Soviet integrated circuit designation
This article describes the nomenclature for integrated circuits manufactured in the Soviet Union. 25 years after the dissolution of the Soviet Union this designation is still used by a number of manufacturers in Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Latvia, and Uzbekistan. The designation uses the Cyrillic alphabet which sometimes leads to confusion where a Cyrillic letter has the same appearance as a Latin letter but is romanized as a different letter. Furthermore, for some Cyrillic letters the Romanization is ambiguous.
.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}
Contents
1 History
2 Structure of the designation
2.1 Structure (1968)
2.2 Structure (1973 / 1980)
2.3 Structure (2000)
2.4 Structure (2010)
3 Functional Groups
3.1 Functional Groups (2010)
4 Packages
4.1 Package designation (1973)
4.2 Package designation (1980)
4.3 Package designation (2000)
4.4 Package designation (2010)
4.5 Bare chips
5 Manufacturer designation
6 Other Markings
7 Romanization
8 See also
9 References
History
The nomenclature for integrated circuits has changed somewhat over the years as new standards were published:
- 1968 – NP0.034.000 (Russian: НП0.034.000) [1][2][3](pp19–23)[4]
- 1973 – GOST 18682—73 (Russian: ГОСТ 18682—73) [2][3](pp19–23)[5](pp12-17)
- 1980 – OST 11.073.915—80 (Russian: ОСТ 11.073.915—80) [6](pp10–16)[7](pp6-11)[8](pp8-10)[9][10]
- 2000 – OST 11.073.915—2000 (Russian: ОСТ 11.073.915—2000) [11]
- 2010 – GOST RV 5901-005—2010 (Russian: ГОСТ РВ 5901-005—2010) [12]
Throughout this article the standards are referred to by the year they came into force. Before 1968 each manufacturer used its own integrated circuit designation.[1][13] Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the standards were not as strictly enforced anymore and a number of manufacturers introduced manufacturer-specific designations again. These were typically used in parallel with the standards. However, integrated circuits for military, aerospace, and nuclear applications in Russia still have to follow the standard designation. Underlining this, the 2010 standard is explicitly labelled a Russian military standard. Beside Russia the 2010 standard is applied in Belarus as well. Companies in Ukraine mostly stayed with the 1980 standard and prefixed the designation with the letter У (U), e.g. УМ5701ВЕ51.[14] The 1980 standard was published in Ukraine as DSTU 3212—95 (Ukrainian: ДСТУ 3212-95). Bulgarian designations for bipolar integrated circuits, e.g. 1УО709С,[15] look confusingly similar to the 1968 Soviet designations but the standards differ. The functional group is also indicated by two letters in the cyrillic alphabet and many groups were obviously copied from the Soviet standard (АГ, ИД, ИЕ, ЛБ, ЛН, ЛП, МП, ПК, СА, УС). Some subgroups differ (ТД, УМ, УО) and some groups are completely different (НС, ОИ, РН). For the number after the functional group there is no concept of a series. Instead, that number usually matches the Western counterpart (e.g. the 1УО709С is equivalent to a μA709).
Also as a consequence of dissolution of the Soviet Union, COCOM restrictions were lifted and Russian integrated circuit design firms gained access to foundries abroad. In that sense it could be argued that the importance of the Soviet designation has spread across the globe. When foundries are not able to label the circuit in the Cyrillic alphabet then the Latin alphabet is used (e.g. KF1174PP1[16]).
In general, devices already in production when a new standard came out kept their old designation. However, in some case devices were renamed:
- When the 1980 standard was published, devices named after the 1968 standard and still in production were renamed, e.g. К1ЛБ553 to К155ЛА3.[1][17] As in this example, the renaming was often fairly straightforward: The two parts of the serial number were combined (1 and 55 to 155), the functional group remained unchanged or was converted as in the table below (ЛБ to ЛА), and the variant number remained unchanged (3). In some series the renaming was more complicated.[18] This change affected many series (e.g. 101, 116, 118, 122, 133, 140, 153, 155, 174, 237, 501).
- Before the introduction of a package designation in 1980 the suffix П (P) was used in some series to indicate a plastic package (as opposed to the then more common ceramic package). In 1983 the package designation was changed for the 531 series (e.g. К531ЛА19П to КР531ЛА19).[6](pp59–60) Other series were similarly renamed at some point (e.g. К501ХЛ1П to КР501ХЛ1).
- Before the definition of group В (V) in 1980 computing devices were all assigned subgroup ИК (IK), e.g. microprocessors (КР580ИК80А), peripheral devices (КР580ИК51А). With the introduction of group В the devices in the 580 series were renamed (to КР580ВМ80А and КР580ВВ51А, respectively) in 1986.
- Starting in 2016, certain newer devices were renamed according to the 2010 standard, e.g. 1967ВЦ2Ф to 1967ВН028[19] and 1586ПВ1АУ to 1583НВ025 (note the change of the series).[20]
Structure of the designation
Structure (1968)
Structure (1973 / 1980)
Structure (2000)
Structure (2010)
Elements:
1 – Prefix (zero to three letters)
1a – Export designation: The letter Э (E) here indicates an integrated circuit intended for export with a pin spacing of 2.54mm (1/10") or 1.27mm (1/20"). If this element is empty then the device has the Soviet (metric) spacing of 2.5mm or 1.25mm between pins.
1b – Application area: The letter К (K) here indicates an integrated circuit for commercial and consumer applications. If this element is empty then the device is intended for military or aerospace applications.
1c – Package designation (1980) (Note that the letters Э and К are not valid package designations. If this element is empty then the package is simply not specified in the designation, i.e. it could be any of the packages.)
