Al-Ahbash






For the ancient region, see Al-Habash.



























The Association of Islamic Charitable Projects


جمعية المشاريع الخيرية الإسلامية
jam'iyyat al-mashari' al-khayriyya al-Islamiyya

Leader Shaykh Hussam Qaraqira
Founded 1983
Beirut, Lebanon
Headquarters Various
Ideology
Religious pluralism
Neo-Traditionalism
Apolitical
Anti-Salafi
Religion
Sunni Islam (Ash'ari, Sufi)
Website
www.aicp.org





















Bismillahir Rahmanir Rahim
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Part of a series on Islam
Sufism









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Al-Ahbash (Arabic: الأحباش‎ / al-aḥbash / English: "The Ethiopians"), also known as the Association of Islamic Charitable Projects (AICP) (Arabic: جمعية المشاريع الخيرية الإسلامية‎ / jam'iyyat al-mashari' al-khayriyya al-Islamiyya)[1] is a Sufi religious movement which was founded in the mid-1980s.[2] The group follow the teachings of Ethiopian scholar Abdullah al-Harari.[2] Due to the group’s origins and activity in Lebanon, the Ahbash have been described as the "activist expression of Lebanese Sufism".[3]




Contents






  • 1 History


  • 2 Religious beliefs


  • 3 Doctrinal aspects


    • 3.1 Syncreticism


    • 3.2 Moderation


    • 3.3 Rejection of anthropomorphism


    • 3.4 Separation of religion and state


    • 3.5 Takfir




  • 4 Political positions


  • 5 Controversy


    • 5.1 Australia


    • 5.2 Egypt


    • 5.3 Ethiopia


    • 5.4 Germany


    • 5.5 Jordan


    • 5.6 Lebanon


    • 5.7 North America


    • 5.8 Saudi Arabia


    • 5.9 Ukraine




  • 6 See also


  • 7 References


  • 8 External links




History


The Association of Islamic Charitable Projects was founded in the 1930s by Ahmad al-Ajuz,[4] According to Gary Gambill the AICP arrived in Lebanon in the 1950s, where he says "they blended Sunni and Shi'a theology with Sufi spiritualism into a doctrinal eclecticism that preached nonviolence and political quietism".[5] The AICP remained without a leader until the 1980s when Abdullah al-Harari became the nominal head of the organization.[6] and was taken over by Al-Ahbash in 1983.[3]


Al-Ahbash was founded in the suburb of Bourj Abu Haidar, in West Beirut, as a small philanthropic and spiritualist movement among the Sunni lower classes.[3] From there they spread throughout Lebanon to Tripoli, Akkar and Iqlim Al-Kharrub in the Chouf, where they founded educational and religious institutions.[7] Beginning in the 1990s, Ahbash propelled from a minority group to the largest Sunni religious organization in Lebanon mainly due to Syrian government backing[8]—having close links to Syrian intelligence.[9] The Syrians supported and promoted the Ahbash in order to limit the influence of radical and fundamentalist Sunni movements in Lebanon.[10][11][12] There growth was also aided by the forcible seizure and control of many prominent mosques in West Beirut in the early 1980s, despite the protests of Dar al-Fatwa (the official body for Lebanon's Sunni Muslims).[10][11] At the end of the 1990s there were close to 250,000 Ahbash members worldwide, according to a high-ranking Ahbash activist.[1] While the Ahbash still owe their original growth to the Syrians, politically, they are in an undeclared alliance with Mustaqbal, perhaps for reasons of current political expediency.[13]


Several public figures became Ahbash members when it emerged in France beginning in 1991, such as rapper Kery James or Abd Samad Moussaoui.[14]


In 1995, members of a Salafi jihadi group called "Osbat al-Ansar" killed the leader of Al-Ahbash, Sheikh Nizar Halabi,[3][15] who was reportedly being groomed by the Syrians to become Lebanon's Grand Mufti.[11] His murder led to a heavy-handed Syrian response—concluding with the gruesome public execution of his assassins in 1997.[16]


It has been compared to the Turkish Gülen movement.[17]


