thampi Dalawa 1799–1809- Oommini Thampi 1809–1811
Dewans
Col. John Munro 1811–1814[41]
- Devan Padmanabhan Menon 1814–1814
- Bappu Rao (acting) 1814–1815
- Sanku Annavi Pillai 1815–1815
- Raman Menon 1815–1817
- Reddy Rao 1817–1821
T. Venkata Rao 1821–1830
Thanjavur Subha Rao 1830–1837
T. Ranga Rao (acting) 1837–1838
T. Venkata Rao (Again) 1838–1839
Thanjavur Subha Rao (again) 1839–1842
Krishna Rao (acting) 1842–1843- Reddy Rao (again) 1843–1845
- Srinivasa Rao (acting) 1845–1846
Krishna Rao 1846–1858
Name | Portrait | Took office | Left office | Term[42] |
---|---|---|---|---|
T. Madhava Rao | 1857 | 1872 | 1 | |
A. Seshayya Sastri | 1872 | 1877 | 1 | |
Nanoo Pillai | 1877 | 1880 | 1 | |
V. Ramiengar | 1880 | 1887 | 1 | |
T. Rama Rao | 1887 | 1892 | 1 | |
S. Shungrasoobyer | 1892 | 1898 | 1 | |
K. Krishnaswamy Rao | 1898 | 1904 | 1 | |
V. P. Madhava Rao | 1904 | 1906 | 1 | |
S. Gopalachari | 1906 | 1907 | 1 | |
P. Rajagopalachari | 1907 | 1914 | 1 | |
M. Krishnan Nair | 1914 | 1920 | 1 | |
T. Raghavaiah | 1920 | 1925 | 1 | |
M. E. Watts | 1925 | 1929 | 1 | |
V. S. Subramanya Iyer | 1929 | 1932 | 1 | |
T. Austin | 1932 | 1934 | 1 | |
Sir Muhammad Habibullah | 1934 | 1936 | 1 | |
Sir C. P. Ramaswami Iyer | 1936 | 1947 | 1 | |
P.G.N.Unnithan | 1947 | 1947 | 1 |
Administrative divisions
In 1856, the princely state was sub-divided into three divisions, each of which was administered by a Divan Peishkar, with a rank equivalent to a District Collector in British India.[43] These were the:
Northern (Kottayam) comprising the talukas of Sharetalay, Vycome, Yetmanoor, Cottayam, Chunginacherry, Meenachil, Thodupolay, Moovatupolay, Kunnathnaud, Alangaud and Paravoor;
Quilon (Central), comprising the talukas of Ambalapuzha, Chengannur, Pandalam, Kunnattur, Karungapalli, Karthikapally Harippad, Mavelikkara, Quilon; and
Southern (Padmanabhapuram) comprising the talukas of Thovalay, Auguteeswarom, Kalculam, Eraneel, and Velavencode.
Demographics
Travancore had a population of 6,070,018 at the time of the 1941 Census of India.[44]
Culture
Travancore was characterised by the popularity of its rulers among their subjects.[45] The kings of Travancore, unlike their counterparts in the other princely states of India, spent only a small portion of their state's resources for personal use. This was in sharp contrast with some of the northern Indian kings. Since they spent most of the state's revenue for the benefit of the public, they were naturally much loved by their subjects.[46]
Unlike many British Indian states, violence rooted in religion or caste was rare in Travancore, apart from a few incidents in 1821, 1829, 1858 and 1921. This tolerance of different religions was equally applicable when it came to social and ideological matters. Many political ideologies (such as communism) and social reforms were welcomed in Travancore. Although the Travancore royal family were devout Hindus, they were tolerant rulers who donated land and material for the construction of Christian churches and Muslim mosques. This patronage was appreciated by local Christians who actively supported the devout Hindu Anizham Thirunal Marthanda Varma during the Travancore-Dutch battles, against a Christian power, and by the Muslims who joined his army.[citation needed]
Unlike in the rest of India, in Travancore (and Kochi), the social status and freedom of women were high. In most communities, the daughters inherited the property (until 1925), were educated, and had the right to divorce and remarry.[47]
See also
- Travancore Royal Family
Thachudaya Kaimal Family- Travancore–Dutch War
- Travancore War
- Travancore rupee
- Nedumkotta
- Cochin - Travancore Alliance (1761)
- Cochin Travancore War (1755–1756)
- Mysore invasion of Kerala
- Upper cloth revolt
- Vaikom Satyagraha
- Temple Entry Proclamation
Marthandavarma (novel)
The Years of Rice and Salt, an acclaimed novel that features an alternate history Travancore
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^ Shungoony Menon, P. (1878). A History of Travancore from the Earliest Times (pdf). Madras: Higgin Botham & Co. p. 171. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
^ A Social History of India – (Ashish Publishing House:
ISBN 81-7648-170-X /
ISBN 81-7648-170-X, Jan 2000).
^ Sadasivan, S.N., 1988, Administration and social development in Kerala: A study in administrative sociology, New Delhi, Indian Institute of Public Administration
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 24 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link) MATHRUBHUMI Paramparyam ഹിരണ്യഗര്ഭച്ചടങ്ങിന് ഡച്ചുകാരോട് ചോദിച്ചത് 10,000 കഴിഞ്ച് സ്വര്ണം - "ശ്രീമൂലംതിരുനാള് വരെയുള്ള രാജാക്കന്മാര് ഹിരണ്യഗര്ഭം നടത്തിയിട്ടുണ്ടെന്നാണ് അറിയുന്നത്. ഭാരിച്ച ചെലവ് കണക്കിലെടുത്ത് ശ്രീചിത്തിരതിരുനാള് ബാലരാമവര്മ്മ മഹാരാജാവ് ഈ ചടങ്ങ് നടത്തിയില്ല."
