對伊斯蘭國的軍事打擊
 | 本文記述一項新聞動態。随着事件發展，內容可能會快速更新。 |
 | 本条目需要擴充。（2015年12月30日） |
| 對伊斯蘭國的軍事打擊 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
敘利亞內戰、伊拉克內戰、利比亞內戰、博科聖地叛亂、北高加索叛亂、摩洛衝突、西奈半島動亂、反恐戰爭的一部分 | |||||||
 | |||||||
| |||||||
| 参战方 | |||||||
在敘利亞和伊拉克：
只限於敘利亞：
支援： 軍事援助：
人道援助：
情報支援：
俄敘兩伊聯盟：
當地部隊： 伊拉克當地部隊：
敘利亞當地部隊：
黎巴嫰當地部隊：
利比亞當地部隊：[52]
埃及領導的干預： 尼日利亞領導的干預：
伊斯兰反恐军事联盟：
|
| ||||||
| 指挥官和领导者 | |||||||
Qais al-Khazali
 阿卜杜勒-阿齐兹·布特弗利卡 阿卜杜勒-马利克·塞拉勒 Ahmed Gaid Salah（武裝部隊參謀長） |
| ||||||
| 兵力 | |||||||
美國；
澳大利亞：
巴林：
比利時：
加拿大：
丹麥；
法國：
德國：
意大利：
約旦：
摩洛哥：
北約：
Netherlands:
Portugal:
Qatar:
Saudi Arabia:
Spain:
Turkey:
United Arab Emirates:
英國：
Russia:
伊朗：
埃及：
奈及利亞：
卡麥隆:
非洲聯盟:
| ISIL:
| ||||||
| 伤亡与损失 | |||||||
|
Jaysh al-Sunna：
自由沙姆人伊斯蘭運動：
| ||||||
13,568名伊拉克和敘利亞平民被伊斯蘭國殺害[161][184][185] 7,600,000名敘利亞平民[189]及3,300,000名伊拉克平民[189]流離失所 | |||||||
聯合特遣隊－堅決行動
Iraqi Turkmen Front（土耳其支持）
Syrian Turkmen Brigades（土耳其支持）
阿克薩戰士[55]（至2017年2月）[56][57]
自由沙姆人伊斯蘭運動
對伊斯蘭國的軍事打擊是指自2014年6月以来，以美國、俄罗斯和世界上多达70多个的国家的多國軍事部隊為打擊伊斯蘭國而在伊拉克和敘利亞境內實施的軍事行動。
在此之前伊斯蘭國勢力快速奪取了伊拉克和敘利亞兩地的大片領土，成為2014年上半年迅速崛起的一股武裝勢力。出於國際社會對其侵犯人權行為的廣泛譴責和擔憂，以及自身懷疑其勢力的崛起可能會進一步加劇中東特別是敘利亞地區的混亂態勢，許多國家紛紛出兵介入伊拉克和敘利亞的局勢，對伊斯蘭國進行監控、干預以及剿滅[190]。
2014年6月中旬伊朗根據美國和英國的情報，開始派遣無人駕駛飛機前往伊拉克。據路透社報導，伊朗士兵在伊拉克與伊斯蘭國戰鬥。同時美國政府派出了少量的部隊前往伊拉克，並派遣飛機在伊拉克地區監視伊斯蘭國的行踪。
目录
1 背景
2 經過
2.1 2014年
2.2 2015年
2.3 2016年
3 國家參與
4 参考文献
背景
2014年6月，極端伊斯蘭聖戰組織伊斯蘭國由敘利亞入侵伊拉克北部，在短時間內攻陷了伊拉克北部大片地區，控制了敘利亞和伊拉克的大片地區。8月，因應情況惡化，英美聯軍開始對伊拉克北部的伊斯蘭國目標實施空襲，以支援伊拉克對抗伊斯蘭國武裝分子。[191]
9月11日，奧巴馬在對全國電視觀眾發表的直播講話中表示，將擴大空襲行動至伊斯蘭國控制的敘利亞地區。奧巴馬表示任何威脅美國的團伙「都不會有安全的藏身之處」。[192]9月12日，來自巴林、埃及、約旦、科威特、黎巴嫩、阿曼、卡塔爾、沙特阿拉伯和阿聯酋的外長與美國國務卿克里舉行會談後，同意協助美國共同打擊「伊斯蘭國」。[193]
經過
2014年
9月22日凌晨，美國與盟國展開對敘利亞境內的伊斯蘭國目標的首輪空襲。美軍戰機和軍艦打擊了數十個目標。沙特阿拉伯、卡塔爾、約旦、巴林和阿聯酋亦有參與或支持空襲行動。[194][195]據報，F-22猛禽亦有參與空襲行動，是次是其自服役以來第一次參與的戰鬥任務。[196]
9月24日，美國、沙特阿拉伯、阿聯酋的戰鬥機進行新一輪空襲。12座伊斯蘭國控制下的煉油廠在空襲中被破壞。「伊斯蘭國」過往一直靠黑市交易石油以獲得資金。美國此次空襲是為了摧毀為「伊斯蘭國」提供資金的相關設施。[197]9月28日和29日，聯軍再破壞多四個臨時煉油廠。[198][199]
同期，由於阿爾及利亞有效忠伊斯蘭國的武裝組織把其法國人質斬首，法國表示考慮將空襲行動擴大至敘利亞。[200]
10月6日，伊斯蘭國攻入被圍攻多日的土耳其、敘利亞邊境要道科巴尼，伊斯蘭國武裝份子與敍利亞庫爾德人爆發巷戰，並佔據了制高點。[201]10月8日，美國在科巴尼進行了8次空襲，摧毀了伊斯蘭國幾輛裝甲運兵車、武裝車輛及一門火砲。[202]支援科巴尼守軍的空襲仍在持續進行中。
截至2014年10月20日，以美國為首的多國部隊在敘利亞境內發動了231次空襲。[203]「敘利亞人權觀察」在11月22日稱聯軍空襲已造成785名伊斯蘭國武裝分子、72名努斯拉陣線成員及52名平民喪生。[204]
2015年
| 本条目需要擴充。（2015年12月30日） |