Religious beliefs


Al-Ahbash beliefs are an interpretation of Islam combining elements of Sunni Islam and Sufism. Their religious ideology is very much in line with the traditional Sunni doctrines, although the groups sometimes unrestrained use of takfir has brought them under discension by the wider Islamic community.[3] Al-Ahbash follows the Shafi school and Ash'ari theology, their Sufi aspect is derived from the Rifa'i brotherhood.[8] The group rejects Islamist figures such as Ibn Taymiyyah, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab and Sayyid Qutb. It advocates Islamic pluralism, and opposition to political activism (its slogan is "the resounding voice of moderation").[3] It also promotes its beliefs internationally through a major internet presence and regional offices, notably in the United States.[18]


Doctrinal aspects


Syncreticism


Shaykh Habashi's syncretic teachings draw upon a conflation of different branches of Islamic theology, and thereby elude unambiguous classification. In an address to his followers, Shaykh Habashi stated that "[w]e are Ash'aris and Shafi'is. The Ash'ariyya is the basis of our belief, and the Shfi'iyya is our daily code."[1] According to Thomas Pierret, Ahbash's ideology "can be termed "neo-tradionalist", in that it aims to preserve the Islamic heritage of the Ottoman era[8] - which they consider themselves to be the inheritors."[18]


Shaykh Habashi in his books and lectures blends[19][20][21][22][23] elements of Sunni and Shi'a theological doctrines with Sufi spiritualism by supporting the legitimacy of Imam Ali and his descendents while condemning Mu'awiyya, the caliph and governor of Damascus, and his son Yazid as "seditious" thus adopting Shi'ite tradition whereas setting apart from all other Sunni jurists.[3][4][6][24][25] Although not explicitly stated, Sufism plays also an important role in al-Ahbash's doctrine as demonstrated by the practice of several Sufi traditions such as the pilgrimage to holy men's tombs (Ziyarat), mystical dancing sessions, use of musical bands in religious ceremonies[26] and the support of three Sufi Tariqas.[3] The contention that it is a primarily Sufi movement,[3] however, has been disputed.[1]


Moderation


Mustafa Kabla and Haggai Erlich identify "moderation" (wasatiyyah) as the key word in al-Ahbash's "necessary science of religion"[3] and instance the group's twelve-goal platform whose second item calls for "[p]reaching moderation [...] and good behavior as ways of implementing religious principles, while combating extremism and zeal.".[1] This position is also reflected in the groups's decided opposition to the Salafist movement and Islamist thinkers, namely Sayyid Qutb, Muhammed ibn 'Abd-al-Wahhab, and Ibn Taymiyyah.[1][3]


Rejection of anthropomorphism


One further critical cleavage is al-Ahbash's strict rejection of any form of anthropomorphism of God which they accuse Wahhabis of.[1] Consequently, Shaykh Habashi holds that "it does not befit God to speak like that, and his word is not a voice or letters"[27] and that therefore, the Qur'an contains the word of God but could be written only after "Gabriel listened to His word, understood it, and passed it on to the prophets and the angels."[1][22][23] This is a highly controversial point of view within Islam which is not fully compatible with the consensus of Sunnis, and Wahhabis accuse Ahbash of doubt regarding the origin of the Qur'an.[1] Another famous example regards the interpretations of the Qur'anic sentence describing God seated on his throne after creating the world. According to Wahhabi texts, this means that he literally sat on his throne; however, according to Shaykh Habashi, copying the Mu'tazila school of thought, it meant that he took control of the world.[28][29]


Separation of religion and state


The arguably most important split, however, is the question of the relation between religion, politics, and the state. Departing from most Islamic writings on this topic, al-Ahbash advocates a separation of religion and state and thereby rejects the idea of an Islamic state. Al-Fakhani, an AICP representative said "Most of our states are Islamic and Muslims wish the presence of an Islamic state, but the regional and international conditions do not allow it."[30] Consequently, the group repeatedly emphasized the need for Muslim-Christian co-existence and tolerance towards other religious groups in Lebanon.[1]


