Demographics of Germany




















































































Demographics of Germany

Population of German territories 1800 - 2000.JPG
Population from 1800 to 2000. The figures of the FRG and the GDR are combined.[1]

Population
Increase 82,887,000 (30 June 2018)[2]
Growth rate
Increase0.4 (2016)
Birth rate 9.6 births/1,000 population (2016)[3]
Death rate 11.0 deaths/1,000 population (2016)[3]
Life expectancy 81 years (2015)
 • male 79 years
 • female 83 years
Fertility rate 1.59 children born/woman (2016)[4]
Infant mortality rate 3.46 deaths/1,000 live births (2014)
Net migration rate 1.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2014)
Sex ratio
Total 0.97 male(s)/female (2015)
At birth 1.06 male(s)/female
Under 15 1.05 male(s)/female
15–64 years 1.02 male(s)/female
65 and over 0.76 male(s)/female
Nationality
Nationality
noun: German(s) adjective: German
Major ethnic Germans
Language
Spoken
German, others






















































Historical population
Year Pop. ±%
1950 69,346,000 —    
1960 73,147,000 +5.5%
1970 78,069,000 +6.7%
1980 78,397,000 +0.4%
1990 79,753,000 +1.7%
2000 82,260,000 +3.1%
2011 80,233,100 −2.5%
2017 82,792,400 +3.2%
2018 82,887,000 +0.1%
Source: DESTATIS

The demography of Germany is monitored by the Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office of Germany). According to the first census since reunification, Germany's population was 82,790,700 (9 May 2011),[5] making it the sixteenth-most populous country in the world and the most populous in the European Union. The total fertility rate was rated at 1.59 in 2016[6] (the highest value since 1972[6]) and in 2011, was estimated at 1.6 after adjusting for the higher contribution of older women to the number of births than in previous statistic models, and total fertility rates increased in younger generations.[7] In 2008, fertility was related to educational achievement (women with lower levels of education were having more children than women who had completed higher education).[8] In 2011, this was no longer true for Eastern Germany, where higher educated women now had a somewhat higher fertility rate compared to the rest of the population.[9] Persons who said they had no religion tend to have fewer children than those who identify as Christians, and studies also found that amongst Christians, the more conservative[clarification needed] ones had more children compared to the more liberal ones.[10][11]In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is legal in Germany, with an age limit of 40 years.[12] As of 2006, 55.7% of Germans age 18 and over were married. According to the 2008-2010 German Community Survey 3-Year Estimates, 51.5% of males and 47.7% of females over the age of 15 were married. The separation rate was 6 per 10 marriages.[clarification needed]


The United Nations Population Fund lists Germany as host to the second-highest number of international migrants worldwide, behind the United States.[13] More than 16,000,000 people are descended from immigrants (first and second generation, including mixed heritage and ethnic German repatriates and their descendants). 96.1% of those reside in western Germany and Berlin.[14] About 7,000,000 of them are foreign residents, defined as those without German citizenship. The largest ethnic group of non-German origin are the Turkish. Since the 1960s, West and later reunified Germany has been attracting immigrants primarily from Southern and Eastern Europe as well as Turkey, many of whom (or their children) have acquired German citizenship over time. While most of these immigrants initially arrived as guest workers, Germany has also been a prime destination for refugees who have applied for asylum in Germany, in part because the German constitution has long had a clause guaranteeing political asylum as a human right; but restrictions over the years have since limited the scope of this guarantee.


Germany has one of the world's highest levels of education, technological development, and economic productivity. Since the end of World War II, the number of students entering university has more than tripled, and the trade and technical schools are among the world's best. With a per capita PPP income of about $41,370 in 2012,[15] Germany is a broadly middle-class society. However, there has been a strong increase in the number of children living in poverty. In 1965, one in 75 children was on the welfare rolls; but by 2007 this had increased to one child in 6. These children live in relative poverty, but not necessarily in absolute poverty.[16] Germans are typically very well-travelled people, with millions travelling overseas each year. The social welfare system provides for universal health care, unemployment compensation, child benefits and other social programmes. Due to Germany's ageing population and struggling economy, the welfare system came under a lot of strain in the 1990s. This led the government to adopt a wide-ranging programme of belt-tightening reforms, Agenda 2010, including the labour market reforms known as Hartz I - IV.




Contents






  • 1 History


    • 1.1 Total Fertility Rate from 1800 to 1899


    • 1.2 Life expectancy from 1875 to 2015


    • 1.3 Statistics since 1900


    • 1.4 Current vital statistics


    • 1.5 1945–1990


    • 1.6 1990–today




  • 2 Demographic statistics


  • 3 Ethnic minorities and migrant background (Migrationshintergrund)


  • 4 Foreign nationals in Germany


  • 5 Genetics of the German native people


  • 6 Geography


    • 6.1 States


    • 6.2 Cities


    • 6.3 Metropolitan regions




  • 7 Immigration


  • 8 Education


    • 8.1 Literacy




  • 9 Health


  • 10 Religion


    • 10.1 2011 Census




  • 11 Languages


    • 11.1 Minority languages


    • 11.2 High German dialects


    • 11.3 Low Saxon dialects


    • 11.4 Foreign languages




  • 12 See also


  • 13 Notes


  • 14 References


  • 15 External links





History



The contemporary demographics of Germany are also measured by a series of full censuses, with the most recent held in 1987. Since reunification, German authorities rely on a micro census.



Total Fertility Rate from 1800 to 1899


The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation.[17]


















































































































































































































































Total fertility rate in Germany[17]
Years 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810
5.4 5.40 5.39 5.39 5.38 5.38 5.37 5.37 5.36 5.36 5.35
Years 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820
5.35 5.34 5.34 5.33 5.33 5.32 5.32 5.33 5.35 5.37
Years 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830
5.35 5.33 5.31 5.28 5.26 5.17 5.07 4.97 4.88 4.78
Years 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840
4.80 4.83 4.85 4.88 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9
Years 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850
4.9 4.95 4.97 5.00 5.02 5.02 5.02 5.01 5.01 5.01
Years 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860
4.87 4.74 4.60 4.47 4.33 4.45 4.56 4.67 4.79 4.90
Years 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870
4.93 4.96 5.00 5.03 5.06 5.09 5.11 5.13 5.16 5.18
Years 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880
5.24 5.30 5.35 5.41 5.46 5.38 5.30 5.22 5.14 5.06
Years 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890
5.14 5.21 5.29 5.28 5.26 5.25 5.23 5.22 5.21 5.20



Swabian large nuclear family in 1910



Life expectancy from 1875 to 2015


Sources: Our World In Data and the United Nations.


1875-1950



























Years
1875
1885
1895
1905
1911
1915
1925
1935
1946[18]
Life expectancy in Germany
38.5
39.5
42.8
45.5
49.0
40.5
57.4
61.5
60.5

1950-2015



















































Period
Life expectancy in
Years
Period
Life expectancy in
Years
1950–1955
67.5
1985–1990
75.0
1955–1960
68.9
1990–1995
76.0
1960–1965
70.0
1995–2000
77.3
1965–1970
70.7
2000–2005
78.6
1970–1975
71.2
2005–2010
79.7
1975–1980
72.3
2010–2015
80.5
1980–1985
73.7



Source: UN World Population Prospects[19]



Statistics since 1900


Population statistics since 1900.[20] Territorial changes of Germany occurred in 1918/1919, 1921/1922, 1945/1946 and in 1990.






