1月27日，在經過聯軍多個月來的空襲，伊斯蘭國被迫主動撤離科巴尼。庫爾德人徹底奪回科巴尼的控制權，結束三個月來的艱苦戰鬥。[205]
伊斯蘭國於2月3日上傳約旦飛行員卡薩斯貝被燒死的影片到YouTube。約旦國王阿卜杜拉二世誓言將傾盡全力打擊伊斯蘭國。2月6日，約旦大幅加強空襲力度，作為針對卡薩斯貝被殺一事的報復行動。[206]在3日內，約旦空軍對伊斯蘭國發動了56次空襲。主要的空襲目標集中在伊斯蘭國在敘利亞的據點拉卡。[207]約旦盟友阿聯酋亦派出一支F-16戰機中隊前往約旦，支持約旦轟炸伊斯蘭國的行動。[208]
「敘利亞人權觀察」在2015年4月底報告聯軍在敘利亞的空襲已殺死超過1,922名伊斯蘭國武裝分子，另造成66名平民喪生。[209]
2016年
2016年8月31日，俄罗斯国防部宣布俄罗斯军队的一架苏－34战斗轰炸机在叙利亚阿勒颇省的一次空袭中打死了伊斯兰国的二号人物阿德纳尼，但美国国防部亦宣布美国军队的一架无人机对阿德纳尼进行了“定点清除”行动，美国国防部的一名官员对于俄罗斯宣布击毙阿德纳尼表示:“考虑到俄罗斯在叙利亚行动的性质，这很可笑”。[210]
國家參與
下表總結了每個國家參與針對伊斯蘭國的整體國際干預措施。有幾個涉及軍事行動的國家也提供人道援助。
內容：
| |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 國家 | 於伊拉克境內 | 於敘利亞境內 | 於利比亞境內 | 於奈及利亞境內[211] | 於阿富汗境內 |
 阿富汗 | — | — | — | — | |
 阿尔巴尼亚 | — | — | — | ||
 澳大利亚 | — | — | — | ||
 奥地利 | — | — | — | ||
 巴林 | — | — | — | — | |
 比利時 | — | — | — | ||
 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 | — | — | — | ||
 保加利亚 | — | — | — | ||
 喀麦隆 | — | — | — | — | |
 加拿大 | — | — | — | ||
 乍得 | — | — | — | — | |
 哥伦比亚 | — | — | — | [212][213] | — |
 克罗地亚 | — | — | — | ||
 捷克 | — | — | — | ||
 丹麥 | — | — | — | ||
 埃及 | — | — | — | — | |
 爱沙尼亚 | — | — | — | ||
 法国 | [214] | [215] | — | ||
 德國 | — | — | |||
 希臘 | — | — | — | ||
 匈牙利 | — | — | — | ||
 印尼 | — | — | — | ||
 伊朗 | — | — | — | ||
 伊拉克 | — | — | — | — | |
 愛爾蘭 | — | — | — | ||
 以色列 | — | — | |||
 義大利 | — | ||||
 日本 | — | — | — | ||
 约旦 | [216] | — | — | ||
 科威特 | — | — | — | ||
 黎巴嫩 | — | — | — | ||
 利比亞 | — | — | — | — | |
 卢森堡 | — | — | — | ||
 摩洛哥 | — | — | — | ||
 荷蘭 | — | — | — | ||
 新西蘭 | — | — | — | ||
 尼日尔 | — | — | — | — | |
 奈及利亞 | — | — | — | — | |
 挪威 | — | — | [217] | ||
 波蘭 | — | — | — | ||
 卡塔尔 | — | — | — | — | |
 俄羅斯 | — | — | — | — | |
 沙烏地阿拉伯 | — | — | — | — | |
 新加坡 | — | — | — | ||
 斯洛伐克 | — | — | — | ||
 斯洛維尼亞 | — | — | — | ||
 韩国 | — | — | — | ||
 西班牙 | — | — | — | ||
 苏丹 | — | — | — | — | — |
 瑞典 | — | — | — | — | |
 叙利亚 | — | — | — | ||
 中華民國 | — | — | — | ||
 馬其頓 | — | — | — | — | |
 土耳其 | — | — | — | ||
 阿联酋 | — | — | — | — | |
 英國 | [218] | [219] | [220] | [221] | [222] |
 美國 | |||||
参考文献
^ 引用错误：没有为名为usairstrike的参考文献提供内容
^ Australia says it is deploying warplanes to join Iraq campaign. The Daily Telegraph. Yahoo. 22 September 2014 [22 September 2014].
