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"The Bali Ha'i", a tiki themed restaurant in New Orleans, 1950s A-Frame style

Tiki culture is a 20th-century theme used in Polynesian-style restaurants and clubs originally in the United States and then, to a lesser degree, around the world. Although inspired in part by tiki carvings and mythology, the connection is loose and stylized, being an American form and not a Polynesian fine art form.

In the United States

The Suffering Bastard cocktail, a WWII-era tiki drink, at Latitude 29 in New Orleans

Tiki culture in the United States began in 1933 with the opening of Don's Beachcomber, later changed to Don the Beachcomber, a Polynesian-themed bar and restaurant in Hollywood.^[1] The proprietor was Ernest Raymond Beaumont-Gantt, a young man from Texas who had sailed throughout the South Pacific; later he legally changed his name to Donn Beach. His restaurant featured Cantonese cuisine and exotic rum punches, with a decor of flaming torches, rattan furniture, flower leis, and brightly colored fabrics. Three years later, Victor Bergeron, better known as Trader Vic, adopted a tiki theme for his restaurant in Oakland, which eventually grew to become a worldwide chain.^[2] The theme took on a life of its own during the restaurant's growth in the Bay Area. The Trader Vic's in Palo Alto even spawned architectural choices, such as the concept behind the odd-looking Tiki Inn Motel,^[3] which still exists as the Stanford Terrace Inn.^[4]

California's World's Fair in 1939 – the Golden Gate International Exposition – celebrated for the first time Polynesian culture in the United States. The theme of this fair was "Pageant of the Pacific" primarily showcasing the goods of nations bordering the Pacific Ocean. The theme was physically symbolized by "The Tower of the Sun" and a giant, 80-foot statue of Pacifica, goddess of the Pacific Ocean.

Cuisine and cocktails

The Mai Tai is a quintessential tiki cocktail.

Tiki culture of mid-century America was primarily born in the restaurant industry. Don the Beachcomber's in Hollywood, California, is largely credited as being the first tiki restaurant from which all other eateries and bars "borrowed." Donn Beach, the founder of Don The Beachcomber, is also credited as having created the tropical drink genre singlehandedly.^[5] Beach was the first restaurateur to mix flavored syrups and fresh fruit juices with rum. These drinks were called Rhum Rhapsodies and made Don the Beachcomber's restaurant the hot spot for Hollywood elite and stars from the 1940s well into the 1960s. By the mid to late 1950s, many restaurateurs had begun to copy, and in some cases, steal Beach's theme, food and cocktails. Many eventually created their own cocktails and signature food dishes based on Asian themes. Beach is credited for having created some of the most memorable exotic cocktails such as the Scorpion and the Zombie. Howard Hughes was a regular at the Hollywood Don the Beachcomber, as were Charlie Chaplin and Frank Sinatra.^[6]

Victor "Trader Vic" Bergeron was a Beach contemporary and the founder of Trader Vic's restaurant chain. Both created a variety of "Polynesian" dishes, including crab Rangoon and rumaki.

The Mai Tai is considered to be the quintessential tiki cocktail. A protracted feud between Beach and Bergeron erupted when both claimed to have invented the Mai Tai.

Most tiki-themed establishments served at least some of their cocktails in ceramic mugs depicting tikis, also known as tiki mugs. The styles and sizes varied widely. Most restaurants offered their signature drink in a tiki mug that the patron was able to take home. This led to a large number of tiki mugs surviving as souvenirs. Today, the tiki mug is a highly prized find and is considered to be as much a symbol of the tiki culture as a tiki itself.

With the resurgence of tiki culture in the later part of the 1990s, a resurgence in the interest of the original exotic cocktails has grown as well. Jeff "Beachbum" Berry released several drink books containing the recipes for many of the signature drinks from long lost tiki restaurants and bars, as well as classic tiki cocktails from Trader Vic's and Don the Beachcombers.

Today, Trader Vic's is the only major restaurant chain still in operation. However, a new Don The Beachcomber was opened in Huntington Beach, California in 2009—having taken over Sam's Seafood Restaurant/Kona. Sam's was also a long lived tiki-themed restaurant that dated back to the 1940s. It was sold in 2007 and the name was changed to Kona for a short period before the current owner of the Don The Beachcomber corporate name took it over.

After World War II

When American servicemen returned home from World War II, they brought with them stories and souvenirs from the South Pacific. James Michener won the 1948 Pulitzer Prize for his collection of short stories, Tales of the South Pacific, which in turn was the basis for South Pacific, the 1949 musical by Rodgers and Hammerstein, also a Pulitzer Prize winner.

In addition to the returning WWII veterans, several other factors contributed to the mid-century American explosion in Polynesian pop culture or tiki culture. Post-war America saw the rise of the middle class as an economic force. This coupled with ever-increasing affordability of travel, particularly newly established air travel to Hawaii, helped to propel the nation's interest in all things tropical. The excitement surrounding the 1947 Kon-Tiki expedition helped to promote tiki culture. Hawaiian statehood in 1959 was a major factor which further drove the tropical lifestyle popularity, and Americans fell in love with their romanticized version of an exotic culture.