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Average population
Live births
Deaths
Natural change
Crude birth rate (per 1000)
Crude death rate (per 1000)
Natural change (per 1000)

Total Fertility Rates[fn 1][17][21][22][23]
All of
Germany
(Former)
FRG

GDR
1900
54 326 000
1 944 139
1 199 382
744 757
35.8
22.1
13.7
4.93
1901
55 144 000
1 980 313
1 140 489
839 824
35.9
20.7
15.2
4.88
1902
56 017 000
1 971 735
1 088 492
883 243
35.2
19.4
15.8
4.82
1903
56 869 000
1 931 078
1 135 905
795 173
34.0
20.0
14.0
4.77
1904
57 695 000
1 972 847
1 128 183
844 664
34.2
19.6
14.6
4.68
1905
58 514 000
1 935 153
1 158 314
776 839
33.1
19.8
13.3
4.60
1906
59 343 000
1 970 477
1 078 202
892 275
33.2
18.2
15.0
4.51
1907
60 183 000
1 948 933
1 084 309
864 624
32.4
18.0
14.4
4.43
1908
61 023 000
1 964 052
1 100 490
863 562
32.2
18.0
14.2
4.34
1909
61 857 000
1 929 278
1 062 217
867 061
31.2
17.2
14.9
4.18
1910
62 698 000
1 876 778
1 016 665
860 113
29.9
16.2
13.7
4.01
1911
63 469 000
1 824 729
1 097 784
726 945
28.7
17.3
11.5
3.85
1912
64 236 000
1 823 636
1 000 749
822 887
28.4
15.6
12.8
3.68
1913
65 058 000
1 794 750
975 950
818 800
27.6
15.0
12.6
3.52
1914
65 860 000
1 775 596
1 246 310
529 286
27.0
18.9
8.0
3.27
1915
65 953 000
1 353 546
1 410 420
-56 874
20.5
21.4
-0.9
3.02
1916
65 795 000
1 005 484
1 258 054
-252 570
15.3
19.1
-3.8
2.76
1917
65 450 000
912 109
1 345 424
-433 315
13.9
20.6
-6.6
2.51
1918
64 800 000
926 813
1 606 475
-679 662
14.3
24.8
-10.5
2.26
1919
62 897 000
1 260 500
978 380
282 120
20.0
15.6
4.5
2.33
1920
61 794 000
1 599 287
932 929
666 358
25.9
15.1
10.8
2.40
1921
62 473 000
1 581 130
869 555
711 575
25.3
13.9
11.4
2.48
1922
61 890 000
1 424 804
890 181
534 623
23.0
14.4
8.6
2.55
1923
62 250 000
1 318 489
866 754
451 735
21.2
13.9
7.2
2.62
1924
62 740 000
1 290 763
766 957
523 806
20.6
12.2
8.4
2.42
1925
63 110 000
1 311 259
753 017
558 242
20.8
11.9
8.8
2.21
1926
63 510 000
1 245 471
742 955
502 516
19.6
11.7
7.9
2.10
1927
63 940 000
1 178 892
765 331
413 561
18.4
12.0
6.5
1.98
1928
64 470 000
1 199 998
747 444
452 554
18.6
11.6
7.0
1.99
1929
64 670 000
1 164 062
814 545
349 517
18.0
12.6
5.4
1.93
1930
65 130 000
1 144 151
718 807
425 344
17.6
11.0
6.5
1.88
1931
65 510 000
1 047 775
734 165
313 610
16.0
11.2
4.8
1.71
1932
65 716 000
993 126
707 642
285 484
15.1
10.8
4.3
1.62
1933
66 027 000
971 174
737 877
233 297
14.7
11.2
3.5
1.58
1934
66 409 000
1 198 350
725 000
473 000
18.0
10.9
7.1
1.93
1935
66 871 000
1 263 976
792 018
471 958
18.9
11.8
7.1
2.03
1936
67 349 000
1 278 583
795 793
482 790
19.0
11.8
7.2
2.07
1937
67 831 000
1 277 046
794 367
482 679
18.8
11.7
7.1
2.09
1938
68 424 000
1 348 534
799 220
549 314
19.7
11.7
8.0
2.25
1939
69 314 000
1 413 230
854 348
558 882
20.4
12.3
8.1
2.39
1940
69 838 000
1 402 258
885 591
516 667
20.1
12.7
7.4
2.40
1941
70 244 000
1 308 232
844 435
463 797
18.6
12.0
6.6
2.25
1942
70 834 000
1 055 915
847 861
208 054
14.9
12.0
2.9
1.83
1943
70 411 000
1 124 718
853 246
271 472
16.0
12.1
3.9
2.00
1944
69 000 000
1 215 000
915 000
300 000
17.6
13.3
4.3
1.89
1945
66 000 000
1 060 000
1 210 000
-150 000
16.1
18.3
-2.3
1.53
1946
64 260 000
921 998
1 001 331
-79 333
14.3
15.6
-1.2
1.65