2 – Series (three or four digits)
2a – Manufacturing technology (one digit):
Monolithic integrated circuits: 1, 5, or 6
Monolithic integrated circuits – bare chip without package: 7
Hybrid integrated circuits: 2, 4, or 8- Other integrated circuits (e.g. thin film): 3
2b – For four-digit series the second digit of the number of the series has significance as well:
- Series for household electronics: 0
- Series of analogue devices: 1
- Series of operational amplifiers: 4
- Series of digital devices: 5
- Series of memory devices: 6
- Series of microprocessor families: 8
2c – Number of the series (2 digits): The numbers of the series are assigned sequentially and have no further meaning. Devices in a series have some characteristic in common although it varies from one series to another which characteristic that is (e.g. logic family for logic gates, instruction set for microprocessors).
2d – Number of the series (2 or 3 digits): The 2000 / 2010 standards do not assign a special meaning to the second digit of a 4-digit series.
3 – Functional Group (two letters)
3a – Group
3b – Subgroup within the group: All groups have the subgroup П (P) for "others", that is for devices that fall into the group but not into any of the other defined subgroups.
3c – Functional Group (2010): The functional groups for the 2010 standard are in a separate table since the change from 2000 to 2010 is far more drastic than any of the previous changes.
4 – Variant within the functional subgroup (one to four digits): Usually the variant numbers are assigned sequentially for devices within the subgroup (e.g. ЛА1, ЛА2, ЛА3, etc.). In some series the variant number matches the last two or three digits of the designation of its Western counterpart (e.g. К500ЛК117 and MC10117).
4a – For the 2010 standard, the variant is always 2 digits in length, with a leading zero if necessary. When there is no version letter then the variant appears to be 3 digits in length (e.g. 1906ВМ016) but the third digit is actually the package designation (element 5e).
5 – Suffix
5a – Version (one letter, А to Я except З and Й): This optional element indicates versions of an integrated circuit with different electrical or thermal characteristics (e.g. switching speed, voltage range, etc.). It can also indicate an improved version of a device (e.g. К580ИК80 vs. К580ИК80А). Before 1980 the suffix П (P) was sometimes used to indicate a version in a plastic package instead of a ceramic package (e.g. К145ИК2П, К531ЛА19П) or a round metal can (e.g. К144ИР1П).
5b – Version (one letter, А to М except З and Й): This element is omitted if there is only one version of a device. Note that for the 2010 standard a different package is indicated by element 5f instead.
5c – Package designation (2000) (one letter, Н to Я): If this element is empty then the package is simply not specified in the designation, i.e. it could be any of the packages. Note that the letter ranges for version and package designation do not overlap.
5d – Manufacturer designation (two letters)
5e – Package designation (2010) (one digit or letter Н)
5f - Package variant: If variants of an integrated circuit have the same parameters and package designation but differ in pinout or number of pins, then this package variant letter is added (e.g. 5400ТР045 and 5400ТР045А).
Functional Groups
| Group | Description | Example[6][21][22] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russian | English | 1968 | 1973 | 1980 | 2000 | Original | Equivalent |
| А | A | Pulse shapers and drivers | |||||
| АА | AA | — | Address line drivers (esp. for magnetic-core memory) | К170АА7 | SN75327 | ||
| АГ | AG | — | Square wave pulse shapers (including monostable multivibrators) | К555АГ4 | 74LS221 | ||
| АИ | AI | — | — | — | Time interval shaper (timer) | 1512АИ1У | |
| АН | AN | — | — | — | Voltage pulse shaper | ||
| АП | AP | — | Other pulse shapers (e.g. digital buffers including tri-state buffers, bubble memory drivers, CCD drivers) | 533АП5 | 54LS244 | ||
| АР | AR | — | Bit line drivers (esp. for magnetic-core memory) | 146АР1 | |||
| АТ | AT | — | — | — | Current pulse shaper | ||
| АФ | AF | — | Pulse shapers for special waveforms | К174АФ5 | |||
| Б | B | Delay devices [a] | Array of cells [b] | ||||
| БА | BA | — | — | — | Array of analogue cells | Н1451БА1У-А502 | |
| БК | BK | — | — | — | Array of mixed signal cells | 1451БК2У | |
| БМ | BM | — | Passive delay device | — | |||
| БП | BP | — | Other delay device | Other array of cells (e.g. gate array plus processor) | К5512БП1Ф | ||
| БР | BR | — | Active delay device (e.g. bucket-brigade device) | — | КА528БР2 | ||
| БЦ | BTs, BC | — | — | — | Array of digital cells (gate array) | 5585БЦ1У | |