Takfir


The tolerant stance in Al-Ahbash's public rhetoric is doubted by some Muslim groups, orthodox Sunni in particular. They accuse the group of an excessive use of Takfir – the act of declaring another Muslim an unbeliever – and thereby of the provocation of inner-Islamic tensions.[18][31][32][33] Al-Ahbash has mainly used takfir against Wahhabi and Salafi leaders.[32][34] According to Tariq Ramadan, Al-Ahbash "adherents carry on a permanent double discourse: to Western questioners, they claim to support the emancipation of women and laicism to oppose the "fundamentalists" (all the issues they know are sensitive and useful for getting them recognized). However, within Muslim communities, they carry on an extremely intransigent and closed discourse, usually treating most of the principal Muslim ulama as kuffar *by which they mean "unbeliever,' "impious people"). They base their teachings on interpretations recognized as deviant by all other schools of thought and all other scholars of note (for example, their singular understanding of the meaning of the name of God, or their assertion that the Qur'anic Text was interpreted by the angel Gabriel, or the practice of praying to the dead). Their approach on very specific points of doctrine (such as those we have referred to) is hostile and usually violent."[35]


Political positions


As a political party, when al-Ahbash ran for the 1992 Lebanese parliamentary elections, this constituency enabled its candidate, Adnan Trabulsi, to win a seat in a Beirut district after the Ahbash and Hezbollah concluded an undeclared alliance in Beirut that assured the election of their respective candidates.[3] However, Trabulsi lost in the subsequent 1996 elections.[36] In 2018, Trabulsi was again elected to serve on the Lebanese Parliament.


The Ahbash are also allied to the other major Shia party, the Amal Movement.[3]


Controversy


The group are seen as being controversial within Islam for its anti-Salafi religious stance, as their Sufi and other beliefs are seen as heretical.[3][18][37] As a result, they are commonly described by Wahhabis as combining "Sufi polytheism, shirk, with Shi'i covert anti-Sunna tactics".[38] They are also viewed by other Muslims groups as being favoured by the governments of the United States, Europe, Ethiopia, and Australia, who "do indeed welcome the Ahbash activities among their Muslim citizens."[39] They have been described as a sect by various commentators,[35][37][40][41] while others see them as a valid religious movement.[4][6] The AICP claims to run its Islamic schools in affiliation with Al-Azhar,[38] a claim which has been denied by Al-Azhar.[42][43][44][45][46]


Australia


In 2011, the Australian National Imams Council accused the Muslim Community Radio Incorporated as being associated with Al-Ahbash, which they described as a fringe cult organisation and violent, and made public announcement for government officials not to renew its broadcasting license.[47] However, the Australian Communications and Media Authority granted a 5-year license in 2011, which drew criticism from Islamic groups.[48] In 2006, the Imam of Lakemba Mosque mosque in Sydney, Taj El-Din Hilaly, threatened to back out of the Howard Government's, Muslim Community Reference Group because of the inclusion of Dr. Mustapha Kara-Ali, who was affiliated with Al-Ahbash.[49][50]


Egypt


In 2003, Ali Gomaa, the former Grand Mufti of Egypt, issued a fatwa describing the Ahbash as "deviant" that sought to "corrupt the Muslim creed and incite sedition amongst the Muslim Ummah. Moreover, they are paid agents to the enemies of Islam." In 2007, Egypt also arrested 22 men for seeking to spread the Ahbash faith in the country.[42]


Ethiopia


In 2012, Muslim protesters in Addis Ababa accused the Ethiopian government of Meles Zenawi of promoting Al-Ahbash among the Muslim population of the country.[51]


Germany


In 2008, several Berlin based Muslim organizations were not granted municipal permits to build mosques, however, Al-Ahbash (AICP) was granted a permit stipulating that proposed building of the mosque's architectural structure keeping the 19th century structural of the neighboring houses.[52]


Jordan


During the 1990s fighting broke out between the Muslim Brotherhood and Al-Ahbash in what became known as the "war of the mosques". The fighting was started due to the brotherhood believing that Jordan's Ministry of Religious Endowments were giving precedence to Al-Ahbash members being allowed to teach in mosques from which they themselves were banned.[53]