1947
65 842 000
1 028 421
932 628
95 793
15.6
14.2
1.5
1.92
2.01
1.75
1948
67 365 000
1 049 074
804 839
244 235
15.6
11.9
3.6
1.96
2.07
1.76
1949
68 080 000
1 106 803
770 852
335 951
16.3
11.3
4.9
2.11
2.14
2.03
1950
68 374 000
1 116 835
748 329
368 506
16.3
10.9
5.4
2.14
2.10
2.35
1951
68 882 000
1 106 608
752 697
353 911
16.1
10.9
5.1
2,16
2.06
2.46
1952
69 171 000
1 105 080
767 637
337 443
16.0
11.1
4.9
2.16
2.08
2.42
1953
69 564 000
1 095 096
790 654
304 442
15.7
11.4
4.4
2.15
2.07
2.40
1954
69 934 000
1 110 028
775 291
334 737
15.9
11.1
4.8
2.18
2.12
2.38
1955
70 307 000
1 113 128
795 938
317 190
15.8
11.3
4.5
2.18
2.11
2.38
1956
70 711 000
1 137 169
812 111
325 058
16.1
11.5
4.6
2.22
2.19
2.30
1957
71 166 000
1 165 555
840 195
325 360
16.4
11.8
4.6
2.28
2.28
2.24
1958
71 637 000
1 175 870
818 418
357 452
16.4
11.4
5.0
2.29
2.29
2.22
1959
72 180 000
1 243 922
835 402
408 520
17.2
11.6
5.7
2.36
2.34
2.37
1960
72 664 000
1 261 614
876 721
384 893
17.4
12.1
5.3
2.37
2.37
2.35
1961
73 352 000
1 313 505
850 300
463 205
17.9
11.6
6.3
2.45
2.47
2.42
1962
74 049 000
1 316 534
878 814
437 720
17.8
11.9
5.9
2.44
2.45
2.42
1963
75 019 000
1 355 595
895 070
460 525
18.1
11.9
6.1
2.51
2.52
2.47
1964
75 273 000
1 357 304
870 319
486 985
18.0
11.6
6.5
2.54
2.55
2.48
1965
76 061 000
1 325 386
907 882
417 504
17.4
11.9
5.5
2.50
2.51
2.48
1966
76 734 000
1 318 303
911 984
406 319
17.2
11.9
5.3
2.51
2.54
2.43
1967
76 954 000
1 272 276
914 417
357 859
16.5
11.9
4.7
2.48
2.54
2.34
1968
77 249 000
1 214 968
976 521
238 447
15.7
12.6
3.1
2.38
2.39
2.30
1969
77 918 000
1 142 368
988 092
154 276
14.7
12.7
2.0
2.21
2.20
2.24
1970
77 772 000
1 047 737
975 664
72 073
13.5
12.5
0.9
2.03
1.99
2.19
1971
78 355 000
1 013 396
965 623
47 773
12.9
12.3
0.6
1.96
1.92
2.13
1972
78 717 000
901 657
965 689
-64 032
11.5
12.3
-0.8
1.73
1.72
1.79
1973
78 951 000
815 969
963 034
-147 065
10.3
12.2
-1.9
1.56
1.54
1.58
1974
78 966 000
805 500
956 573
-151 073
10.2
12.1
-1.9
1.53
1.51
1.54
1975
78 862 000
782 310
989 649
-207 339
9.9
12.5
-2.6
1.48
1.45
1.54
1976
78 299 000
798 334
966 873
-168 539
10.2
12.3
-2.2
1.51
1.46
1.64
1977
78 161 000
805 496
931 155
-125 659
10.3
11.9
-1.6
1.51
1.40
1.85
1978
78 066 000
808 619
955 550
-146 931
10.4
12.2
-1.9
1.50
1.38
1.90
1979
78 082 000
817 217
944 474
-127 257
10.5
12.1
-1.6
1.50
1.39
1.90
1980
78 295 000
865 789
952 371
-86 582
11.1
12.2
-1.1
1.56
1.44
1.94
1981
78 399 000
862 100
954 436
-92 336
11.0
12.2
-1.2
1.53
1.43
1.85
1982
78 293 000
861 275
943 832
-82 557
11.0
12.1
-1.1
1.51
1.41
1.86
1983
78 082 000
827 933
941 032
-113 099
10.6
12.1
-1.4
1.43
1.33
1.79
1984
77 797 000
812 292
917 299
-105 007
10.4
11.8
-1.3
1.39
1.29
1.74
1985
77 619 000
813 803
929 649
-115 846
10.5
12.0
-1.5
1.37
1.28
1.73
1986
77 635 000
848 231
925 411
-77 180
10.9
11.9
-1.0
1.41
1.34
1.70
1987
77 718 000
867 969
901 291
-33 322
11.2
11.6
-0.4
1.43
1.37
1.74
1988
78 116 000
892 993
900 627
-7 634
11.4
11.5
-0.1
1.46
1.41
1.67
1989
78 677 000
880 459
903 441
-22 103
11.2
11.5
-0.3
1.42
1.39
1.56
1990
79 365 000
905 675
914 361
-8 686
11.4
11.5
-0.1
1.454
1.450
1.518
1991
79 984 000
830 019
911 245
-81 226
10.4
11.4
-1.0
1.332
1.422
0.977
1992
80 570 000
809 114
885 443
-76 329
10.0
11.0
-0.9
1.292
1.402
0.830
1993
81 187 000
798 447
897 270
-98 823
9.8
11.1
-1.2
1.278
1.393
0.775
1994
81 422 000
769 603
884 659
-115 056
9.5
10.9
-1.4
1.243
1.347
0.772
1995
81 661 000
765 221
884 588
-119 367
9.4
10.8
-1.5
1.249
1.339
0.838
1996
81 896 000
796 013
882 843
-86 830
9.7
10.8
-1.1
1.316
1.396
0.948
1997
82 061 000
812 173
860 389
-48 216
9.9
10.5
-0.6
1.369
1.441
1.039
1998
82 024 000
785 034
852 382
-67 348
9.6
10.4
-0.8
1.355
1.413
1.087
1999
82 101 000
770 744
846 330
-75 586
9.4
10.3
-0.9
1.361
1.406
1.148
2000
82 213 000
766 999
838 797
-71 798
9.3
10.2
-0.9
1.378
1.413
1.214
2001
82 350 000
734 475
828 541
-94 066
8.9
10.1
-1.1
1.349
1.382
1.231
2002
82 489 000
719 250
841 673
-122 423
8.7
10.2
-1.5
1.341
1.371
1.238
2003
82 541 000
706 721
853 946
-147 225
8.6
10.3
-1.8
1.340
1.364
1.264
2004
82 517 000
705 622
818 271
-112 649
8.6
9.9
-1.4
1.355
1.372
1.307
2005
82 470 000
685 795
830 227
-144 432
8.3
10.1
-1.8
1.340
1.355
1.295
2006
82 377 000
672 724
821 627
-148 903
8.2
10.0
-1.8
1.331
1.341
1.303
2007
82 267 000
684 862
827 155
-142 293
8.3
10.1
-1.7
1.370
1.375
1.366
2008
82 110 000
682 514
844 439
-161 925
8.3
10.3
-2.1
1.376
1.374
1.404
2009
81 901 000
665 126
854 544
-189 418
8.1
10.4
-2.3
1.358
1.353
1.404
2010
81 751 000
677 947
858 768
-180 821
8.3
10.5
-2.2
1.393
1.385
1.459
2011
80 233 100
662 685
852 328
-189 643
8.2
10.6
-2.4
1.390
1.38
1.46
2012
80 399 000
673 544
869 582
-196 038
8.4
10.8
-2.4
1.406
1.40
1.48
2013
80 767 000
682 069
893 825
-211 756
8.5
11.1
-2.6
1.419
1.41
1.49
2014
81 198 000
714 966
868 373
-153 407
8.8
10.7
-1.9
1.47
1.47
1.54
2015
82 175 700
737 575
925 200
-187 625
9.0
11.3
-2.2
1.50
1.50
1.56
2016
82 521 700
792 131
910 902
-118 771
9.6
11.0
-1.4
1.59
1.60
1.64
2017
82 740 900
784 884
932 263
-147 379
9.5
11.3
-1.8
1.57




Current vital statistics


[24]



  • Births for January–August 2017 = Increase 524,739

  • Births for January–August 2018 = Increase 525,875



  • Deaths for January–August 2017 = Negative increase 631,046

  • Deaths for January–August 2018 = Negative increase 653,289



  • Population growth for January–August 2017 = Decrease -106,307

  • Population growth for January–August 2018 = Decrease -127,414



1945–1990




Population of Germany by age and sex (demographic pyramid) in 1950




Medical students and their triplets in the GDR in 1984; the GDR encouraged birth among college students




Population evolution of Germany, since 1950.


After the World War II border shifts and expulsions, the Germans from Central and Eastern Europe and the former eastern territories moved westward to post-war Germany. During the partition of Germany, many Germans from East Germany fled to West Germany for political and also economic reasons. Since Germany's reunification, there are ongoing migrations from the eastern New Länder to the western Old Länder for economic reasons.


The federal republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic followed different paths when it came to demographics. The politics of the German Democratic Republic was pronatalistic[25] while that of the Federal Republic was compensatory.
Fertility in the GDR was higher than that in the FRG. Demographic politics was only one of the reasons. Women in the GDR had fewer "biographic options", young motherhood was expected of them. State funded costfree childcare was available to all mothers.[26]



Mother's mean age at first birth in East and West Germany



Note: Berlin is included into East Germany for the year 2002 and 2008. Source: Kreyenfeld (2002); Kreyenfeld et al. (2010); HFD Germany (2010)[27]






























Year 1960 1970 1980 1985 2002 2008
West Germany 24.9 23.8 25.0 26.2 27.6 28.7
East Germany 23.0 22.5 22.3 22.3 26.4 27.5


1990–today



About 1.7 million people have left the new federal states (the East) since the fall of the Berlin Wall, or 12% of the population;[28] a disproportionately high number of them were women under 35.[29]


After 1990, the total fertility rate (TFR) in the East dropped to 0.772 in 1994. This has been attributed to a "demographic shock": people not only had fewer children, they were also less likely to marry or divorce after the end of the GDR; the biographic options of the citizens of the former GDR had increased. Young motherhood seemed to be less attractive and the age of the first birth rose sharply.[26]


In the following years, the TFR in the East started to rise again, surpassing 1.0 in 1997 and 1.3 in 2004, and reaching the West's TFR (1.37) in 2007. In 2010, the East's fertility rate (1.459) clearly exceeded that of the West (1.385), while Germany's overall TFR had risen to 1.393, the highest value since 1990[6][30] - which was still far below the natural replacement rate of 2.1 and the birth rates seen under communism. In 2016, the TFR was 1.64 in the East and 1.60 in the West.[31]


Between 1989 and 2009, about 2,000 schools closed because there were fewer children.[28]


In some regions the number of women between the ages of 20 and 30 has dropped by more than 30%.[28] In 2004, in the age group 18-29 (statistically important for starting families) there were only 90 women for every 100 men in the new federal states (the East, including Berlin).