| В | V | Computing devices [c] | |||||
| ВА | VA | — | — | Bus interface | КР580ВА86 | Intel 8286 | |
| ВБ | VB | — | — | Synchronization device (e.g. arbiter) | КР1810ВБ89 | Intel 8289 | |
| ВВ | VV | — | — | Input / output interface (e.g. serial or parallel interface) | КР580ВВ55А | Intel 8255 | |
| ВГ | VG | — | — | Controller (e.g. memory controller, video display controller) | КР1810ВГ88 | Intel 8288 | |
| ВД | VD | — | — | — | Mikroprocessor for embedded applications | 1875ВД1Т | Intel 80C186 |
| ВЕ | VE | — | — | Single chip microcontroller | КМ1816ВЕ48 | Intel 8748 | |
| ВЖ | VZh | — | — | Specialized device (e.g. error correction circuit) | К1800ВЖ5 | Motorola MC10905 | |
| ВИ | VI | — | — | Timer device, real-time clock | КР580ВИ53 | Intel 8253 | |
| ВК | VK | — | — | Combined device (e.g. bus controller, GPIB controller) | КР580ВК28 | Intel 8228 | |
| ВМ | VM | — | — | Microprocessor [d] | КР580ВМ80A | Intel 8080 | |
| ВН | VN | — | — | Programmable interrupt controller | КР580ВН59 | Intel 8259 | |
| ВП | VP | — | — | Other computing devices (e.g. gate array) | К1801ВП1 | ||
| ВР | VR | — | — | Extender for e.g. word size, number of ports, number of interrupt lines, available arithmetic operations (esp. a multiplier) | КМ1804ВР1 | AMD Am2902 | |
| ВС | VS | — | — | Microprocessor section, esp. bit-slice | КР1804ВС1 | AMD Am2901 | |
| ВТ | VT | — | — | Memory controller | КР1804ВТ1 | AMD Am2964 | |
| ВУ | VU | — | — | Microcode control device | М1804ВУ4 | AMD Am2909 | |
| ВФ | VF | — | — | Data transformation functions (calculation of e.g. CRC, Fourier transform) | 1815ВФ3 | ||
| ВХ | VKh, VX, VH | — | — | Devices for calculators | К145ВХ1 | ||
| ВЦ | VTs, VC | — | — | — | Digital signal processor [d] | 1967ВЦ3Т | ADSP-TS201 |
| ВЮ | VYu | — | — | — | Controller with analogue inputs and outputs | ||
| ВЯ | VYa | — | — | — | Digital signal processor with analogue inputs and outputs | 1879ВЯ1Я | |
| Г | G | Signal generators and oscillators | |||||
| ГГ | GG | — | Square wave generators (including astable multivibrators and blocking oscillators) | КР531ГГ1 | 74S124 | ||
| ГЛ | GL | — | Sawtooth wave generators (e.g. for CRT deflection circuits) | К174ГЛ1 | TDA1170 | ||
| ГМ | GM | — | Noise generators | К1316ГМ1У | |||
| ГН | GN | — | — | — | Programmable signal generators | 1316ГН2Н4 | |
| ГП | GP | — | Other signal generators | КМ1012ГП1 | MM5555 | ||
| ГС | GS | Sine wave generators (including harmonic oscillators) | К277ГС1 | ||||
| ГФ | GF | Signal generators for special waveforms (including generators for multiple waveforms) | К174ГФ2 | XR2206 | |||
| Д | D | Detectors and demodulators | |||||
| ДА | DA | Amplitude modulation detectors | К157ДА1 | ||||
| ДИ | DI | Pulse modulation detectors | |||||
| ДН | DN | — | — | — | Voltage detector (monitor) | К1230ДН1БР | MC34161 |
| ДП | DP | Other detectors | К1230ДП46П | MC34064 | |||
| ДС | DS | Frequency modulation detectors | К2ДС241 | ||||
| ДФ | DF | Phase modulation detectors | К1102ДФ1 | MC4044 | |||
| Е | E | Power supply devices | |||||
| ЕА | EA | — | — | — | Positive fixed voltage linear regulator | ||
| ЕВ | EV | — | Rectifiers | ||||
| ЕГ | EG | — | — | — | Negative adjustable voltage linear regulator | 1349ЕГ1У | LM137 |
| ЕД | ED | — | — | — | Dual-polarity symmetric fixed voltage linear regulator | ||
| ЕЕ | EE | — | — | — | Voltage supervisor, reset circuit | 1363ЕЕ1Т | MAX709L |
| ЕИ | EI | — | — | — | Negative fixed voltage linear regulator | 1343ЕИ5У | 7905 |
| ЕК | EK | — | — | Switched-mode power supply devices | К1156ЕК1АП | LM2596 | |
| ЕЛ | EL | — | — | — | Dual-polarity asymmetric fixed voltage linear regulator | ||
| ЕМ | EM | — | Electric power conversion devices (e.g. thyristor controller) | КР1182ЕМ2 | |||
| ЕН | EN | Linear voltage regulators | К142ЕН8А | 7808 | |||
| ЕП | EP | Other power supply devices (e.g. charge pump devices) | КР1168ЕП1 | ICL7660 | |||
| ЕР | ER | — | — | — | Positive adjustable voltage linear regulator | 1325ЕР1У | AMS1117 |
| ЕС | ES | — | — | Power supply systems | |||
| ЕТ | ET | Constant current sources | УР1101ЕТ51 | TSM1051 | |||
| ЕУ | EU | — | — | Controller for switched-mode power supplies | КР1033ЕУ2 | TDA4605 | |
| ЕФ | EF | — | — | — | Adjustable voltage switched-mode power supply devices | К1290ЕФ1АП | LM2576-ADJ |
| Ж | Zh | Multi-functional devices [e] | |||||
| ЖА | ZhA | Analog multi-functional devices | — | — | — | К2ЖА375 | |
| ЖВ | ZhV | Analog and logical multi-functional devices | — | — | — | ||
| ЖЕ | ZhE | Analog and pulse multi-functional devices | — | — | — | ||
| ЖГ | ZhG | Logical and pulse multi-functional devices | — | — | — | К1ЖГ453 | |
| ЖИ | ZhI | Pulse multi-functional devices | — | — | — | ||