Lebanon


Due to its strong historical links with the Syrian government of the al-Assad family, the Ahbash have often been in conflict with the Lebanese supporters of the anti-Syrian Hariri family and in 2005 at least two of its members were initially implicated—jailed and later released—in the Assassination of Rafic Hariri.[54] The Ahbash also strongly opposed and demonstrated against the Cedar Revolution that was triggered by Hariri's assassination.[55][56] Ahbash reportedly remains neutral in the Syrian Civil War, despite pressure from both sides.[57]


In 2010, Ahbash and Hezbollah members were involved in a street battle which was perceived to be over parking issues. Both groups later met to form a joint compensation fund for the victims of the conflict.[58] However, despite this instance of violence, the Ahbash have "normal" and "friendly" relations with Hezbollah. The Ahbash have also engaged in bloody clashes in Sidon and Tripoli, in the 1990s, against the rival Sunni Al-Jama'ah Al-Islamiyah.[3]


North America


The Al-Ahbash pray using the South-east direction in Canada and the United States[59] versus majority of the Muslims who pray towards Qiblah using the North-east direction in their mosques.[59][60][61]


Saudi Arabia


Former grand mufti of Saudi Arabia Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz declared Ahbash a "deviant faction".[62]


Ukraine


Roman Silantiev states that the mufti of Ukraine, Ahmad Tamim, a Lebanese citizen, has been accused of belonging to the "sinister sect" of Ahbash by his opponents, however, his opponents find it difficult to define the heresy of Ahbash. Ahmad Tamim's opponent mufti Said Ismaigilov allegedly has links to groups affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood.[63]


See also



  • Politics of Lebanon

  • Barelvi

  • Nahdlatul Ulama

  • Sufi–Salafi relations


References





  1. ^ abcdefghij Kabha, Mustafa; Erlich, Haggai (2006). "Al-Ahbash and Wahhabiyya: Interpretations of Islam". International Journal of Middle East Studies. United States: Cambridge University Press. 38 (4): 519–538. doi:10.1017/S0020743806384024. JSTOR 4129146..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  2. ^ ab Seddon, David (2004). A political and economic dictionary of the Middle East (1st ed.). Routledge. p. 22. ISBN 978-1857432121.


  3. ^ abcdefghijklmno Hamzeh, A. Nizar; Dekmejian, R. Hrair (1996). "A Sufi Response to Political Islamism: Al-Ahbash of Lebanon". International Journal of Middle East Studies. Beirut: American University of Beirut. 28: 217–229. doi:10.1017/S0020743800063145. Retrieved 10 April 2009.


  4. ^ abc Rubin, Barry (2009). Guide to Islamist Movements. M.E. Sharpe. p. 322. ISBN 978-0765617477.


  5. ^ Gambill, Gary C. (2009). Barry M. Rubin, ed. Lebanon: Liberation, Conflict, and Crisi. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0230605879.


  6. ^ abc Rougier, Bernard (2007). Everyday jihad: the rise of militant Islam among Palestinians in Lebanon. Harvard University Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-0674025295.


  7. ^ Sfei, Antoine; Olivier Roy (2008). The Columbia world dictionary of Islamism. Columbia University Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0231146401.


  8. ^ abc Pierret, Thomas (2010). "Al-Ahbash". Basic Reference. Scotland, UK: Edinburgh Academics. 28: 217–229. doi:10.1017/S0020743800063145. Retrieved 27 April 2012.


  9. ^ Raphaël Lefèvre (April 2014). "The Roots of Crisis in Northern Lebanon" (PDF). Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. p. 8. Retrieved 28 October 2014.


  10. ^ ab Dietrich Jung (18 September 2004). Jung, Dietrich, ed. The Middle East and Palestine: Global Politics and Regional Conflict. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 156. ISBN 9781403982124.


  11. ^ abc Gary C. Gambill (December 2007). "Islamist Groups in Lebanon" (PDF). Middle East Review of International Affairs. 11 (4): 44. Retrieved 12 April 2015.


  12. ^ Nicholas Blanford (25 August 2006). Killing Mr Lebanon: The Assassination of Rafik Hariri and Its Impact on the Middle East. I.B.Tauris. p. 177. ISBN 9780857714053.