^ Om, Jason. Federal Cabinet gives go ahead to RAAF air strikes on Islamic State in Syria. ABC News. 9 September 2015 [10 October 2015].
^ Minister Sajjan Announces Extension of Canada’s Contribution to the Global Coalition against Da’esh. National Defence. National Defence / Canadian Armed Forces. [1 May 2017].
^ Battling Dutch, Belgium prepare to send forces. MSN. （原始内容存档于29 September 2014）.
^ Denmark, Isis. The Huffington Post. 9 September 2014. （原始内容存档于2014年9月27日）.
^ Sweden rejects calls for military support to Iraq. The Local. SE. 18 August 2014 [18 August 2014].
^ Sweden to increase support in fight against ISIS. Radio Sweden. 21 July 2016.
^ Islamic State: France ready to launch Iraq air strikes. BBC. 18 September 2014 [18 September 2014].
^ France bombs Isis depot in Iraq. The Guardian. 21 September 2014 [19 September 2014].
^ 11.011.111.211.311.4 Syria conflict: German MPs vote for anti-IS military mission. BBC News. 4 December 2015.
^ Germany joins anti-Isis military campaign. theguardian. 4 December 2015.
^ German parliament approves anti-IS Bundeswehr mission in Syria. Deutsche Welle. 4 December 2015.
^ Isis, la guerra segreta dell'Italia: forze speciali in Libia e Iraq. Ma il Parlamento è all'oscuro di tutto - Il Fatto Quotidiano.
^ Anche l’Italia fa la guerra all’Isis: missioni segrete dei nostri soldati in Iraq e Libia.
^ Turkey trains Kurdish peshmerga forces in fight against ISIL. world bulletin.net. [23 November 2014].
^ Turkey bombs Islamic State targets in Syria. BBC News. 24 July 2015 [24 July 2015].
^ Dutch send fighter jets to strike Iraq. Yahoo. （原始内容存档于2014-09-25）.
^ Young, Sarah. Britain ready to supply Kurds with arms. Reuters. 15 August 2014 [18 August 2014].
^ Jordan carries out air strikes in Iraq, killing 55 IS militants. i24 News. i24 News. 4 February 2015 [4 February 2015]. （原始内容存档于2015年2月6日）.
^ 21.021.1 Morocco is the latest Arab nation to respond to an American appeal for more firepower, sending several F-16s to the fight [1]
^ 22.022.1 Morocco is to send F-16s to attack the militants under the US-led operation [2]
^ 23.023.1 Officials said the North African kingdom has agreed to join the U.S.-led coalition air strikes against ISIL positions in Iraq and Syria.[3]
^ Moroccan F-16 Carry Out Airstrikes Against ISIS. Morocco World News.
^ RAF jets sent on Iraqi combat mission. BBC News. 27 September 2014 [21 October 2014].
^ Syria air strikes conducted by UK military pilots. BBC News. 17 July 2015 [24 July 2015].
^ UK troops to train moderate Syrian opposition. Ministry of Defence. 26 March 2015.
^ 28.028.1 引用错误：没有为名为bi1的参考文献提供内容
^ Likmeta, Besar. Albania Starts Shifting Weapons to Iraqi Kurds. Balkan Insight. 27 August 2014.
^ Klix.ba. BiH će Iraku donirati više od 15 miliona metaka za borbu protiv IDIL-a. klix.ba. Bosnia and Herzegovina. [6 January 2015] （波斯尼亚语）.
^ До 2020 година 1.8 млрд. лв. ще бъдат вложени в армията [1.8 bln. lv will be invested in the military by 2020]. BG: Dir. 20 September 2014 [20 September 2014] （保加利亚语）.Shalamanov does not consider the conflict in Ukraine to be the only short-term threat for Bulgarian national security, which is why our country is sending armaments to the opponents of Islamic State... According to him, the events in northern Iraq and Syria represent a growing risk that threatens our national interests.
^ Hrvatska u borbi protiv islamista: Na zahtjev SAD-a šaljemo oružje za iračku vojsku. Jutarnji list (HR). 21 August 2014 [22 August 2014] （克罗地亚语）.
^ Cyprus says facilities at France's disposal to fight Islamic State. Cyprus. 19 November 2015 [20 November 2015].
^ 34.0034.0134.0234.0334.0434.0534.0634.0734.0834.0934.10 Payne, Sebastian. What the 60-plus members of the anti-Islamic State coalition are doing. Washington Post (US). 22 September 2014.