| ЖК | ZhK | Analog, logical, and pulse multi-functional devices | — | — | — | ||
| ЖЛ | ZhL | Logical multi-functional devices | — | — | — | K5ЖЛ012 | |
| И | I | Digital circuits | |||||
| ИА | IA | — | — | Arithmetic logic unit [f] | 1815ИА1 | ||
| ИВ | IV | — | Encoder [g] | 1564ИВ3 | 54HC147 | ||
| ИД | ID | Decoder | КР1564ИД4 | 74HC155 | |||
| ИЕ | IE | Counter | 1594ИЕ19 | 54ACT393 | |||
| ИК | IK | Combination of digital circuits [c][f] | К145ИК1901 | ||||
| ИЛ | IL | Half adder | K5ИЛ011 | ||||
| ИМ | IM | — | Full Adder [h] | КР1594ИМ6 | 74ACT283 | ||
| ИН | IN | — | — | — | Interface receiver, transmitter, or transceiver | 5559ИН1Т | MAX232 |
| ИП | IP | Other digital circuits (e.g. parity bit checker, multiplier) [f] | К155ИП3 | 74181 | |||
| ИР | IR | Register, shift register | К561ИР2 | 4015 | |||
| ИС | IS | Full Adder [h] | — | — | — | ||
| ИФ | IF | — | — | — | Function expander (e.g. multiplier) | 1825ИФ1У | |
| ИШ | ISh | Encoder [g] | — | — | — | К5ИШ011 | |
| К | K | Switches and Multiplexers | |||||
| КД | KD | Diode-based switch | — | — | — | ||
| КЗ | KZ | Opto-electronic switch | — | — | — | ||
| КН | KN | — | Analogue switches and Multiplexers for voltages [i] | КР590КН1 | |||
| КП | KP | Other switches and Multiplexers (especially digital; also optocouplers) | К561КП1 | 4052 | |||
| КТ | KT | Transistor-based switch | Analogue switches and Multiplexers for currents [i] | К561КТ3 | 4066 | ||
| Л | L | Logic gates | |||||
| ЛА | LA | — | NAND gates [j] | К155ЛА3 | 7400 | ||
| ЛБ | LB | NAND gates and NOR gates [j] | 134ЛБ1 | ||||
| ЛД | LD | — | Expander [k] | 133ЛД1 | 5460 | ||
| ЛЕ | LE | — | NOR gates [j] | 530ЛЕ1 | 54S02 | ||
| ЛИ | LI | AND gates | КР531ЛИ3 | 74S11 | |||
| ЛК | LK | AND-OR-NOT/AND-OR gates [l] | 199ЛК3 | ||||
| ЛЛ | LL | OR gates | 533ЛЛ1 | 54LS32 | |||
| ЛМ | LM | — | OR-NOT/OR gates | К500ЛМ101 | Motorola MC10101 | ||
| ЛН | LN | NOT gates | К555ЛН1 | 74LS04 | |||
| ЛП | LP | Expander [k] | Other gates (e.g. XOR gates, majority function gates) [m] | 1531ЛП5 | 54F86 | ||
| ЛР | LR | AND-OR-NOT gates | КР1531ЛР11 | 74F51 | |||
| ЛС | LS | AND-OR gates [l] | К561ЛС2 | 4019 | |||
| ЛЭ | LE | Other gates [m] | — | — | — | К1ЛЭ941 | |
| М | M | Modulators | |||||
| МА | MA | Amplitude modulators (e.g. ring modulator) | КР140МА1 | ||||
| МИ | MI | Pulse modulators | К854МИ1 | ||||
| МП | MP | Other modulators (e.g. quadrature amplitude modulator) | 1324МП1У | AD8346 | |||
| МС | MS | Frequency modulators | |||||
| МФ | MF | Phase modulators | К1327МФ1У | ||||
| Н | N | Arrays of electronic components | |||||
| НД | ND | Diode array | К142НД3 | ||||
| НЕ | NE | Capacitor array | 2НЕ601 | ||||
| НК | NK | Array with a combination of components | К217НК1 | ||||
| НП | NP | — | Array of other components | ||||
| НР | NR | — | Resistor array [n] | К318НР1 | |||
| НС | NS | Resistor array [n] | — | — | — | 3НС011А | |
| НТ | NT | Transistor array | КР198НТ9 | ||||
| НФ | NF | — | — | Array with a specific function (e.g. resistor ladder) | 317НФ1 | ||
| П | P | Signal converters | |||||
| ПА | PA | — | Digital-to-analogue converter [o] | КР572ПА7 | AD7541 | ||
| ПВ | PV | — | Analogue-to-digital converter [p] | 1108ПВ1 | TDC1013J | ||
| ПД | PD | Decoding converter (incl. Digital-to-analogue converter [o]) | Pulse duration converter | К1102ПД1 | |||
| ПЕ | PE | — | — | Analogue frequency multiplier | |||
| ПК | PK | Coding converter (incl. Analogue-to-digital converter [p]) | — | Analogue frequency divider [q] | К1055ПК1Т1 | ||
| ПЛ | PL | — | — | Frequency synthesizer | КР1508ПЛ1 | NJ88C30 | |
| ПМ | PM | Signal shape converter | Power converter | КР1446ПМ1 | |||
| ПН | PN | Voltage converter | Voltage or current converter | К252ПН1 | |||
| ПП | PP | Other converter (including photovoltaic optocouplers) | КР572ПП2 | ICL7104 | |||
| ПР | PR | — | Code converter | К155ПР7 | 74185 | ||
| ПС | PS | Frequency converter (including frequency mixers, analog multipliers) | К174ПС4 | ||||
| ПТ | PT | — | — | — | Digital potentiometer | 1315ПТ11Т | AD8400 |
| ПУ | PU | Signal level converter (including impedance matching, logic voltage level shifters) | К561ПУ4 | 4050 | |||
| ПФ | PF | Phase converter[r] | Functional signal converter (e.g. digital autocorrelator) | 5862ПФ1Н4 | |||
| ПЦ | PTs, PC | — | — | Digital frequency divider | К555ПЦ1 | 74LS292 | |
| Р | R | Memory devices [s] | |||||
| РА | RA | — | Analogue memory | Associative memory | К589РА04 | Intel 3104 | |
| РВ | RV | — | Matrix of ROM elements (e.g. Diode matrix) | К539РВ1А | |||
| РГ | RG | — | — | — | FIFO [t] | 1642РГ1РБМ | IDT7205L |
| РД | RD | — | — | — | DRAM [u] | 1654РД2 | MT48LC4M16A2P |
| РЕ | RE | — | ROM (including PROM) [v] | Mask ROM [v] | К155РЕ21 | 74187 | |