  13. ^ https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/157969/CMEC_6_abdellatif_lebanon_final.pdf


  14. ^ Amghar, Samir; Boubekeur, Amel; Emerson, Emerson (2007). European Islam: The Challenges for Society and Public Policy. Centre for European Policy Studies. p. 29. ISBN 978-9290797104.


  15. ^ Rubin, Barry M. (2008). Chronologies of Modern Terrorism. M.E. Sharpe. p. 265. ISBN 978-0765620477.


  16. ^ Gary C. Gambill (December 2007). "Islamist Groups in Lebanon" (PDF). Middle East Review of International Affairs. 11 (4): 46. Retrieved 12 April 2015.


  17. ^ Mukerrem, Miftah. "Turkey and Ethiopia at Crossroads: Ahbashism and Gulenism". Insamer.


  18. ^ abcd Pierret, Thomas (2005). "Internet in a Sectarian Islamic Context" (PDF). ISIM Review. The Netherlands: International Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World (Spring 2005): 15. Retrieved 10 April 2009.


  19. ^ al-Habashi, Shaykh 'Abdallah (1990). Sarih al-Bayan (Explicit Declaration). Beirut, Lebanon: Jam'iyyat al-Mashari'. pp. 86, 88, 90, 105 ('These ahadith are: "For whosoever I am master, this Ali is his master, O God support whosoever is"'), 111 ('Habashi does not give much importance to the Hanafi and Maliki Schools of Law'), 107, 195.


  20. ^ Manar al-Huda. Beirut, Lebanon: Association of Islamic Charitable Projects. 1992–93 [November 1992, 32; April 1993, 37; April–May 1993, 45].CS1 maint: Untitled periodical (link)


  21. ^ al-Habashi, Shaykh 'Abdallah (1994). Al-Kafil bi-'Ilm al-Din al-Daruri (The Guarantor of the Necessary Science of Faith). Beirut, Lebanon: Burj Abi Haydar Mosque. p. 46.


  22. ^ ab al-Habashi, Shaykh 'Abdallah. Bughyat al-talib. Beirut, Lebanon: Association of Islamic Charitable Projects. p. 31.


  23. ^ ab al-Habashi, Shaykh 'Abdallah. "Shaykh Abdalla's lecture, 26 January 2003". Beirut, Lebanon: Association of Islamic Charitable Projects.


  24. ^ Rubin, Barry (2009). Lebanon: Liberation, Conflict, and Crisis. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 139. ISBN 0230623069.


  25. ^ Marshall, Paul; Shea, Nina (2011). Silenced: How Apostasy and Blasphemy Codes are Choking Freedom Worldwide. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 356. ISBN 0199812284.


  26. ^ "A Sufi Response to Political Islamism" by R. Hrair Dekmejian & A. Nizar Hamzeh, p.225.


  27. ^ Cited in Kabla and Erlich 2006: 531


  28. ^ Mustafa Kabha; Haggai Erlich (November 2006). Al-Ahbash and Wahhabiyya: Interpretations of Islam (PDF). Cambridge University Press. p. 531. Retrieved 27 October 2014.


  29. ^ Patrick Desplat; Terje Østebø (18 April 2013). Muslim Ethiopia: The Christian Legacy, Identity Politics, and Islamic Reformism. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 181. ISBN 9781137322098.


  30. ^ "Al-Ahbash: Their Ideology and Evolution". The Levant News. 18 December 2015. Retrieved 12 July 2017.


  31. ^ Mul’ataa, Yuunus Hajji (May 12, 2012). ""Ahbashism", Government and Ethiopian Muslim Protests" (PDF). Ethiomedia. Retrieved July 17, 2016.


  32. ^ ab Rougier, Bernard. The Sunni Tragedy in the Middle East: Northern Lebanon from al-Qaeda to ISIS. Princeton University Press. p. 88. Retrieved 17 July 2016.


  33. ^ Pall, Zoltan (2013). Lebanese Salafis Between the Gulf and Europe: Development, Fractionalization and Transnational Networks of Salafism in Lebanon. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 44–47. ISBN 9089644512.


