賜死



































自杀
萨福于传闻自杀不久前，出自Johann Melchior Ernst Stickelberger的画作

















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賜死，即賜自盡，是古代統治者以命令逼迫被統治者自殺的行為；相較於刑戮而處決，通常是為了讓被賜死者能保有最後的尊嚴。多出現於中國、日本、朝鮮、希臘和羅馬。


在統治者有絕對威權的古代，世間萬物，包含人的生命，皆被視為統治者的財產，因此連“賜死”這種相對較有尊嚴的死亡方式都被認為是統治者施予的恩典。事實上，這種命令通常也不得不遵守：若不就範，面對的可能是更嚴厲的酷刑或抄家族滅。不過歐洲中世紀一些地方統治者執行的賜死，多為一般所說的死刑，雖然稱為統治者給予人民的恩賜，實際上卻是由劊子手或士兵執行。



種類


歷史上常見的賜死方法有：



  • 給予被賜死者白綾（白色的長布條），令其自縊。

  • 給予被賜死者毒藥，令其自鴆。

  • 給予被賜死者寶劍，令其自刎。
    • 令其切腹自殺，日本為最主要的採用地區，尤其對武士。




被賜死的歷史名人


（各分類中依時代先後排序）


自縊類



  • 长孙无忌

  • 太平公主

  • 楊貴妃

  • 张邦昌

  • 周延儒

  • 和珅

  • 年羹堯

  • 载垣

  • 端华

  • 载勋


自鴆類



  • 蘇格拉底

  • 贾南风

  • 高长恭

  • 李煜

  • 岳飛

  • 趙光祖

  • 埃爾溫·隆美爾


自刎類



  • 伍子胥

  • 文種

  • 白起

  • 扶蘇

  • 蒙恬


切腹



  • 松平信康

  • 佐佐成政

  • 千利休

  • 豐臣秀次


  • 淺野長矩、赤穗浪士等46人




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