| РК | RK | — | — | — | Multi-ported RAM (e.g. dual-ported RAM) [t] | 1642РК1УБМ | IDT7005 |
| РМ | RM | — | Matrix of RAM elements | К188РМ1 | |||
| РН | RN | — | — | — | NVRAM | ||
| РП | RP | — | Other memory devices (e.g. dual-ported RAM) [t] | Other memory devices | К1800РП6 | Motorola MC10806 | |
| РР | RR | — | — | EEPROM [v] | EEPROM or Flash memory with a parallel interface [w] | КМ1609РР1 | 2816 |
| РС | RS | — | — | — | EEPROM or Flash memory with a serial interface [w] | 1644PC1ATБM | 24FC65 |
| РТ | RT | — | — | PROM [v] | 530РТ1 | 54S287 | |
| РУ | RU | — | RAM (DRAM or SRAM) | SRAM [u] | КР537РУ16А | 6264 | |
| РФ | RF | — | — | EPROM [v] | К573РФ8А | 27256 | |
| РЦ | RTs, RC | — | — | Bubble memory | К1602РЦ2А | ||
| С | S | Comparators | |||||
| СА | SA | Amplitude (signal level) comparator [x] | Voltage comparator | К1401СА1 | LM339 | ||
| СВ | SV | Timing comparator | К2СВ381 | ||||
| СК | SK | — | — | Amplitude (signal level) comparator (including sample-and-hold circuits)[x] | КР1100СК3 | LF398 | |
| СП | SP | — | Other comparator (especially digital comparator) | Other comparator | К555СП1 | 74LS85 | |
| СС | SS | Frequency comparator | К284СС2А | ||||
| СФ | SF | Phase comparator[y] | — | ||||
| СЦ | STs | — | — | — | Digital comparator | ||
| Т | T | Triggers / Flip-Flops | |||||
| ТВ | TV | — | JK flip-flops | 1533ТВ6 | 54ALS107 | ||
| ТД | TD | Dynamic flip-flops | |||||
| ТК | TK | Combination of triggers / flip-flops | K5TK011 | ||||
| ТЛ | TL | — | Schmitt triggers [z] | КР1533ТЛ2 | 74ALS14 | ||
| ТМ | TM | — | D flip-flops | 1554ТМ2 | 54AC74 | ||
| ТП | TP | — | Other triggers / flip-flops | ||||
| ТР | TR | RS flip-flops | КР1554ТР2 | 74AC279 | |||
| ТС | TS | T flip-flops [aa] | — | — | — | К2ТС241 | |
| ТТ | TT | — | T flip-flops [aa] | ||||
| ТШ | TSh | Schmitt triggers [z] | — | — | — | К1ТШ221В | |
| У | U | Amplifiers | |||||
| УБ | UB | Video amplifier | — | — | — | К1УБ181Б | |
| — | — | — | Instrumentation amplifier | К1463УБ1Р | |||
| УВ | UV | — | Radio frequency (high frequency) amplifier | 171УВ2 | μA733 | ||
| УГ | UG | — | — | — | Low-noise amplifier | ||
| УД | UD | — | Operational amplifier or Differential amplifier [ab] | Operational amplifier | КР140УД7 | μA741 | |
| УЕ | UE | — | Unity gain buffer (e.g. emitter follower) [ac] | КР1436УЕ1 | |||
| УИ | UI | Pulse amplifier | КР1054УИ1 | TBA2800 | |||
| УК | UK | — | — | Wideband amplifier (e.g. video amplifier) | К174УК1 | TCA660 | |
| УЛ | UL | — | Read amplifier (e.g. for magnetic core memory, magnetic tape, magnetic disks) | КР1075УЛ1 | TA7784P | ||
| УМ | UM | — | Indicator amplifier | 564УМ1 | 4054 | ||
| УН | UN | — | Audio frequency (low frequency) amplifier | КР1438УН2 | LM386 | ||
| УП | UP | Other amplifier (e.g. log amplifier, limiter, gyrator) | 174УП2 | TL441CN | |||
| УР | UR | — | Intermediate-Frequency (IF) amplifier | К174УР12 | TDA4420 | ||
| УС | US | Sine wave amplifier | — | Differential amplifier [ab] | К157УС1 | ||
| УТ | UT | DC amplifier [ab] | КР119УТ1 | ||||
| УУ | UU | — | — | — | Programmable-gain amplifier | К1463УУ1 | AD620 |
| УФ | UF | — | — | — | Functional amplifier (e.g. Log amplifier) | 1313УФ1АУ | |
| УЭ | UE | Unity gain buffer (e.g. emitter follower) [ac] | — | — | — | К2УЭ182 | |
| Ф | F | Filters | |||||
| ФА | FA | — | — | — | Adaptive filter | ||
| ФБ | FB | — | — | — | Band-pass filter [ad] | ||
| ФВ | FV | High-pass filter | 528ФВ1 | ||||
| ФГ | FG | Band-stop filter [ae] | — | — | — | ||
| ФЕ | FE | — | Band-pass filter [ad] | — | 811ФЕ1 | ||
| ФМ | FM | — | — | — | Programmable filter | ||
| ФН | FN | Low-pass filter | И1146ФН1 | ||||
| ФП | FP | Band-pass filter [ad] | Other filter | КР1146ФП1 | MK5912 | ||
| ФР | FR | — | Band-stop filter [ae] | ||||
| ФС | FS | Smoothing filter | — | — | — | ||
| ФУ | FU | — | — | — | Universal filter | 1478ФУ1Т | MAX274 |
| Х | Kh, X, H | Multi-functional devices [e] | |||||
| ХА | KhA, XA, HA | — | Analog multi-functional devices | КР1568ХА3 | TDA4555 | ||
| ХБ | KhB, XB, HB | — | — | — | Multifunctional device for radio, television, tape recorders, displays | К1879ХБ1Я | |
| ХВ | KhV, XV, HV | — | — | — | Multi-functional device for automotive electronics | К1323ХВ1Р | L497B |
| ХД | KhD, XD, HD | — | — | — | Multi-functional device for telecommunications | 1892ХД1Я | |
| ХИ | KhI, XI, HI | — | — | Array of analogue cells [af] | |||
| ХК | KhK, XK, HK | — | Combination of multifunctional devices (including mixed signal multi-functional devices) | КР1051ХК1 | TDA8432 | ||
| ХЛ | KhL, XL, HL | — | Digital multi-functional devices | КР1568ХЛ2 | TDA3048 | ||
| ХМ | KhM, XM, HM | — | — | Array of digital cells (gate array) [b] | — | 1515ХМ1 | |