Until 2007 family politics in the federal republic was compensatory, which means that poor families received more family benefits (such as the Erziehungsgeld) than rich ones. In 2007 the so-called Elterngeld was introduced. According to Christoph Butterwegge the Elterngeld was meant to "motivate highly educated women to have more children"; the poor on the other hand were disadvantaged by the Elterngeld, and now received lower child benefits than the middle classes.[32] The very well-off (who earn more than 250.000 Euro per annum) and those on welfare receive no Elterngeld payments.[33]


In 2013 the following most recent developments were noticed:[34]



  • The income of families with young children has risen. Persons holding a college degree, persons older than 30 years and parents with only one child benefited the most. Single parents and young parents did not benefit.

  • Fathers are becoming more involved in parenting, and 28% of them now take some time off work (3.3 months on average) when their children are born.

  • Mothers are more likely to work and as a result less likely to be economically deprived than they used to be.

  • The birth rate of college-educated women has risen.


In the new federal states the fertility rate of college-educated women is now higher than that of those without college degrees. Differences in value priorities and the better availability of childcare in the eastern states are discussed as possible reasons.[35]



Demographic statistics




Map of population density in Germany in 2006.


Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review.[36]



  • One birth every 43 seconds

  • One death every 34 seconds

  • Net gain of one person every 3 minutes

  • One net migrant every 1 minutes


Demographic statistics according to the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.[23]



Population


80,594,017 (July 2017 est.)

82,175,700 (2015 estimate)




Germany's population pyramid in 2016



Age structure



0–14 years: 12.8% (male 5,304,341/female 5,028,776)


15–24 years: 10.1% (male 4,145,486/female 3,986,302)


25-54 years: 40.5% (male 16,467,975/female 16,133,964)


55-64 years: 14.6% (male 5,834,179/female 5,913,322)


65 years and over: 22.06% (male 7,822,221/female 9,957,451) (2017 est.)




0–14 years: 13.9% (male 5,894,724; female 5,590,373)


15–64 years: 66.1% (male 27,811,357/female 26,790,222)


65 years and over: 19.6% (male 6,771,972/female 9,542,348) (2015 est.)




0–14 years: 13.7% (male 5,768,366/female 5,470,516)


15–64 years: 66.1% (male 27,707,761/female 26,676,759)


65 years and over: 20.3% (male 7,004,805/female 9,701,551) (2010 est.)



Median age



total: 47.1 years. Country comparison to the world: 3rd


male: 46 years


female: 48.2 years (2017 est.)



Population growth rate


-0.16% (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 208th



Total fertility rate


1.45 children born/woman (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 205th

1.43 children born/woman (2014)

1.42 children born/woman (2013)

1.38 children born/woman (2008)



Mother's mean age at first birth


29.4 years (2015 est.)



Net migration rate


1.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 53th



Birth rate


8.6 births/1,000 population (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 213th



Death rate


11.7 deaths/1,000 population (2017 est.)



Life expectancy at birth



total population: 80.8 years. Country comparison to the world: 34th


male: 78.5 years


female: 83.3 years (2017 est.)



Infant mortality rate



total: 3.4 deaths/1,000 live births. Country comparison to the world: 205th


male: 3.7 deaths/1,000 live births


female: 3.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2017 est.)



4.09 deaths per 1,000 live births (2007)

total: 3.99 deaths/1,000 live births (2010)



total population: 81 years (2015)

80 years (2013)



Sex ratio




  • at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

  • under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

  • 15–64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

  • 65 years and over: 0.72 male(s)/female

  • total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2010 est.)



Dependency ratios


total dependency ratio: 52.1

youth dependency ratio: 19.9

elderly dependency ratio: 32.1


potential support ratio: 3.1 (2015 est.)



School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)


total: 17 years

male: 17 years

female: 17 years (2015)



Unemployment, youth ages 15-24



total: 7.2%


male: 7.9%


female: 6.5% (2015 est.) Country comparison to the world: 139th


While most childbirths in Germany happen within marriage, a growing number of children are born out-of-wedlock. In 2010 the out-of-wedlock-rate was 33%, more than twice of what it was in 1990.[37]


The Mikrozensus done in 2008 revealed that the number of children a German woman aged 40 to 75 had, was closely linked to her educational achievement.[8]
In Western Germany the most educated women were the most likely to be childless. 26% of those groups stated they were childless, while 16% of those having an intermediate education, and 11% of those having compulsory education, stated the same.
In Eastern Germany however, 9% of the most educated women of that age group and 7% of those who had an intermediary education were childless, while 12% of those having only compulsory education were childless.


The reason for that east-western difference is that the GDR had an "educated mother scheme" and actively tried to encourage first births among the more educated. It did so by propagandizing the opinion that every educated woman should "present at least one child to socialism" and also by financially rewarding its more educated citizen to become parents. The government especially tried to persuade students to become parents while still in college and it was quite successful in doing so. In 1986 38% of all women, who were about to graduate from college, were mothers of at least one child and additional 14% were pregnant and 43% of all men, who were about to graduate from college, were fathers of at least one child. There was a sharp decline in the birth rate and especially in the birth rate of the educated after the fall of the Berlin wall. Nowadays,[when?] 5% of those about to graduate from college are parents.


The more educated a Western German mother aged 40 to 75 was in 2008, the less likely she was to have a big family.





























Percent of Western German mothers having 1, 2 and 3 or more children by educational attainment
number of children
compulsory education
intermediary education
highest education
one child 22 30 31
two children 39 48 48
three or more children 39 22 21
[38]

The same was true for a mother living in Eastern Germany in 2008.





























Percent of Eastern German mothers having 1, 2 and 3 and more children by educational attainment
number of children
compulsory education
intermediary education
highest education
one child 23 33 33
two children 37 46 51
three or more children 40 21 16
[38]

A study done in 2005 in the western German state of Nordrhein-Westfalen by the HDZ revealed that childlessness was especially widespread among scientists. It showed that 78% of the women scientists and 71% of the male scientists working in that state were childless.[39]



Ethnic minorities and migrant background (Migrationshintergrund)


The Federal Statistical Office defines persons with a migrant background as all persons who migrated to the present area of the Federal Republic of Germany after 1949, plus all foreign nationals born in Germany and all persons born in Germany as German nationals with at least one parent who migrated to Germany or was born in Germany as a foreign national. The figures presented here are based on this definition only.


In 2010, 2.3 million families with children under 18 years were living in Germany, in which at least one parent had foreign roots. They represented 29% of the total of 8.1 million families with minor children. Compared with 2005 – the year when the microcensus started to collect detailed information on the population with a migrant background – the proportion of migrant families has risen by 2 percentage points.[40] In 2015, 36% children under 5 years old had migrant background.[41](number includes ethnic German repatriates)


Most of the families with a migrant background live in the western part of Germany. In 2010, the proportion of migrant families in all families was 32% in the former territory of the Federal Republic. This figure was more than double that in the new Länder (incl. Berlin) where it stood at 15%.[40]


Families with a migrant background more often have three or more minor children in the household than families without a migrant background. In 2010, about 15% of the families with a migrant background contained three or more minor children, as compared with just 9% of the families without a migrant background.[40]


In 2009, 3.0 million of the persons of immigrant background had Turkish roots, 2.9 million had their roots in the successor states of the Soviet Union (including a large number of Russian-speaking ethnic Germans), 1.5 million had their roots in the successor states of Yugoslavia including 200.000 Albanians and 1.5 million had Polish roots.[42]


In 2008, 18.4% of Germans of any age group and 30% of German children had at least one parent born abroad. Median age for Germans with at least one parent born abroad was 33.8 years, while that for Germans, who had two parents born in Germany was 44.6 years.[43]


Germany is home to the third-highest number of international migrants worldwide after the United States and Saudi Arabia.[44]






























Population of Germany in 2017



  Germans[45] (76.4%)


  German repatriates and their descentants (3.5%)


  Other Europeans (excl. Turkey) (9.8%)


  MENA (incl. Syrians and Turkey) (5.5%)


  Other Asians (2.7%)


  Americas (0.6%)


  Africans (0.5%)