^ Greece Brings War Against the Islamic State. Greek Reporter. 25 September 2014.
^ L’Italia pronta a bombardare Isis in Iraq. La Difesa: ipotesi da valutare. Corriere della Sera. [10 October 2015].
^ Isis, Corriere della Sera: "Italia bombarderà lo Stato islamico in Iraq". Difesa: "Solo ipotesi". L'Huffington Post. [10 October 2015].
^ UAE 'pulls out' of coalition air strikes against ISIL. Al Jazeera English. Al Jazeera. 4 February 2015 [4 February 2015].
^ Singapore will join coalition against Islamic State. Channel NewsAsia (SG). 3 November 2014 [4 November 2014]. （原始内容存档于4 November 2014）.
^ Nissenbaum, Dion. US Military Shifts to Helping Kurds Fight Back. The Wall Street Journal. 14 August 2014 [18 August 2014].
^ Weaver, Matthew. Iraq crisis: EU backs plans by member states to arm Kurd fighters. The Guardian. 14 August 2014 [18 August 2014].
^ Polish Aid For Refugees from Nineveh in Iraq. PL: MSZ.
^ Rousek, Leos. Slovakia Launches Aid for Displaced Civilians in Northern Iraq. The Wall Street Journal (blog). 14 August 2014 [18 August 2014].
^ Joint Statement Issued by Partners at the Counter-ISIL Coalition Ministerial Meeting. U.S. Department of State. 3 December 2014 [30 September 2015].
^ Sweden rejects calls for military support to Iraq. The Local. SE. 18 August 2014 [18 August 2014].
^ Confirmed: Israel Providing Intel Against ISIS – Defense/Security – News – Arutz Sheva. Arutz Sheva.
^ Russia conducts first airstrike in Syria. CNN. September 30, 2015 [2015-09-30].
^ Tehran's Boots on the Ground. Foreign Policy. 9 September 2014 [11 September 2014]. （原始内容存档于11 September 2014）.
^ Blanford, Nicholas. Why Hezbollah is playing a smaller role in this Iraqi conflict. Christian Science Monitor. 16 July 2014 [12 October 2014].
^ http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2015/02/16/Hezbollah-fighting-is-in-Iraq-Nasrallah.html
^ Schmitt, Eric; Rubin, Alissa J. US and Iraqis Try to Fragment Extremist Group. The New York Times. 12 July 2014 [13 July 2014].
^ Libyan forces prepare for last push against Islamic State in Sirte. 31 August 2016 [3 October 2016] –通过Reuters.
^ Algerian army claims killing 22 Isis-inspired Islamists. International Business Times. May 20, 2015 [14 January 2016].
^ 54.054.1 Boko Haram swears formal allegiance to ISIS. Associated Press. Fox News. March 8, 2015.
^ An internal struggle: Al Qaeda's Syrian affiliate is grappling with its identity. Brookings Institution. 31 May 2015 [1 June 2015].
^ Charkatli, Izat. Over 2,000 radical rebels defect to ISIS following intra-rebel deal. 23 February 2017.
^ Search for the dead begins in Idlib after Islamic State-linked brigade leaves for Raqqa.
^ Caleb Weiss. Uighur jihadist fought in Afghanistan, killed in Syria. Long War Journal. 14 February 2017 [22 February 2017].
^ Nick Paton Walsh and Laura Smith-Spark, CNN. Report: Airstrikes target new Islamist group in Syria - CNN.com. CNN. 6 November 2014 [6 December 2014].
^ As Caliphate Shrinks, ISIS Expected to Head for the Hills. Middle East Online. 12 January 2017 [14 January 2017].
^ Helfrich, Kim. Islamic State moves to Libya’s desert valleys after Sirte defeat - defenceWeb.
^ Boko Haram War Not Yet Over. Leadership. 24 February 2017 [24 February 2017]. （原始内容存档于2017年2月24日）.
^ France strikes Islamic State group's depot in Iraq. ABC News.
^ Abdelhak Mamoun. ISIS leader al-Baghdadi is incapacitated, says the Guardian. Iraq news, the latest Iraq news. [14 May 2015].
^ Report: A former physics teacher is now leading ISIS - Business Insider. Business Insider. 23 April 2015 [14 May 2015].
^ ISIS' Abu Alaa al-Afri killed alongside dozens of followers in air strike - Daily Mail Online. Mail Online (London). 13 May 2015 [14 May 2015].
^ Hubbard, Ben; Schmitt, Eric. Military Skill and Terrorist Technique Fuel Success of ISIS. New York Times. 27 August 2014 [21 October 2014].
^ Alessandria Masi. If ISIS Leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Is Killed, Who Is Caliph Of The Islamic State Group?. International Business Times. 11 November 2014 [14 May 2015].
^ Matt Bradley and Ghassan Adnan in Baghdad, and Felicia Schwartz in Washington. Coalition Airstrikes Targeted Islamic State Leaders Near Mosul. WSJ. 10 November 2014.
^ Kadyrov Claims Red-Bearded Chechen Militant al-Shishani Dead. ElBalad. 14 November 2014. （原始内容存档于2015年1月28日）.