| ХН | KhN, XN, HN | — | — | Array of analogue cells [b] | — | Н1451ХН3-А502 | |
| ХП | KhP, XP, HP | — | Other multi-functional devices (e.g. programmable logic devices) | Other multi-functional devices | КР1556ХП4 | PAL16R4 | |
| ХР | KhR, XR, HR | — | — | — | Multi-functional circuit for household devices | К1331ХР1П | |
| ХС | KhS, XS, HS | — | — | — | Programmable logic devices | 5577ХС2Т | Actel RH1020 |
| ХТ | KhT, XT, HT | — | — | Array of mixed signal cells [b] | — | 5515ХТ1У | |
| ХХ | KhKh, XX, HH | — | — | — | Multi-functional devices for power electronics | 1474ХХ3Т | HCPL316J |
| Ц | Ts, C | Charge-coupled device image sensors | |||||
| ЦЛ | TsL, CL | — | — | One-dimensional (linear) image sensor | 1200ЦЛ3 | CCD131 | |
| ЦМ | TsM, CM | — | — | Two-dimensional image sensor | К1200ЦМ1 | CCD211 | |
| ЦП | TsP, CP | — | — | Other image sensor | |||
| Ч | Ch | Transducers / Sensors | |||||
| ЧВ | ChV | — | — | — | Humidity sensor | ||
| ЧГ | ChG | — | — | — | Gas sensor | ||
| ЧД | ChD | — | — | — | Pressure sensor | К1245ЧД1Н3 | |
| ЧИ | ChI | — | — | — | Ionizing radiation sensor | ||
| ЧМ | ChM | — | — | — | Mechanical displacement sensor | 1243ЧМ3Н4 | |
| ЧП | ChP | — | — | — | Other sensor | ||
| ЧТ | ChT | — | — | — | Temperature sensor | 1019ЧТ4У | LM135 |
| ЧЭ | ChE | — | — | — | Electromagnetic field sensor | ||
| Ш | Sh | Delay devices [a] | |||||
| ШП | ShP | Other delay device | — | — | — | ||
| ШС | ShS | Active or passive delay device | — | — | — | ||
| Э | E | Delay devices [a] | |||||
| ЭМ | EM | — | — | — | Passive delay device | ||
| ЭП | EP | — | — | — | Other delay device | ||
| ЭР | ER | — | — | — | Active delay device (e.g. bucket-brigade device) | ||
| Я | Ya | Memory devices [s] | |||||
| ЯЛ | YaL | Magnetic memory device | — | — | — | ||
| ЯП | YaP | Other memory device (e.g. RAM or ROM memory element) | — | — | — | K5ЯП011 | |
| ЯМ | YaM | Matrix of memory elements (RAM or ROM) | — | — | — | К1ЯМ411 | |
Functional Groups (2010)
| Group | Description | Example | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russian | English | 2010 | Original | Equivalent |
| В | V | Computing devices | ||
| ВВ | VV | Input / output interface (e.g. serial or parallel interface) | 2011ВВ034 | |
| ВМ | VM | Microprocessor | 1907ВМ014 | |
| ВН | VN | Digital signal processor [d] | 1967ВН034 | ADSP-TS201 |
| Е | E | Power supply devices | ||
| ЕТ | ET | Constant current sources | 3005ЕТ015 | |
| ЕУ | EU | Controller for switched-mode power supplies | 1363ЕУ045 | |
| К | K | Switches and Multiplexers | ||
| КИ | KI | Intelligent switch (power switch with protection circuits) | К1376КИ021 | BTS141 |
| КН | KN | Analogue switches and Multiplexers | 5023КН015 | ADG731 |
| Н | N | Signal converters | ||
| НА | NA | Digital-to-analogue converter [o] | 430НА014 | |
| НВ | NV | Analogue-to-digital converter [p] | 5023НВ04В5 | |
| Р | R | Memory devices | ||
| РА | RA | SRAM | 1669РА03Н4 | ACT-S512K8 |
| РЕ | RE | NVRAM | 1666РЕ014 | |
| РС | RS | EEPROM or Flash memory with a serial interface | 5578РС015 | |
| РТ | RT | PROM | 5578РТ015 | |
| Т | T | Multi-functional devices | ||
| ТР | TR | Array of mixed signal cells | 5400ТР045А | |
| ТС | TS | Programmable logic devices | 5578ТС024 | |
| У | U | Amplifiers | ||
| УА | UA | Operational amplifier | 1494УА02Б3 | |
| УК | UK | Low-noise amplifier | 5401УК015 | |
| УМ | UM | Functional amplifier (e.g. Log amplifier) | 1259УМ015 | AD640 |
^ abc In 1973 group Ш was moved Б and then in 2000 to Э. Unfortunately, this makes some transcriptions ambiguous since both Е and Э are transcribed as E.
^ abcd In 2000 all arrays of cells were moved from group Х to group Б. Subgroup ХМ became БЦ, ХН became БА, and ХТ became БК.
^ ab Before the definition of group В (V) in 1980 computing devices were all assigned subgroup ИК (IK), e.g. microprocessors (КР580ИК80А), peripheral devices (КР580ИК51А). With the introduction of group В the devices in the 580 series were renamed (to КР580ВМ80А and КР580ВВ51А, respectively) in 1986.
^ abc Initially digital signal processors (DSP) were assigned subgroup ВМ (VM, e.g. 1867ВМ2). In 2000 the new subgroup ВЦ (VTs) was added (e.g. 1867ВЦ2АТ). In 2010 DSP were moved to subgroup ВН (VN).[19]
^ ab In 1973 group Ж was replaced with group Х.
^ abc Before the introduction of subgroup ИА in 1980, many ALU devices had already been assigned subgroups ИК (e.g. КР531ИК2) or ИП (e.g. К155ИП3, 564ИП3, КР1530ИП14).
^ ab In 1973 encoders were moved from subgroup ИШ to subgroup ИВ.
^ ab In 1973 full adders were moved from subgroup ИС to subgroup ИМ.
^ ab The distinction between voltage switches (КН) and current switches (КТ) is somewhat unclear. There are analogue switches and multiplexers in both subgroups.