  34. ^ Policy Studies, Lebanese Center for (1994). "The Beirut Review: A Journal on Lebanon and the Middle East". The Beirut Review: A Journal on Lebanon and the Middle East (7): 124.


  35. ^ ab Ramadan, Tariq (2004). Western Muslims and the Future of Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-19-517111-2.


  36. ^ Hamzeh and Demekjian 1996: 225; el Khazen 2003: 620, Table 2


  37. ^ ab Grayling, A. C. (2010). Ideas That Matter: The Concepts That Shape the 21st Century. Basic Books. p. 139. ISBN 0230623069.


  38. ^ ab Mustafa Kabha; Haggai Erlich (November 2006). Al-Ahbash and Wahhabiyya: Interpretations of Islam (PDF). Cambridge University Press. p. 529. Retrieved 27 October 2014. (Refers to Al-Ahbash's own monthly magazine, Manar Al-Huda 93 (December 2000): 36-42 and their other sources and web-sites.)


  39. ^ Mustafa Kabha; Haggai Erlich (November 2006). Al-Ahbash and Wahhabiyya: Interpretations of Islam (PDF). Cambridge University Press. pp. 527–8. Retrieved 27 October 2014.


  40. ^ "Syria and the Hariri assassination". The Economist (print edition). 27 October 2005.


  41. ^ Roy, Oliver (2006). Globalized Islam: The Search for a New Ummah. Columbia University Press. p. 227. ISBN 0231134991.


  42. ^ ab "Egypt arrests 22 men for corrupting Islam"- Reuters, 13 December 2007. ("The source said they belong to the al-Ahbash sect – which has a significant following in Lebanon and strong historical ties to Syria – and which is considered unorthodox by many Islamic clerics including the ones at Al-Azhar.")


  43. ^ Dr. Ahmed Omar Hashem (August 28, 2001). "President of Al-Azhar's Letter / statement issued on the official letterhead of Al-Azhar (Arabic)". Al-Azhar University. Retrieved July 17, 2016. (Excerpts from the letter from Arabic to English regarding AICP or Al-Ahbash: "There is no single form of recognition/accreditation and cooperation between Al-Azhar University and them. All papers, in which what is otherwise claimed (by this organization) do not correspond to the truth. We reject all attempts to abuse the prestigious name of Al-Azhar University by this organizations..")


  44. ^ Assembly of Muslim Jurists in America (AMJA) (April 19, 2013). "About the Abyssinians sect". Assembly of Muslim Jurists in America (AMJA). Retrieved March 27, 2017. (Excerpt: "These announcements are embedded in the following literature and media: Professor Dr. Ahmad Omar Hashim`s letter, Al-Azhar University President, to Muslim World League`s Secretary-General in August 24, 2001.")


  45. ^ Liz Fuller (September 14, 2016). "Analysis: Grozny Fatwa On 'True Believers' Triggers Major Controversy". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty/RFE/RL, Inc. Retrieved March 27, 2017. (Excerpt: "Conference participants, who included Ahmed El- Tayeb, rector of Cairo's Al-Azhar Islamic University, adopted a fatwa stipulating that the sole true adherents of traditional Islam are those who abide by Kalam scholastic theology, belong to one of the four madhhabs (legal schools)......It identifies the Salafi strain of Sunni Islam professed in Saudi Arabia as a "dangerous and erroneous contemporary sect," along with the extremist group Islamic State, Hizb ut-Tahrir, and the Habashis.")


  46. ^ "Exposing Abd Allah al-Harari and his sect the Ahbash of Lebanon ("Association of Islamic Charitable Projects")" (PDF). Markaz al-Nasr li Ahl al-Sunnah wal-Jamaah, Jakarta, Indonesia / As-Sunnah Foundation of America. pp. 23, 24. Retrieved July 17, 2016.


  47. ^ O'Brien, Natalie (9 January 2011). "Muslims call for 'radical' radio station to be closed". Sydney Morning Herald.


  48. ^ Norrie, Justin (22 May 2011). "Muslim radio stays on airwaves". Sydney Morning Herald.