^ Cf. Ward & Conner, Geographical and Statistical Memoir, page 133; V. Nagam Aiya, The Travancore State Manual, Volume-2, Madras:AES, 1989 (1906), page 72.
^ G.Patrick, Religion and Subaltern Agency, University of Madras, 2003, The Subaltern Agency in Ayyavali, Page 174.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 29 August 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2011.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
Towards Modern Kerala, 10th Standard Text Book, Chapter 9, Page 101. See this Pdf
^ C.f. Rev.Samuel Zechariah, The London Missionary Society in South Travancore, Page 201.
^ A. Sreedhara, Menon. A Survey Of Kerala History. pp. 271–273.
^ "During his rule, the revenues of the State were nearly quadrupled from a little over Rs 21/2 crore to over Rs 91/2 crore." - 'THE STORY OF THE INTEGRATION OF THE INDIAN STATES' by V. P. MENON
^ Supreme Court, Of India. "GOOD GOVERNANCE: JUDICIARY AND THE RULE OF LAW" (PDF). Sree Chithira Thirunal Memorial Lecture, 29 December 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 October 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
^ Gauri Lakshmi Bai, Aswathy Thirunal (1998). Sree Padmanabhaswamy Kshetram. Thiruvananthapuram: The State Institute Of Languages, Kerala. pp. 242–243. ISBN 978-81-7638-028-7.
^ Menon, A. Sreedhara (1967). A Survey Of Kerala History. Kottayam: D C Books. p. 273. ISBN 81-264-1578-9.
^ Sreedhara Menon in Triumph & Tragedy in Travancore Annals of SIr C. P.'s Sixteen Years, DC Books publication
^ Aiyappan Pillai Interview to Asianet news Accessed at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIMS_6Z_WRE
^ Dominique Lapierre, Pg 260
^ Dominique Lapierre, Pg 261
^ A. G. Noorani (2003). "C.P. and independent Travancore". Frontline. 20 (13).
^ Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 112
^ Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 113
^ K. N. Panikker (20 April 2003). "In the Name of Biography". The Hindu.
^ Gauri Lakshmi Bai, Aswathy Thirunal (July 1998). Sree Padmanabha Swamy Kshetram. Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala: The State Institute Of Languages. pp. 278–282, 242–243, 250–251. ISBN 978-81-7638-028-7.
^ THE CONSTITUTION (TWENTY-SIXTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 1971 Archived 6 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Aiya 1906, p. 329-30.
^ de Vries, Hubert (2009-10-26). "Travancore". Hubert Herald. Archived from the original on 2012-06-27.
^ ab Cahoon, Ben. "Princely States of India K-Z". World Statesmen.org. Archived from the original on 14 February 2014. Retrieved 2014-07-01.CS1 maint: Unfit url (link)
^ The ordinal number of the term being served by the person specified in the row in the corresponding period
^ Shungoony Menon, P. (1878). A History of Travancore from the Earliest Times (pdf). Madras: Higgin Botham & Co. p. 486. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
^ "Table 1 - Area, houses and population". 1941 Census of India. Government of India. Archived from the original on 2013-11-14. Retrieved 2014-03-29.
^ THE HINDU by STAFF REPORTER, May 14, 2013, ‘Simplicity hallmark of Travancore royal family’- National seminar on the last phase of monarchy in Travancore inaugurated: "History is replete with instances where the Travancore royal family functioned more as servants of the State than rulers who exploited the masses. The simplicity that the family consistently upheld in all aspects of governance distinguished it from other contemporary monarchies, said Governor of West Bengal M.K. Narayanan"
^ "Sree Chithira Thirunal, was a noble model of humility, simplicity, piety and total dedication to the welfare of the people. In the late 19th and early 20th century when many native rulers were callously squandering the resources Of their, states, this young Maharaja was able to shine like a solitary star in the firmament, with his royal dignity, transparent sincerity, commendable intelligence and a strong sense of duty."- 'A Magna Carta of Religious Freedom' Speech By His Excellency V.Rachaiya, Governor of Kerala, delivered at Kanakakkunnu Palace on 25.10.1992
^ Santhanam, Kausalya (March 30, 2003). "Royal vignettes: Travancore - Simplicity graces this House". The Hindu (magazine section). Retrieved 14 February 2014.
- Bibliography
Aiya, V. Nagam (1906). Travancore State Manual. Travancore Government Press.
Travancore State Manual (Digital book format)
Further reading
Hatch, Emily Gilchriest (1934). Pictures of Travancore. Oxford University Press. p. 64.
Hatch, Emily Gilchriest (1933). Travancore: A guide book for the visitor with thirty-two illustrations and two maps. Calcutta: Oxford University Press. p. 270. (a second revision was published in 1939)
Menon, P. Shungoonny (1879). A History of Travancore from the Earliest Times. Higginbotham & Co., Madras.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Travancore. |
- Travancore State Manual by T.K.Velu Pillai
- History of Travancore by Christopher Buyers
Coordinates: 8°26′N 76°55′E / 8.433°N 76.917°E / 8.433; 76.917