^ abc With the introduction of subgroups ЛА and ЛЕ in 1973 most devices from subgroup ЛБ were re-labelled (e.g. К1ЛБ553 to К155ЛА3). It appears that subgroup ЛБ was kept in the standard for devices from subgroup ЛБ that fit neither in ЛА nor in ЛЕ (e.g. 134ЛБ2 with 2 NAND gates and 1 NOT gate).
^ ab In 1973 expander circuits were moved from subgroup ЛП to subgroup ЛД.
^ ab All known ECL devices in subgroup ЛК are listed as OR-AND-NOT instead of AND-OR-NOT.[6](p90)[21] The equivalent Motorola devices (e.g. Motorola MC10117 for К500ЛК117) are also listed as OR-AND-NOT. Similarly, ECL devices in subgroup ЛС are listed as OR-AND instead of AND-OR (e.g. К500ЛС118, equivalent to Motorola MC10118).
^ ab In 1973 the catch-all subgroup ЛЭ was moved to ЛП.
^ ab In 1973 resistor arrays were moved from subgroup НС to subgroup НР.
^ abc In 1973 D/A converters were moved from subgroup ПД to subgroup ПА and then in 2010 to НА.[20]
^ abc In 1973 A/D converters were moved from subgroup ПК to subgroup ПВ and then in 2010 to НВ.[20]
^ For the 1980 standard subgroup ПК is listed in [6][8][9] but not in [7][10] .
^ For the 1980 standard subgroup ПФ is listed in [7][10] but not in [6][8][9].
^ ab In 1973 group Я was replaced with group Р.
^ abc Initially FIFO and multi-port devices were included in subgroup РП. In 2000 they were assigned the separate subgroups РГ and РК, respectively.
^ ab In 2000 subgroup РУ was split into РУ and РД, with РУ from then on limited to SRAM.
^ abcde In 1980 subgroup РЕ was split into РЕ, РР, РТ, and РФ, with РЕ from then on limited to mask ROM. In [5](p19)РР and РТ are listed for the 1973 standard. This is somewhat implausible, as early PROMs were placed in subgroup РЕ (e.g. К555РЕ4[6](p59) or К500РЕ149[6](p91)).
^ ab Initially subgroup РР was used for all EEPROM and Flash devices, regardless of the interface. In 2000 subgroup РС was introduced for devices with a serial interface and subgroup РР was limited to devices with a parallel interface.
^ ab In 1980 amplitude comparators were moved from subgroup СА to subgroup СК.
^ For the 1980 standard subgroup СФ is listed in [10] but not in [6][7][8][9].
^ ab In 1973 Schmitt triggers were moved from subgroup ТШ to subgroup ТЛ.
^ ab In 1973 T flip-flops were moved from subgroup ТС to subgroup ТТ.
^ abc Until 1973 both differential and operational amplifiers were included in subgroup УТ. In 1980 differential amplifiers were moved out of subgroup УД into their own subgroup УС.
^ ab In 1973 unity gain buffers were moved from subgroup УЭ to subgroup УЕ.
^ abc In 1973 band-pass filters were moved from subgroup ФП to subgroup ФЕ, and then in 2000 to subgroup ФБ.
^ ab For 1968 [2] lists ФГ for band-stop filters while [3] lists ФС. In 1973 band-stop filters were moved to subgroup ФР.
^ Group ХИ is somewhat dubious. For the 1980 standard it is listed in [10][7] while [6][8] give ХН instead for arrays of analogue cells.
Packages
Package designation (1973)
The package of an integrated circuit was generally not indicated in the 1973 designation, except:
Bare chips without a package received a series number in the 7xx range, e.g. K712RV2-1 (К712РВ2-1).- The suffix П (P) was sometimes used to indicate a version in a plastic package instead of a ceramic package (e.g. К145ИК2П, К531ЛА19П) or a round metal can (e.g. К144ИР1П).
- Less common than П, the suffix М (M) was sometimes used to indicate a ceramic package and Т (T) for a metal-ceramic package (e.g. К500ТМ133М and К500ТМ133Т, respectively, instead of К500ТМ133 in a plastic package).[9]
Package designation (1980)
| Package | Description | |
|---|---|---|
| Russian | English | |
| А | A | Plastic Flatpack |
| Б | B | Bare chip without package |
| Е | E | Metall-polymer dual in-line package (DIP) |
| И | I | Glass-ceramic Flatpack |
| Л | L | Pin grid array (PGA) or ball grid array (BGA) |
| М | M | Metall-ceramic dual in-line package (DIP) |
| Н | N | Ceramic leadless chip carrier |
| Р | R | Plastic dual in-line package (DIP) |
| С | S | Glass-ceramic dual in-line package (DIP) |
| Ф | F | Small outline package |
Package designation (2000)
| Package | Description | |
|---|---|---|
| Russian | English | |
| Н | N | Bare chip without package |
| П | P | Single in-line package (SIP), Zig-zag in-line package (ZIP) |
| Р | R | Dual in-line package (DIP) |
| С | S | Round metal can package |
| Т | T | Flatpack, Small outline package (SOP), Quad Flat Package (QFP) |
| У | U | Chip carrier |
| Ф | F | Pin grid array (PGA) |
| Я | Ya | Ball grid array (BGA) |
Package designation (2010)
| Package | Description | |
|---|---|---|
| Russian | English | |
| 1 | Single in-line package (SIP), Zig-zag in-line package (ZIP) | |
| 2 | Dual in-line package (DIP) | |
| 3 | Round metal can package | |
| 4 | Flatpack, Small outline package (SOP), Quad Flat Package (QFP) | |
| 5 | Chip carrier | |
| 6 | Pin grid array (PGA) | |
| 8 | Ball grid array (BGA) | |
| Н | N | Bare chip without package |
Bare chips
For bare chips without a package an additional digit indicates the constructive variant.[6](p16)[9][10][11] For the 1973 and 1980 standards the variant digit is appended with a dash after the designation (e.g. К712РВ2-1 and Б533ТМ2-2, respectively). For the 2000 and 2010 standards the variant digit follows immediately after the package designation N (e.g. 5862ПФ1Н4 and 1374МХ01Н1, respectively).