  49. ^ "Divided, angry Muslim advisory body meets". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 26 February 2006.


  50. ^ Kerbaj, Richard. "Howard's Muslim advisory team split". WWRN. The Australian.


  51. ^ Maasho, Aaron (11 May 2012). "Ethiopian Muslims protest government 'interference'". Reuters Africa.


  52. ^ Thielmann, Jörn (1 January 2008). Islam and Muslims in Germany. BRILL. p. 141.


  53. ^ Tal, Nahman (2005). Radical Islam in Egypt and Jordan. Sussex Academic Press. p. 215. ISBN 978-1845190989.


  54. ^ Elise Knutsen (20 March 2015). "STL defense strategy takes shape in Sabaa questioning". The Daily Star (Lebanon). Retrieved 13 April 2015.


  55. ^ Barry Rubin, Guide to Islamist Movements, pp.322-323.


  56. ^ David Gardner, I.B. Tauris, Last chance: the Middle East in the balance, 15 June 2009, the University of Michigan, pp. 135, 140.


  57. ^ Choufi, Firas (January 29, 2013). "Lebanon: Al-Ahbash Retreat from Politics". Al-Akhbar. Retrieved July 17, 2016.


  58. ^ "Hezbollah, Al Ahbash chiefs meet over Borj Abi Haidar incident". Yalibnan. 30 August 2010.


  59. ^ ab Macklin, William R. (May 25, 1994). "Which Way Mecca? It's Relative The Issue Divides Muslims Here. Is It Southeast? Northeast?". The Philadelphia Inquirer. May 25, 1994. Retrieved July 17, 2016.



  60. ^ A Group of Islamic Researchers (September 25, 2007). "Al-Ahbash: Evolution and Beliefs". Islam Online. Retrieved July 17, 2016.


  61. ^ Rougier, Bernard. Everyday Jihad. Harvard University Press. p. 296. Retrieved 11 April 2016.


  62. ^ Silantiev, Roman (17 September 2014). "Nationwide Ambitions". Nezavisimaya Gazeta. Retrieved 12 February 2017.



External links



  • Association of Islamic Charitable Projects official US site



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Mount Tamalpais

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Mount Tamalpais Mount Tamalpais, viewed from the south Highest point Elevation 2,571 ft (784 m)   NAVD 88 [1] Prominence 2,456 ft (749 m)  [1] Listing California county high points 55th Coordinates 37°55′45″N 122°34′40″W  /  37.929088°N 122.577829°W  / 37.929088; -122.577829 Coordinates: 37°55′45″N 122°34′40″W  /  37.929088°N 122.577829°W  / 37.929088; -122.577829   [1] Geography Mount Tamalpais Marin County, California, U.S. Show map of California Mount Tamalpais Mount Tamalpais (the US) Show map of the US Parent range California Coast Ranges Topo map USGS San Rafael Geology Mountain type Sedimentary Climbing First ascent 1830s by Jacob P. Leese (first recorded ascent) [2] Easiest route Railroad Grade fire trail Mount Tamalpais ( / t æ m əl ˈ p aɪ . ɪ s / ; TAM -əl- PY -iss ; Coast Miwok: /t̪ɑmɑlˈpɑis̺/ , known locally as Mount Tam ) is a peak in Marin County, California, United State...
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Indian Forest Service

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Indian Forest Service Service Overview Preceding service Imperial Forest Service (1864 to 1935) Year of Constitution 1966 Country India Staff College Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy (IGNFA), Dehradun, Uttarakhand Cadre Controlling Authority Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change Legal personality Governmental: Government service General nature Administration of Forest and Wildlife resources Cadre strength 3131 (2182 Direct Recruits and 949 Promotion Posts) Website ifs.nic.in Service Chief Director General of Forests Siddhanth Das, IFS (1982 Batch, Odisha Cadre) [1] Head of the All India Civil Services Cabinet Secretary Pradeep Kumar Sinha, IAS Indian Forest Service (भारतीय वन सेवा) [2] is one of the three All India Services of the Government of India. The other two All India Services being the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) and the Indian Police Service (IPS). [3] [4] [5] It was constituted in...
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