^ Kadyrov Says Islamic State's Leader From Georgia Killed. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 14 November 2014.
^ U.S. confirms death of ISIS operative Omar al-Shishani. CNN. 14 March 2016 [14 March 2016].
^ ABC News. Top ISIS Commander 'Omar the Chechen' Believed Dead After Airstrike. ABC News. [14 April 2016].
^ Antonopoulos, Paul. BREAKING: Al-Qaeda's deputy leader killed in Idlib drone strike. 26 February 2017.
^ War On Terror: Who Is Abu Khayr al-Masri? Al Qaeda Second In Command Killed In Drone Strike In Syria. 26 February 2017.
^ Syria: Al Qaeda Deputy Killed In Apparent Drone Strike.
^ Al-Qaida Reasserts Itself With Khorasan Group. NPR. 3 October 2014 [23 July 2015].
^ BBC News. US extra troops to boost fight against IS in Iraq. 18 April 2016 [21 April 2016].
^ Barnes, Julian E. 2,300 U.S. Marines deploy new quick-reaction force in Kuwait. The Wall Street Journal. 1 October 2014.
^ Lamothe, Dan. US companies pulling contractors from Iraqi bases as security crumbles. The Washington Post. 19 July 2014 [13 August 2014].
^ Nissenbaum, Dion. Role of US Contractors Grows as Iraq Fights Insurgents. The Wall Street Journal. 3 February 2014 [13 August 2014].
^ BBC news. 'Hundreds' more UK troops to be sent to Iraq - Michael Fallon. BBC News. 30 May 2015.
^ See U.S. warships head for ISIS fight. CNN. 13 April 2015 [23 June 2015].
^ USS Carl Vinson begins return to San Diego. 13 April 2015 [14 May 2015].
^ Rush, James. Isis air strikes: US brings in Apache helicopters as British jets target militants in Iraq. The Independent (London). 6 October 2014 [8 October 2014].
^ Trevithick, Joseph. U.S. Commandos Are Flying Around Iraq. Medium.com. 18 November 2014 [25 November 2014].
^ Tilghman, Andrew. Near ISIS front, U.S. Marine artillerymen ‘fire every day’. militarytimes.com. 7 April 2016 [29 April 2016].
^ Trevithick, Joseph. The U.S. Army Hurls Hundreds of Rockets at Islamic State. WarIsBoring.com. 25 November 2015 [29 April 2016].
^ 89.089.1 Cooper, Hayden. Australians back air strikes against Isis in Iraq by three to one, poll shows. The Guardian. 5 October 2014 [5 October 2014].
^ Australia says ready to strike ISIL in Iraq. AlJazeera.com. 3 October 2014 [6 October 2014].
^ Deal agreed for Australian forces to deploy in Iraq, Foreign Minister Julie Bishop says. ABC News. 20 October 2014.
^ Bree, Max. Largest group in decades. Australian Department of Defence. 9 October 2014: 3 [7 October 2014].
^ McGuirk, Rod. Australia says it will launch airstrikes in Iraq. Navy Times. Associated Press. 3 October 2014 [5 October 2014]. （原始内容存档于2016年12月5日）.
^ Radulova, Lillian. Australian military transport plane 'shot at' by Islamic State fighters in northern Iraq while delivering aid. Daily Mail (London). 2014-09-01 [2014-10-05].
^ 95.095.195.295.3 Partner Nations Contributions Summary. Justin Fishel. 23 September 2014 [11 October 2014].
^ McInnis, Kathleen. Coalition Contributions to Countering the Islamic State (PDF). Federation of American Scientists. Congressional Research Service: 10. 18 November 2015 [21 December 2015].
^ Operation Inherent Resolve - Canada. Operation Inherent Resolve. Operation Inherent Resolve. [21 June 2016].
^ 98.098.198.298.3 FAKTA: Danmarks militære indsats i Irak og Syrien. Information （丹麦语）.
^ Le Charles-de-Gaulle engagé contre Daech, des Rafale décollent en mission. L'Express. 23 February 2015 [20 April 2015].
^ 100.0100.1100.2100.3100.4100.5 Iraq: The aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle left the operation Shamal. Zone Militaire. 20 April 2015 [20 April 2015].
^ La frégate anti-aérienne Jean Bart quitte l’opération Chammal. Zone Militaire. 30 January 2015 [20 April 2015].
^ Pinotti: "Contro l’Isis 500 unità italiane in Iraq". Corriere della Sera. 10 February 2015.
^ Iraq: 450 italiani a difesa diga Mosul. Arabia Saudita lancia coalizione islamica anti-Is. Repubblica.it. 15 December 2015 [1 February 2016].
^ M5s: "Il governo invia caccia contro l'Is senza autorizzazione".. Repubblica.it. 16 November 2014 [6 December 2014].
^ 105.0105.1 Iraq, il ministro Pinotti: "Dall'Italia 280 soldati per addestrare i curdi, Predator e armi". rainews.
^ Decollano i droni italiani, missioni in Iraq e Ucraina.