Polynesian design began to infuse every aspect of the country's visual aesthetic, from home accessories to architecture. Single family homes, apartment complexes, business and even large shopping and living districts of some cities were heavily influenced by Polynesian aesthetics. However, by the 1980s, most of the Polynesian aesthetic had been completely wiped away in the name of progress. Nevertheless, some architectural examples of homes, apartments and restaurant buildings remain. A small handful of locations still contain carved tikis.

Music

Soon came integration of the idea into music by artists like Les Baxter, Arthur Lyman, and Martin Denny, who blended the tiki idea through jazz augmented with Polynesian, Asian, and Latin instruments and "tropical" themes creating the Exotica genre. This music blended the elements of Afro-Cuban rhythms, unusual instrumentations, environmental sounds, and lush romantic themes from Hollywood movies, topped off with evocative titles like "Jaguar God", into a cultural hybrid native to nowhere.

There were two primary strains of this kind of exotica: jungle and tiki. Jungle exotica was a Hollywood creation, with its roots in Tarzan movies and further back, to William Henry Hudson's novel Green Mansions. Les Baxter was the king of jungle exotica, and spawned a host of imitators.

Tiki exotica was introduced with Martin Denny's Waikiki nightclub jungle noises arrangement of Baxter's Quiet Village. Tiki rode a wave of popularity in the late 1950s and early 1960s marked by the entrance of Hawaii as the 50th state in 1959 and the introduction of tiki bars and restaurants around the continental United States.

Television

The visual iconography of the CBS-TV series Gilligan's Island, which was originally broadcast in 1964-1967, borrowed significantly from tiki culture, with the "castaways" depicted as building huts, furniture, and housewares that resembled elements of fantasy-Polynesian culture presented to Americans by period bars and restaurants.

A 1972 episode of The Brady Bunch took place in Hawaii and involved a magical, taboo tiki idol that becomes the center of the plot.

Revival

The mid-1990s saw the beginning of a revival of the tiki culture and a rise in popularity for traditional tiki cocktails in craft cocktail bars.

Contemporary "Lowbrow" artists such as Shag, Mark Ryden, and Derek Yaniger use tiki imagery in their paintings.

Several books on the subject of tiki have been published, including The Book of Tiki by Sven Kirsten, published by Taschen.

The revival also spawned Tiki Noir, a literary subgenre of hard-boiled crime fiction in a tiki setting, in which the main character, often a detective, but not always, is world-weary and deeply flawed; Ritual of the Savage by Jay Strongman being the prime example.^{[citation needed]}

Tiki-themed events and conventions have begun to spring up across America—with the majority happening in Southern California. Large annual events include Tiki Oasis in San Diego;^[7] Hukilau in Fort Lauderdale, Tiki Caliente in Palm Springs,^[8] and Ohana: Luau at the Lake in Lake George, NY.

A variety of online communities have formed for tikiphiles. The Fraternal Order of Moai is also a tiki-themed social organization in the United States.

As part of the craft cocktail movement home tiki bars have also seen a resurgence. These home tiki bars range from the simple to full-builds which rival their commercial forebears.^[9]

Cultural appropriation

The question of whether tiki bars should be considered a type of cultural appropriation has arisen in recent years.^[10][11]

Scholars at the University of Exeter and Claremont Graduate University argue that tiki culture's stylish and seemingly innocuous cultural imagery can obscure and subsume native traditions and divert attention from the history of violent colonialism in the region.^[12][13]

See also

• Disney's Polynesian Village Resort


• Exoticism


• 
  Kava culture
  
  • Kava bar
  
  


• Lounge music


• Tiki Bar TV


• Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room

References

Further reading

• Sven A. Kirsten: The Book of Tiki. Taschen 2003,
  ISBN 3-8228-2433-X
  


• Sven A. Kirsten: Tiki Modern and the Wild World of Witco. Taschen 2007,
  ISBN 978-3-8228-4717-6
  


• Duke Carter: Tiki Quest. Pegboard Press (August 2003),
  ISBN 0-9743283-0-8
  


• Jay Strongman: Ritual of the Savage, Hungry Eye Books 2015,
  ISBN 978-0993186615
  


• Jay Strongman: Tiki Mugs: Cult Artifacts of Polynesian Pop. 2008, Korero Books,
  ISBN 978-0-9553398-1-3
  


• James Teitelbaum: Tiki Road Trip. Santa Monica Press (May 1, 2003),
  ISBN 1-891661-30-2; 2nd edition released June 1, 2007.


• Otto Von Stroheim, Robert Williams: Tiki Art Now! A Volcanic Eruption of Art. Last Gasp (November 10, 2004),
  ISBN 0-86719-627-0
  


• Jeff Berry: "Sippin' Safari: In Search of the Great "Lost" Tropical Drink Recipes... and the People Behind Them". SLG Publishing 2007,
  ISBN 978-1-59362-067-7
  


• Phillip S. Roberts: "Waikiki Tiki: Art, History, and Photographs." Bess Press 2010,
  ISBN 978-1573063111
  

External links

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tiki culture.

• Maori History & Culture


• Hawaiian Music and Hula Archives


• Hawaiian and Tiki culture


• Revival of Tiki Culture


• 
  "Wayfinders: Polynesian History & Origin" – PBS
  


• "Tiki Manifesto", poem by Dan Taulapapa McMullin