  Others/unspecified (0.8%)



As of 2017[update], the population by background was as follows:[46]















































































































































Population composition
%
Population[46]

European

89.7
73,357,000

European Union

87.3
71,396,000

     German (excluding ethnic German repatriates)[45]
75.4
62,482,000

     German repatriates
3.3
2,840,000

     Polish (excluding ethnic German repatriates)
2,5
2,100,000

     Italian
1.0
861,000

     Romanian (excluding ethnic German repatriates)
0.8
859,000

     Greek
0.5
438,000

     Other EU member states (primarily Spanish, Croatian, Dutch, Portuguese and Austrians)
3.2
2,679,000

European Other

2.3
1,961,000

     Russian (excluding ethnic German repatriates)
1.0
1,381,000

     Others (primarily former Yugoslavian, excluding Croatia and Slovenia)
1.3
1,180,000

Middle Eastern/Northern African/Central Asian

5
4,552,600

     Turkish (including Turkish Kurds)
3.2
2,774,000

     Syrians
0.8
706,000

     Others (primarily Iranian, Afghans and Arabs from other countries)
1.3
1,072,000

Sub-Saharan African

0.5
463,000

East Asian and South/Southeast Asian

2.7
2,020,000

     Peoples from Kazakhstan (excluding ethnic German repatriates. Probably Russians and other Europeans)
0.8
657,000

     Chinese
0.2
180,000

     Vietnamese
0.2
168,000

     Others (primarily Indians and Pakistani)
1.2
1,015,000

Americas

0.5
501,000

     Americans
0.2
163,000

Australia/Oceania

<0.1
40,000

Other/unspecified/mixed

0.2
605,000
Total population

100
81,740,000


Four other sizable groups of people are referred to as "national minorities" (nationale Minderheiten) because they have lived in their respective regions for centuries: Danes, Frisians, Roma and Sinti, and Sorbs. There is a Danish minority (about 50,000, according to government sources) in the northern-most state of Schleswig-Holstein. Eastern and Northern Frisians live at Schleswig-Holstein's western coast, and in the north-western part of Lower Saxony. They are part of a wider community (Frisia) stretching from Germany to the northern Netherlands. The Sorbs, a Slavic people with about 60,000 members (according to government sources), are in the Lusatia region of Saxony and Brandenburg. They are the last remnants of the Slavs that lived in central and eastern Germany since the 7th century to have kept their traditions and not been completely integrated into the wider German nation.


Until World War II the Poles were recognized as one of the national minorities. In 1924 the Union of Poles in Germany had initiated cooperation between all national minorities in Germany under the umbrella organization Association of National Minorities in Germany. Some of the union members wanted the Polish communities in easternmost Germany (now Poland) to join the newly established Polish nation after World War I.[citation needed] Even before the German invasion of Poland, leading anti-Nazi members of the Polish minority were deported to concentration camps; some were executed at the Piaśnica murder site. Minority rights for Poles in Germany were revoked by Hermann Göring's World War II decree of 27 February 1940, and their property was confiscated.


After the war ended, the German government did not re-implement national minority rights for ethnic Poles. The reason for this is that the areas of Germany which formerly had a native Polish minority were annexed to Poland and the Soviet Union, while almost all of the native German populations (formerly the ethnic majority) in these areas subsequently fled or were expelled by force. With the mixed German-Polish territories now lost, the German government subsequently regarded ethnic Poles residing in what remained of Germany as immigrants, just like any other ethnic population with a recent history of arrival. In contrast, Germans living in Poland are recognized as national minority and have granted seats in Polish Parliament. It must be said, however, that an overwhelming number of Germans in Poland have centuries-old historical ties to the lands they now inhabit, whether from living in territory that once belonged to the German state, or from centuries-old communities. In contrast, most Poles in present-day Germany are recent immigrants, though there are some communities which have been present since the 19th and perhaps even the 18th centuries. Despite protests by some in the older Polish-German communities, and despite Germany being now a signatory to the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, Germany has so far refused to re-implement minority rights for ethnic Poles, based on the fact that almost all areas of historically mixed German-Polish heritage (where the minority rights formerly existed) are no longer part of Germany and because the vast majority of ethnic Poles now residing in Germany are recent immigrants.


Roma people have been in Germany since the Middle Ages. They were persecuted by the Nazis, and thousands of Roma living in Germany were killed by the Nazi regime. Nowadays, they are spread all over Germany, mostly living in major cities. It is difficult to estimate their exact number, as the German government counts them as "persons without migrant background" in their statistics. There are also many assimilated Sinti and Roma. A vague figure given by the German Department of the Interior is about 70,000. In contrast to the old-established Roma population, the majority of them do not have German citizenship, they are classified as immigrants or refugees.




A family of so-called "Spätaussiedler" (repatriates of ethnic German origin), because the parents were born abroad they will be counted as "persons with immigrant background"


After World War II, 14 million ethnic Germans were expelled from the eastern territories of Germany and homelands outside the former German Empire. The accommodation and integration of these Heimatvertriebene in the remaining part of Germany, in which many cities and millions of apartments had been destroyed, was a major effort in the post-war occupation zones and later states of Germany.


Since the 1960s, ethnic Germans from the People's Republic of Poland and Soviet Union (especially from Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine), have come to Germany. During the time of Perestroika, and after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the number of immigrants increased heavily. Some of these immigrants are of mixed ancestry. During the 10-year period between 1987 and 2001, a total of 1,981,732 ethnic Germans from the FSU immigrated to Germany, along with more than a million of their non-German relatives. After 1997, however ethnic Slavs or those belonging to Slavic-Germanic mixed origins outnumbered these with only Germanic descent amongst the immigrants. The total number of people currently living in Germany having FSU connection is around 4 to 4.5 million (Including Germans, Slavs, Jews and those of mixed origins), out of that more than 50% is of German descent.[47][48]


Germany now has Europe's third-largest Jewish population. In 2004, twice as many Jews from former Soviet republics settled in Germany as in Israel, bringing the total inflow to more than 100,000 since 1991.[49] Jews have a voice in German public life through the Central Council of Jews in Germany (Zentralrat der Juden in Deutschland). Some Jews from the former Soviet Union are of mixed heritage.




Turkish parade in Berlin


In 2000 there were also around 300,000–500,000 Afro-Germans (those who have German citizenship)[50] and 150,000+ African nationals. Most of them live in Berlin and Hamburg. Numerous persons from Tunisia and Morocco live in Germany. While they are considered members of a minority group, for the most part, they do not considers themselves "Afro-Germans," nor are most of them perceived as such by the German people. However, Germany does not keep any statistics regarding ethnicity or race. Hence, the exact number of Germans of African descent is unknown.


Germany's biggest East Asian minority are the Vietnamese people in Germany. About 40,000 Vietnamese live in Berlin and surroundings. Also there are about 20,000 to 25,000 Japanese people residing in Germany. Some South Asian and Southeast Asian immigration has taken place. Nearly 50,000 Indians live in Germany. As of 2008, there were 68,000 Filipino residents and an unknown number of Indonesians residing in Germany.[51]


Numerous descendants of the so-called Gastarbeiter live in Germany. The Gastarbeiter mostly came from Chile, Greece, southern Italy, Morocco, Portugal, Spain, Tunisia, Turkey and the former Yugoslavia.
Also included were Vietnam, Mongolia, North Korea, Angola, Mozambique and Cuba when the former East Germany existed until reunification in 1990.[52] The (socialist) German Democratic Republic (East Germany) however had their guest-workers stay in single-sex dormitories.[53] Female guest workers had to sign contracts saying that they were not allowed to fall pregnant during their stay. If they fell pregnant nevertheless they faced forced abortion or deportation.[54] This is one of the reasons why the vast majority of ethnic minorities today lives in western Germany and also one of the reasons why minorities such as the Vietnamese have the most unusual population pyramid, with nearly all second-generation Vietnamese Germans born after 1989.