^ "Morocco's counter-terrorism support will focus on military, operational and intelligence aspects, according to WAM. According to the ministry, the contribution of the kingdom will focus on military operational and intelligence aspects.[4]
^ Morocco is a member of the anti-ISIL coalition where the kingdom provides intelligence and operational support to Emirati, Saudi, Bahraini, Qatari Jordanian and American forces operating in Syria.[5]
^ Morocco will send military forces to the United Arab Emirates (UAE) to help fight terrorism and preserve regional peace and stability, the Foreign Ministry said on Wednesday. Speaking at a press briefing in Rabat, Moroccan Foreign Minister Salaheddine Mezouar did not reveal further information on this mission, such as the specific number of the dispatched troops. (...)"Morocco will provide military support to these brother countries in case that the Gulf states require intervention,"[6]
^ Souhail Karam. Morocco Says Sending Troops to U.A.E. to Help Counter Terrorism. Bloomberg.com. 29 October 2014.
^ Dutch Parliament commits soldiers, F-16s to fight ISIS in Iraq. NL Times. [28 September 2014].
^ Portugal vai enviar 30 comandos do exército para o Iraque. RTP. 16 December 2014.
^ Andrew Chuter. Saudi Typhoons Use Paveway IV Bombs on ISIS. Defense News. 25 February 2015.
^ Wary Spain Remains Reluctant Partner in anti-IS Coalition. Rudaw. 24 September 2014 [2 October 2014].
^ Spain to send 300 soldiers to Iraq to train its Army. El País. 9 October 2014 [12 October 2014].
^ Peþmerge'ye eðitim ‘Bordo Bereliler’den. HÜRRÝYET - TÜRKÝYE'NÝN AÇILIÞ SAYFASI. [25 February 2015].
^ Turkish forces 'strike ISIL convoy in Syria'. [25 February 2015].
^ More UK troops to train Iraqi forces. BBC News. 12 March 2016 [16 March 2016].
^ 119.0119.1119.2 UK troops to train moderate Syrian opposition. Ministry of Defence. 26 March 2015 [26 March 2015].
^ British special forces join fighters on Isil front line. Telegraph. 30 September 2014 [19 November 2014].
^ ISIS fighters are using human shields to protect themselves from RAF drone strikes: Militants deliberately travelling with women and children in Syria and Iraq. Daily Mail. 20 November 2015 [20 November 2015].
^ 122.0122.1 RAF Typhoons Join Syrian Bombing Mission. Forces TV. 3 December 2015 [3 December 2015].
^ UK details extent of combat activity over Iraq. Flightglobal. 2 March 2015 [2 March 2015].
^ It's WAR: RAF Tornados bomb ISIS strongholds in Syria in two waves just 57 mins after vote. Express. 3 December 2015 [3 December 2015].
^ 引用错误：没有为名为firstUKsortie的参考文献提供内容
^ RAF Tornado jets in Cyprus for Iraq aid mission. BBC News. 12 August 2014 [19 November 2014].A "small number" of Chinook helicopters would also be sent for "further relief options", the Foreign Office said.
^ RAF steps up Iraq and Syria spying missions in 'new Battle of Britain'. The Guardian. 19 July 2015 [19 July 2015].
^ Global Gateway (PDF). Royal Air Force. March 2015.The first Operational Atlas load was delivered to Op SHADER in Cyprus on 3 Mar - a sign of things to come.
^ Frères D’Armes – Brothers in Arms. Royal Navy. 18 November 2015 [21 November 2015].
^ 引用错误：没有为名为UKSub的参考文献提供内容
^ "Russian soldiers geolocated by photos in multiple Syria locations", MARIA TSVETKOVA, November 8, 2015, Reuters. "U.S. security officials and independent experts told Reuters last week that Moscow had increased its forces in Syria to 4,000 personnel from an estimated 2,000. A U.S. defense official said multiple rocket-launcher crews and long-range artillery batteries were deployed outside four bases the Russians were using".
^ 132.0132.1 4 Russian warships launch 26 missiles against ISIS from Caspian Sea. RT English. [8 October 2015].
^ Rosyjskie rakiety manewrujące uderzyły w IS. Wystrzelone z okrętu podwodnego. defence24.pl. [24 November 2015].
^ Russian missile cruiser ordered to work with French in Syria. New York Daily News. 17 November 2015 [24 November 2015].
^ 135.0135.1135.2 Russia Pounds ISIS With Biggest Bomber Raid in Decades. The Daily Beast. [24 November 2015].
^ Russian Marines Position Themselves in Eastern Latakia. The Aviationist. 29 September 2015 [1 October 2015].
^ Thomas Gibbons-Neff. This is the airpower Russia has in Syria. The Washington Post. 21 September 2015 [30 September 2015].
^ Russian Fighter Aircraft Arrive in Syria. Stratfor. 21 September 2015 [1 October 2015].
^ Russian Fighter Aircraft Arrive in Syria. Stratfor. [8 October 2015]. （原始内容存档于2015年10月15日）.
^ Schmitt, Eric; MacFarquhar, Neil. Russia Expands Fleet in Syria With Jets That Can Attack Targets on Ground. The New York Times. 21 September 2015 [16 October 2015].
^ Главком ВКС РФ признал: в Сирию были переброшены зенитные ракетные системы NEWSru, 5 Nov 2015.
^ 引用错误：没有为名为vox1的参考文献提供内容
^ Martin Chulov. Iran sends troops into Iraq to aid fight against Isis militants. the Guardian. [6 December 2014].
^ Iran Appears to Be Launching Airstrikes Against ISIS in Iraq: Pentagon. NBC News.
^ Iran Is Expanding Its Military Role in Iraq in a Bunch of Ways. Business Insider. [16 October 2014].
^ ISIS militants have army of 200,000, claims senior Kurdish leader. ElBalad. [16 November 2014]. （原始内容存档于2014年11月20日）.
^ ISIS can 'muster' between 20,000 and 31,500 fighters, CIA says. CNN. [15 November 2015].
^ U.S. Bombing in Libya Reveals Limits of Strategy Against ISIS. The New York Times. 20 February 2016 [14 April 2016].
^ ISIS Shifts to Libya After Strikes in Syria. The Washington Free Beacon. [12 January 2016].
^ How Big Is Boko Haram?. 2015-02-02 [2015-02-02].
^ Islamic State group loyalists eye a presence in Afghanistan. Associated Press. 8 September 2015 [30 September 2015].
^ US 'tracking closely' ISIL threat in Afghanistan. Aljazeera. 18 December 2015.
^ U.S.-led forces drop nearly 5,000 bombs on ISIS. Al Arabiya. 8 January 2015 [8 January 2015].
^ Fears of massacre as Isis tanks lead assault on Kurdish bastion. The Times. 4 October 2014.
^ ISIS: We Nabbed an Iranian Drone. The Daily Beast. [6 December 2014].
^ Now ISIS has drones?. CNN. 24 August 2014.
^ Footage From an ISIS Drone. NYTimes.com – Video. 30 August 2014.
^ Taylor, Adam. In bizarre new video, Islamic State hostage gives tour of Kobane. Washington Post. 27 October 2014.
^ Leith Fadel. ISIS Drone Downed by the Syrian Army at Kuweires Airbase in Aleppo. Al-Masdar News. [23 June 2015].
^ 15 killed (31 October 2012),[7] 25 killed (19 November 2012),[8] 379 killed (2013),[9] 537–706 killed (2014),[10][11][12] 680 killed (2015),存档副本. [2016-03-23]. （原始内容存档于2016-01-26）. total of 1,636–1,805 reported killed
^ 161.0161.1 Iraq 2015: A Catastrophic Normal. [14 April 2016].
^ Kurds needs arms to fight against ISIS - Business Insider. Business Insider. 5 June 2015 [11 June 2015].
^ Ministry: 1,300 Peshmerga dead since start of war with ISIS.
^ Egypt: ISIS attack kills 15 security personnel in north Sinai. [20 March 2016].
^ 引用错误：没有为名为news24.com的参考文献提供内容
^ 11 Chadian soldiers killed in Boko Haram attack: army. AFP. 6 October 2015.
^ Babak Dehghanpisheh. Iran's elite Guards fighting in Iraq to push back Islamic State. Reuters. 3 August 2014.
^ Amir Vahdat. 3 Iranian troops killed in attack near Iraq border. Navy Times. 25 June 2014. （原始内容存档于2014年6月25日）.
^ Senior Iranian military adviser killed in Iraq. alarabiya.net.
^ 29 Iranian soldiers killed in Iraq in a month: Reports. Middle East Eye. 5 January 2015.
^ 171.0171.1 US Casualty Status (PDF). Department of Defense. [24 September 2016].
^ OHara, Katy. Sailor Dies While Supporting ISIS Airstrikes in Mediterranean. military.com. [24 September 2016].
^ US Special Ops chief: More than 60,000 ISIS fighters killed. CBS. 14 February 2017 [14 February 2017].
^ SpecOps Commander: 60,000 ISIS Fighters Killed by US Troops. military.com. 14 February 2017.
^ Al-Ghasri: 2500 IS radicals were killed in Sirte battle. Libya Observer. 19 December 2016 [11 November 2016].
^ U.S. says 300 Islamic State fighters killed in Afghan operation. [10 August 2016].
^ Egyptian air strikes in Libya kill dozens of Isis militants. The Guardian. [17 February 2015].
^ SIRTE, Libya: Islamic State fighting in Libya's Sirte claims at least 19 lives - Middle East - McClatchy DC. McClatchy DC. [23 June 2015].
^ US jets target senior IS leader in attack on Libya camp. Middle East Eye. [14 April 2016].
^ 180.0180.1180.2 The International Coalition completes its second year of intervention in Syria, killing more than 6200 persons, including 611 Syrian civilians. SOHR. September 22, 2016 [September 22, 2016].
^ U.S. Airstrike Kills More Than 100 al-Qaida Fighters in Syria. US Department of Defense. 20 January 2017.