Proportion of Germans without a migrant background (2016)




Germany is home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide,[55] around 23% of Germany's population do not hold a German passport or are descendants of immigrants.[56]



Foreign nationals in Germany


As of 2016[update], the numbers of selected groups of resident foreign nationals (non-naturalized residents) in Germany were as follows:


This list does not include foreigners with German nationality and foreign nationals without resident status.

















































































































































































Rank
Nationality
Population (2016)[57]
% of foreign nationals


European UnionEU Nationals
4,279,770
42,6


EU-Candidate Nationals
1,944,195
19,4
1
 Turkey
1,492,580 14.9
2
European Union Poland
783,085 7.8
3
 Syria
637,845 6.4
4
European Union Italy
611,450 6.1
5
European Union Romania
533,660 5.3
6
European Union Greece
348,475 3.5
7
European Union Croatia
332,605 3.3
8
European Union Bulgaria
263,320 2.6
9
 Afghanistan
253,485 2.5
10
 Russian Federation
245,380 2.4
11
 Iraq
227,195 2.3
12
 Serbia
223,100 2.2
13

KosovoKosovo
202,905
2,0
14
European Union Hungary
192,340 1.9
15
European Union Austria
183,625 1.8
16
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
172,560 1.7
17
European Union Spain
163,560 1.6
18
European Union Netherlands
149,160 1.5
19
 Ukraine
136,340 1.4
20
European Union Portugal
136,080 1.4
21
European Union France
130,915 1.3
22

ChinaChina
129,150
1,3
23

United StatesUnited States
114,145
1,1
24

European UnionUnited KingdomUnited Kingdom
107,005
1,1


European UnionOther EU Nationals
344,490
3,4
25

SwitzerlandSwitzerland
48,880
0,5


Genetics of the German native people


The most common Y chromosome haplogroups among German males are Haplogroup R1b, followed by Haplogroup I1, and Haplogroup R1a.[58]



Geography


With an estimated more than 81.8 million inhabitants in late 2011,[59] Germany is the most populous country in the European Union and ranks as the 16th largest country in the world in terms of population. Its population density stands at 229.4 inhabitants per square kilometer.



States


Germany comprises sixteen states that are collectively referred to as Länder.[60] Due to differences in size and population the subdivision of these states varies, especially between city-states (Stadtstaaten) and states with larger territories (Flächenländer). For regional administrative purposes five states, namely Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Hesse, North Rhine-Westphalia and Saxony, consist of a total of 22 Government Districts (Regierungsbezirke). As of 2009 Germany is divided into 403 districts (Kreise) on municipal level, these consist of 301 rural districts and 102 urban districts.[61]






































































































































State Capital Area
(km²)
Population[62]
(Dec. 31, 2015)
Population density
North Rhine-Westphalia Düsseldorf 34,110
Increase 17,865,516
524
Bavaria Munich 70,550
Increase 12,843,514
182
Baden-Württemberg Stuttgart 35,751
Increase 10,879,618
304
Lower Saxony Hanover 47,614
Increase 7,926,599
167
Hesse Wiesbaden 21,115
Increase 6,176,172
293
Saxony Dresden 18,420
Increase 4,084,851
221
Rhineland-Palatinate Mainz 19,854
Increase 4,052,803
204
Berlin Berlin 892
Increase 3,670,622
4,100
Schleswig-Holstein Kiel 15,800
Increase 2,858,714
181
Brandenburg Potsdam 29,654
Increase 2,484,826
83
Saxony-Anhalt Magdeburg 20,452
Increase 2,245,470
110
Thuringia Erfurt 16,173
Increase 2,170,714
134
Hamburg Hamburg 755
Increase 1,787,408
2,366
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Schwerin 23,212
Increase 1,612,362
69
Saarland Saarbrücken 2,569
Increase 995,597
388
Bremen Bremen 419
Increase 671,489
1,599
Germany Berlin 357,340
Increase 82,175,684
230





Cities













































































































Siegessaeule Aussicht 10-13 img4 Tiergarten.jpg
Berlin
Hamburg-090612-0164-DSC 8261-Hafen-von-Jugendherberge.jpg
Hamburg
Stadtbild München.jpg
Munich (München)



Rank

City

Federal state

Population


Stadtbild Köln (Zuschnitt).jpg
Cologne (Köln)
Frankfurter Altstadt mit Skyline 2012-04.jpg
Frankfurt am Main
Neues Schloss Schlossplatzspringbrunnen Jubiläumssäule Schlossplatz Stuttgart 2015 02.jpg
Stuttgart


1 Berlin Berlin 3,670,622
2 Hamburg Hamburg 1,787,408
3 Munich Bavaria 1,450,381
4 Cologne North Rhine-Westphalia 1,060,582
5 Frankfurt am Main Hesse 732,688
6 Stuttgart Baden-Württemberg 623,738
7 Düsseldorf North Rhine-Westphalia 612.178
8 Dortmund North Rhine-Westphalia 586,181
9 Essen North Rhine-Westphalia 582,624
10 Leipzig Saxony 560,472
11 Bremen Bremen 557,464
12 Dresden Saxony 543,825
13 Hanover Lower Saxony 532,163
14 Nuremberg Bavaria 509,975
15 Duisburg North Rhine-Westphalia 491,231
Source: Statistische Ämter des Bundes und der Länder[63]



Metropolitan regions



Germany officially has eleven metropolitan regions. In 2005, Germany had 82 cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants.









































































Metropolitan region Location Description Population Notes

Rhine-Ruhr

Rhein-Ruhr-Region-LEP.png
The metropolitan area is part of the pan-European Blue Banana mega region and is a significant industrial and commercial hub, home to many of Germany's biggest corporations and contributing as much as 15% to the German GDP. Included in the rather polycentric conurbation are the cities of Cologne, Düsseldorf, Bonn, Dortmund and Essen served by two of the countries largest airports Düsseldorf Airport and the Cologne Bonn Airport. Particularly among young Germans, Cologne and Düsseldorf are known for their nightlife and open-minded atmosphere.
approx. 10 million

Turks, Poles, Italians, Romanians, Africans, Arabs, Greeks, Dutch, Russians, Serbs, Bulgarians and Spaniards

Berlin/Brandenburg

Metropolregion-BerlinBrandenburg.png
Berlin is the capital and largest city. It lies in the eastern part of the country, completely surrounded by the rather sparsely populated state of Brandenburg. Berlin is regarded as one of Europe's most open, vibrant and ever changing capitals. The city is arguably the most diverse city in Germany regarding culture and ethnicity. Regarded as an economically weak region of Germany for a long time, it is now transforming itself into the entrepreneurial center of Europe. Dubbed the "Silicon Allee" by insiders of the tech industry, Berlin is home to countless startup companies and one of Germany's densest knowledge hubs with 4 public universities and countless research centers.
approx. 6 million

Turks, Russians, Poles, Africans, Italians, Americans, Vietnamese, Serbs, Arabs, Bulgarians, Romanians, French and Spaniards

Munich

Landkreise Bayern Metropolregion München.svg
The metropolitan area in and around Munich has one of Germany's highest standard of living. Housing some of the countries largest car and machine companies, it is known for its economic strength mixed with the uniqueness of Bavarian culture, taking up almost the entirety of southern Bavaria. It is the closest metropolitan area to the Alps.
approx. 5.7 million

Turks, Croats, Italians, Poles, Greeks, Austrians, Romanians and Serbs

Rhine-Main

Metropolregion Frankfurt-Rhein-Main.svg
Frankfurt is the financial and commercial center both for Germany and continental Europe. Almost all of Germany's big banks and the ECB have their HQ located inside the city of Frankfurt. Despite not having a population of over a million, it is Germany's only city with a large, visible cluster of skyscrapers. The city is one of Europe's biggest transit hubs with Europe's 4th busiest airport (Frankfurt airport), Germany's second busiest railway stations and one of the EU's most heavily used interchanges.
approx. 5.5 million

Turks, Poles, Italians, African, Croats, Romanians, Greeks, Serbs, Spaniards, Americans, Chinese, Arabs and Indians

Hamburg

Metropolregion Hamburg 2017.png
Hamburg is the country's second largest city and the biggest Hanseatic city in Europe. It is Europe's 3rd busiest container port with just under 9 million TEUs annually. The city is proud of its diverse nightlife and music scene centered in and around the famous St. Pauli district.
approx. 5.3 million

Turks, Poles, African, Portuguese, Romanians, Russians, Italians and Spaniards

Stuttgart

Metropolregion Stuttgart.png
Stuttgart has a reputation for research, inventions and industry. The German headquarters of many international enterprises are in Stuttgart. This contrasts with the strong rural, down-to-earth attitude of the Stuttgarters throughout the classes. A popular slogan is "We are good at everything. Except speaking High (standard) German."
approx. 5.2 million

Turks, Greeks, Dutch, Italians, Croats, Serbs, French, Chinese, Romanians, Americans and Spaniards.[citation needed]

Hannover–Braunschweig–Göttingen–Wolfsburg

Metropolregionhabsgö.jpg
The relatively urban south of Lower Saxony, located on route between the Ruhr area and Berlin, and the route form Hamburg to the south, has been important for logistics, industry, but also developed a strong standing in the service industries.
approx. 3.7 million

Turks, Kurds (especially around Celle), Serbs, Ukrainians, Greeks, Russians, Italians (especially in Wolfsburg) and Spanish (Especially in Hanover).[citation needed]

Bremen/Oldenburg

Metropolregion Bremen-Oldenburg.png
Located in the northwestern part of Germany, the main axis contains the cities of Bremen, Delmenhorst and Oldenburg, with the cities of Wilhelmshaven and Bremerhaven being the northern corners at the north sea. Major rural areas are covered in between these cities. There is a smooth transition to the Hamburg metropolitan area to the east.
approx. 2.7 million

Turks, Russians, Albanians, Serbs, Portuguese, Iranians, Dutch, Americans and Britons.[citation needed]

Central German Metropolitan Region

Karte Leipzig in Deutschland.png
Very lively bar scene, fastest growing economy in Germany.
approx. 2.4 mil

Russians, Poles, Vietnamese, Indians, Italians, Romanians, Ukrainians, Chinese, Turks, Portuguese, Arabs and Pakistanis.[citation needed]


Immigration



Over ten million people living in Germany today were born outside of Germany; equivalent to 12% of the German population. Most immigrants come from other European countries, particularly from Turkey, Russia, Poland and Italy. Germany is the second-most popular destination for immigrants in the world after the United States.[36] The German Government has been keen to encourage immigration over the past fifty years.[36]


Germany had signed special visa agreements with several countries in times of severe labour shortages or when particular skills were deficient within the country. During the 1960s and 1970s, agreements were signed with the governments of Turkey, Yugoslavia, Italy and Spain to help Germany overcome its severe labour shortage.


As of 2012, the largest sources of net immigration to Germany are other European countries, most importantly Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy, Spain, and Greece; notably, in the case of Turkey, German Turks moving to Turkey slightly outnumber new immigrants.[64]


In 2015, there were 476,649 asylum applications.[65]



Education





Cadets of the German Navy exercising in front of one of the gyms of Germany's naval officers school, the Marineschule Mürwik.


Responsibility for educational oversight in Germany lies primarily with the individual federated states. Since the 1960s, a reform movement has attempted to unify secondary education into a Gesamtschule (comprehensive school); several West German states later simplified their school systems to two or three tiers. A system of apprenticeship called Duale Ausbildung ("dual education") allows pupils in vocational training to learn in a company as well as in a state-run vocational school.[66]


Optional kindergarten education is provided for all children between three and six years old, after which school attendance is compulsory for at least nine years. Primary education usually lasts for four years and public schools are not stratified at this stage.[66] In contrast, secondary education includes three traditional types of schools focused on different levels of academic ability: the Gymnasium enrols the most academically promising children and prepares students for university studies; the Realschule for intermediate students lasts six years; the Hauptschule prepares pupils for vocational education.[67]


In addition Germany has a comprehensive school known as the Gesamtschule. While some German schools such as the Gymnasium and the Realschule have rather strict entrance requirements, the Gesamtschule does not have such requirements. They offer college preparatory classes for the students who are doing well, general education classes for average students, and remedial courses for those who aren't doing that well. In most cases students attending a Gesamtschule may graduate with the Hauptschulabschluss, the Realschulabschluss or the Abitur depending on how well they did in school.
The percentage of students attending a Gesamtschule varies by Bundesland. In 2007 the State of Brandenburg more than 50% of all students attended a Gesamtschule,[68] while in the State of Bavaria less than 1% did.


The general entrance requirement for university is Abitur, a qualification normally based on continuous assessment during the last few years at school and final examinations; however there are a number of exceptions, and precise requirements vary, depending on the state, the university and the subject. Germany's universities are recognised internationally; in the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) for 2008, six of the top 100 universities in the world are in Germany, and 18 of the top 200.[69] Nearly all German universities are public institutions, tuition fees in the range of €500 were introduced in some states after 2006, but quickly abolished again until 2014.


Percentage of jobholders holding Hauptschulabschluss, Realschulabschluss or Abitur in Germany[70]

































1970

1982

1991

2000

Hauptschulabschluss
87,7%
79,3%
66,5%
54,9%

Realschulabschluss
10,9%
17,7%
27%
34,1%

Abitur
1,4%
3%
6,5%
11%


Literacy


Over 99% of those of age 15 and above are estimated to be able to read and write. However, a growing number of inhabitants are functionally illiterate. The young are much more likely to be functionally illiterate than the old. According to a study done by the University of Bremen in coorporation with the "Bundesverband Alphabetisierung e.V.", 10% of youngsters living in Germany are functionally illiterate and one quarter are able to understand only basic level texts.[71] Illiteracy rates of youngsters vary by ethnic group and parents' socioeconomic class.



Health



As of 2009[update], the principal cause of death was cardiovascular disease, at 42%, followed by malignant tumours, at 25%.[72]
As of 2008[update], about 82,000 Germans had been infected with HIV/AIDS and 26,000 had died from the disease (cumulatively, since 1982).[73]
According to a 2005 survey, 27% of German adults are smokers.[73]
A 2009 study shows Germany is near the median in terms of overweight and obese people in Europe.[74]



Religion



The national constitutions of 1919 and 1949 guarantee freedom of faith and religion; earlier, these freedoms were mentioned only in state constitutions. The modern constitution of 1949 also states that no one may be discriminated against due to their faith or religious opinions. A state church does not exist in Germany (see Freedom of religion in Germany).[75]




2008 map of Christian denominations in the states of Germany[76][77][78]

  Roman Catholic majority

  Evangelical Church in Germany (EKD) majority

  Christian majority, Catholic plurality

  Christian majority, EKD plurality

  Christians less than 50% of population, majority of Christians belong to EKD



According to a 1990s poll by Der Spiegel, 45% of Germans believe in God, and a quarter in Jesus Christ.[79] According to the Eurobarometer Poll 2010, 44% of German citizens responded that "they believe there is a God", 25% responded that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force" and 27% responded that "they don't believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force". 4% gave no response.[80]


Christianity is the largest religion in Germany, comprising an estimated 57.9% of the country's population.[81][82]


Islam is the second largest religion in Germany, with an estimated 6.1% of the population according to a 2017 Pew Research Survey. Germany has the second largest Muslim population in Europe, at nearly 5 million, and is expected to grow significantly in the coming decades.[36]


Smaller religious groups (less than 1%) include Judaism, Buddhism and Hinduism.[83][84]