^ US-led air strikes hit al-Qaeda affiliate in Syria. Reuters. 6 November 2014 [9 November 2014].
^ Pentagon: 11 al Qaeda terrorists killed in airstrikes near Idlib, Syria - FDD's Long War Journal.
^ Iraq 2014: Civilian deaths almost doubling year on year. [14 April 2016].
^ 2142 civilian citizens among the 4000 people executed by the "Islamic state" during the 20th month of announcing the "Caliphate State" in Syria. SOHR. [1 March 2016].
^ "Airstrike monitoring group overwhelmed by claims of U.S.-caused civilian casualties". The Washington Post. March 24, 2017.
^ "Is the Australia Defence Force transparent enough about its role in Iraq and Syria?". ABC News. 14 March 2017.
^ Civilians killed as Egypt launches air strikes in Libya. Al Jazeera English. [17 February 2015].
^ 189.0189.1 Isis: Worst refugee crisis in a generation as millions flee Islamic State in Iraq and Syria. International Business Times. [10 July 2015].
^ Lister, Charles. Not Just Iraq: The Islamic State Is Also on the March in Syria. The Huffington Post. 7 August 2014 [24 September 2014].
^ Iraq: US air strike on Islamic State militants in Iraq. BBC NEWS. [2014-08-08].
^ 奧巴馬威脅對敘採取行動. BBC 中文網. [2014-09-11].
^ 阿拉伯十國願助美國打擊伊斯蘭國. BBC 中文網. [2014-09-12].
^ Syria: US begins air strikes on Islamic State targets. BBC news. [2014-09-23].
^ U.S. and Arab allies launch first strikes on militants in Syria. reuters. [2014-09-23].
^ 引用错误：没有为名为F-22's First Combat Mission的参考文献提供内容
^ 美軍公布空襲敘境內「伊斯蘭國」煉油廠照片. BBC 中文網. [2014-09-26].
^ 聯軍空襲「伊斯蘭國」煉油設施. BBC 中文網. [2014-09-28].
^ Air strikes said to hit Islamic State oil refineries in Syria. reuters. 2014-09-28.
^ 人質被殺法國擬空襲敘利亞武裝. 有線寬頻. 2014-09-25.
^ 「伊斯蘭國」武裝攻入敘-土邊界重鎮. BBC 中文網. [2014-10-06].
^ Airstrikes Hit ISIL in Syria and Iraq. United States Department of Defense. October 8, 2014 [October 8, 2014].
^ Islamic State crisis: US-led Syria strikes 'kill 553'. BBC News. 2014-10-23.
^ U.S.-led strikes have killed 910 people in Syria: monitor. Reuters. 2014-11-22.
^ 庫爾德人趕走ISIS奪回科巴尼. 紐約時報. 2015-01-27.
^ 約旦外長：空襲IS目標是報復行動的開端. BBC News. 2015-02-06.
^ 約旦稱空襲大幅削弱了伊斯蘭國武裝能力. BBC News. 2015-02-08.
^ 阿聯酋派戰機赴約旦支持轟炸伊斯蘭國. BBC News. 2015-02-07.
^ Islamic State conflict: 10,000 militants killed in nine months - US. BBC News. 2015-06-03.
^ 新华网新闻:俄美争领击毙IS头目之功 都说自己立功对方可笑.
^ Including Cameroon, Chad, and Niger
^ Obasanjo leads Colombian security experts to Buhari. premiumtimesng.com. 12 October 2015 [16 June 2016].
^ In Pictures: Lt. General Buratai visits Colombia. thenewsnigeria.com.ng. 25 January 2016 [16 June 2016].
^ French special forces waging 'secret war' in Libya: report. Reuters. 24 February 2016 [26 May 2016].
^ Carte des opérations et missions militaires: report. [18 July 2016].
^ Britain and Jordan's secret war in Libya. Middle East Eye. 25 March 2016 [26 May 2016].
^ https://www.nrk.no/urix/vg_-norske-spesialsoldater-bidro-mot-dodelig-is-angrep-1.13417745
^ UK to send 250 more military personnel to Iraq. BBC. 30 June 2016 [9 July 2016].
^ British special forces 'operating inside Syria alongside rebels'. The Telegraph. 6 June 2016 [9 July 2016].
^ SAS deployed in Libya since start of year, says leaked memo. The Guardian. 25 March 2016 [26 May 2016].
^ UK to ramp up support to Nigeria in battle against Boko Haram. Financial Times. 16 June 2015 [2 February 2016] ; UK military chief visits British training team in Nigeria. Ministry of Defence. 12 October 2015 [2 February 2016].
^ UK to send 50 additional troops to Afghanistan. BBC. 9 July 2016 [9 July 2016].They will join the 450 British troops already in the country - and will aid counter-terrorism efforts and provide leadership training.
; Better Canals, bigger harvests and more electricity in Bamyan. Department for International Development. 1 February 2016 [2 February 2016].The UK is a key donor to the Afghanistan Reconstruction Trust Fund (ARTF), which supports reconstruction needs and the delivery of basic services across Afghanistan.
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||