The two largest churches, the Roman Catholic Church and the Protestant Evangelical Church in Germany (EKD), have lost significant number of adherents. In 2016 the Catholic Church accounted for 28.5%[81][82][85] and the Evangelical Church for 26.5%[81][82][86] of the population. Other Christian churches and groups summed up to 3.3%[83] with estimations for the Orthodox Church between 1.3%[84] and 1.9%.[83]
Since the reunification of Germany, the number of non-religious people has grown and an estimated 36.2% of the country's population are not affiliated with any church or religion.[81][82][83][84]


The other religions make up to less than 1% of the population.[83]Buddhism has around 200,000 adherents (0.2%), Judaism has around 200.000 adherents (0.2%), Hinduism 90,000 (0.1%), Sikhism 75,000 (0.1%) and Yazidis religion (45,000-60,000).[87] All other religious communities in Germany have fewer than 50,000 (<0.1%) adherents.
















































Religion in Germany (2016)[81][82]
No Religion
35.2%
Roman Catholicism
28.6%
Evangelical Church
26.6%
Islam
5.8%
Orthodox Church
2.0%
Other Christians
1.0%
Other Religions
0.8%



Protestantism is concentrated in the north and east and Roman Catholicism is concentrated in the south and west. According to the last nationwide census, Protestantism is more widespread among the population with German citizenship; there are slightly more Catholics total because of the Catholic immigrant population (including such groups as Poles and Italians).[88] The former Pope, Benedict XVI, was born in Bavaria. Non-religious people, including atheists and agnostics, might make up as many as 55% of the total population, and are especially numerous in the former East Germany and major metropolitan areas.[89]


Of the roughly 4 million Muslims, most are Sunnis and Alevites from Turkey, but there are a small number of Shi'ites and other denominations.[90][91] 1.3% of the country's overall population declare themselves Orthodox Christians,[84] with Serbs, Greeks, Montenegrins, Ukrainians and Russians being the most numerous.[92] Germany has Europe's third-largest Jewish population (after France and the United Kingdom).[93] In 2004, twice as many Jews from former Soviet republics settled in Germany as in Israel, bringing the total Jewish population to more than 200,000, compared to 30,000 prior to German reunification. Large cities with significant Jewish populations include Berlin, Frankfurt and Munich.[94] Around 250,000 active Buddhists live in Germany; 50% of them are Asian immigrants.[95]



2011 Census


Census results were as follows:




  • Roman Catholic Church: 24,740,380 or 30.8% of the German population;


  • Evangelical Church: 24,328,100 or 30.3% of the German population;

  • Other, atheist or not specified (including Protestants outside EKD): 31,151,210 or 38.9% of the German population.[88]











Religion (2011 German Census)



  Catholic Church (30.8%)


  EKD (30.3%)


  Other, atheist or unspecified[96] (38.9%)





Languages



German is the only official and most widely spoken language. Standard German is understood throughout the country.



Minority languages




Bilingual German-Sorbian city limit signs


Danish, Low German, Low Rhenish, the Sorbian languages (Lower Sorbian and Upper Sorbian), and the two Frisian languages, Saterfrisian and North Frisian, are officially recognized and protected as minority languages by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in their respective regions. With speakers of Romany living in all parts of Germany, the federal government has promised to take action to protect the language. Until now, only Hesse has followed Berlin's announcement, and agreed on implementing concrete measures to support Romany speakers.


Implementation of the Charter is poor. The monitoring reports on charter implementation in Germany show many provisions unfulfilled.[citation needed]










































Protected Minority Languages in Germany
Language States
Danish
Schleswig-Holstein
North Frisian
Schleswig-Holstein
Saterland Frisian
Lower Saxony
Low German
Brandenburg, Bremen, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Schleswig-Holstein, North Rhine-Westphalia
Low Rhenish
North Rhine-Westphalia
Upper Sorbian
Saxony
Lower Sorbian
Brandenburg
Romany
Hesse de facto, de jure in all states (see text)


High German dialects




City limits sign; this city is called Emlichheim in High German and Emmelkamp in Low German


German dialects – some quite distinct from the standard language – are used in everyday speech, especially in rural regions. Many dialects, for example the Upper German varieties, are to some degree cultivated as symbols of regional identity and have their own literature, theaters and some TV programming. While speaking a dialect outside its native region might be frowned upon, in their native regions some dialects can be spoken by all social classes.[citation needed]. Nevertheless, partly due to the prevalence of Standard German in media, the use of dialects has declined over the past century, especially in the younger population.


The social status of different German dialects can vary greatly. The Alemannic and Bavarian dialects of the south are positively valued by their speakers and can be used in almost all social circumstances. The Saxonian and Thuringian dialects have less prestige and are subject to derision. While Bavarian and Alemannic have kept much of their distinctiveness, the Middle German dialects, which are closer to Standard German, have lost some of their distinctive lexical and grammatical features and tend to be only pronunciation variants of Standard German.



Low Saxon dialects


Low Saxon is officially recognized as a language on its own, but despite this fact, there's little official action taken on fostering the language. Historically one third of Germany's territory and population was Low Saxon speaking. No data was ever collected on the actual number of speakers, but today the number of speakers ranges around 5 million persons. Despite this relatively high number of speakers there is very little coverage in the media (mostly on NDR TV, no regular programming) and very little education in or on the language. The language is not fixed as part of the school curriculum and Low Saxon is used as a medium of instruction in one school only in the whole Germany (as a "model project" in primary school sided by education in Standard German). As a consequence the younger generation refused to adopt the native language of their parents. Language prevalence dropped from more than 90% (depending on the exact region) in the 1930s to less than 5% today. This accounts for a massive intergenerational gap in language use. Older people regularly use the language and take private initiative to maintain the language, but the lack of innovative potential of the younger generation hinders language maintenance. The language too has an own literature (around 150 published books every year) and there are many theatres (mostly lay stages, but some professional ones, like for example Ohnsorg-Theater).


Use of Low Saxon is mainly restricted to use among acquaintances, like family members, neighbours and friends. A meeting of a village council can be held almost completely in Low Saxon if all participants know each other (as long as written protocols are written in Standard German), but a single foreigner can make the whole switching to Standard German.


The Low Saxon dialects are different in their status too. There's a north-south gradient in language maintenance. The Southern dialects of Westfalian, Eastfalian and Brandenburgish have had much stronger speaker losses, than the northern coastal dialects of Northern Low Saxon. While Eastfalian has lost speakers to Standard German, Westfalian has lost speakers to Standard German and Standard German based regiolect of the Rhine-Ruhr area. Brandenburgish speakers mostly switched to the Standard German-based regiolect of Berlin. Brandenburgish is almost completely replaced by the Berlin regiolect. Northern Low Saxon speakers switched mostly to pure Standard German.



Foreign languages


English is the most common foreign language and almost universally taught by the secondary level; it is also taught at elementary level in some states. Other commonly-taught languages are French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and Russian. Dutch is taught in states bordering the Netherlands, and Polish in the eastern states bordering Poland.[citation needed]Latin and Ancient Greek are part of the classical education syllabus offered in many secondary schools.


According to a 2004 survey, two-thirds of Germany's citizens have at least basic knowledge of English.[citation needed] About 20% consider themselves to be competent speakers of French, followed by speakers of Russian (7%), Italian (6.1%), and Spanish (5.6%). The relatively high number of Russian speakers is a result of massive immigration from the former Soviet Union to Germany for almost 10 consecutive years, plus its having been learned in school by many older former East Germans.[citation needed]



See also




  • Germans

  • Census in Germany




Notes





  1. ^ In fertility rates, 2.1 and above is a stable population and have been marked blue, 2 and below leads to an aging population and a reducing population.




References





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  33. ^ § 10 Abs. 5 BEEG, BGBl. I, S. 1885, 1896


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    • 74.1% Sunni

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    • 0.3% Ibadi

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External links







  • Homepage of the Federal Statistical Office Germany (in English)


  • German demographics in Online-Databank HISTAT (in German, Registration needed)

  • Dossier "The Aging Society" of the Goethe-Institut


  • Demographic Profile Germany: United in Decline Allianz Knowledge










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