| Constructive variant | Description |
|---|---|
| 1 | with flexible wires (flying wire) |
| 2 | on polyamide carrier tape (film bonding technology) |
| 3 | with rigid wires (beam lead technology); for general purpose integrated circuits only |
| 4 | on a wafer (uncut) |
| 5 | on a wafer, cut without loss of orientation (e.g. pasted on a carrier); for general purpose integrated circuits only |
| 6 | with bonding pads without wires |
Manufacturer designation
A manufacturer designation was introduced only with the 2000 standard. The table below is incomplete, many manufacturers still do not use their assigned designation. Manufacturer logos[23] are more common.
| Designation | Manufacturer | |
|---|---|---|
| Russian | English | |
| АМ | AM | Angstrem, Zelenograd, Russia[24] |
| АР | AR | AS Alfa, Riga, Latvia[25] |
| ББ | BB | OAO "BZPP", Bolkhov, Russia[26] |
| БМ | BM | OAO "Integral", Minsk, Belarus[27] |
| ВК | VK | AO "Voshod", Kaluga, Russia[28] |
| ИМ | IM | "Transistor" branch of OAO "Integral", Minsk, Belarus[29] |
| КБ | KB | ZAO "Kremny-Marketing", Bryansk, Russia[30] |
| МК | MK | ZAO "OKB MEL", Kaluga, Russia[31] |
| ММ | MM | OAO "NIIME and Mikron", Moscow, Russia[32] |
| НИ | NI | MVC, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia[33] |
| НН | NN | AO "NZPP", Novosibirsk, Russia[34] |
| НТ | NT | AO "NIIPP", Tomsk, Russia[35] |
| ПМ | PM | OAO "Pulsar", Moscow, Russia[36] |
| РА | RA | RD Alfa, Riga, Latvia[37] |
| СП | SP | ZAO Svetlana Semiconductors, Saint Petersburg, Russia[38] |
| ЭВ | EV | OAO "VZPP-S", Voronesh, Russia[39] |
| ЭП | EP | OAO "Exiton", Moscow, Russia[40] |
Other manufacturers which as of 2016 used a version of the Soviet integrated circuit designation include NTC Module,[41]MCST,[42]ELVEES Multicore,[43] Fizika,[44] Optron,[45] Sapfir,[46] NPK TTs,[47] and Progress,[48] all of them in Moscow, as well as PKK Milandr,[49] Soyuz[50], and NIITAP in Zelenograd,[51] NIIET Voronesh,[52] SKTB ES Voronesh,[53] Proton[54] and Proton-Impuls[55]Oryol, Vostok Novosibirsk,[56] Orbita Saransk,[57] SIT Bryansk,[58] NZPP-KBR Nalchik,[59] Planeta Novgorod,[60] Iskra Ulyanovsk,[61] NIIEMP Penza,[62] Almaz Kotovsk,[63] Eltom Tomilino,[64] NPK Daleks Alexandrov,[65] DELS Minsk,[66] Kvazar Kiev,[67] Kristall Kiev,[14] Elektronni Komponenti Ivano-Frankivsk,[68] Dnepr Kherson,[69] and Foton Tashkent.[70]
Other Markings
Although not strictly part of the designation, a number of markings are often found on integrated circuit packages:[71]
| Marking | Description | |
|---|---|---|
| Russian | English | |
| ОП | OP | Engineering or pre-production sample |
| ОС | OS | Military acceptance, higher quality and reliability |
| ОСМ | OSM | Military acceptance, highest quality and reliability |
| С | S | Military acceptance, used in the 1970s instead of ОС |
For mask-programmed devices (e.g. gate arrays, mask-programmed single chip microcontrollers, Mask ROMs) a three or four digit mask number follows the type designation (e.g. К1801ВП1-014).
For bare chips a one digit constructive variant identifier follows the type designation.
A date code is usually printed on the package. In the early 1970s the date code consisted of a Roman numeral for the month and a two-digit year (e.g. IX 72). Later the month was given as one or two digits (e.g. 5-73 or 0386). In the late 1980s most plants switched to a 4-digit code with a 2-digit year followed by a 2-digit month (e.g. 8909) or a 2-digit week (e.g. 9051). Overall, the date code format was not strictly enforced. At least the 1821 series of integrated circuits bore an IEC 60062 letter and digit code (e.g. A1 for January 1990).
Romanization
The Romanization of Russian is standardized, only there are at least 11 standards to choose from. Fortunately, the Soviet integrated circuit designation uses a subset of the Cyrillic alphabet where rather few letters are ambiguous:
Ж: Ž, Zh
Х: X, H, Ch, Kh
Ц: C, Cz, Ts, Tc
Ч: Č, Ch
The more common romanizations in bold are given as alternatives in the above tables.
Е and Э are both romanized as E.
It should be noted that the French romanization of Russian and the German romanization of Russian differ in some letters from the one used in English. For instance, the Russian КР580ВМ80A becomes KR580VM80A in English and French but KR580WM80A in German literature.
See also
- List of Soviet microprocessors
- Commons:Gallery of Soviet integrated circuits
- 7400 series – Second sources in Europe and the Eastern Bloc
- List of 7400 series integrated circuits
- Pro Electron – Integrated circuits
- Russian tube designations
References
^ abc "102ая и 116ая серии" [Series 102 and 116] (in Russian). Музей электронных раритетов. Retrieved 11 May 2016..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ abc "Условные обозначения микросхем" [Integrated circuit designations]. Радио (in Russian). March 1977. pp. 57–58. Retrieved 19 November 2017. Translated in "Bezeichnungskode für sowjetische IS" [Designation code for Soviet ICs] (PDF). Radio Fernsehen Elektronik (in German). 29 (7): 446. 1980. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
^ abc Москатов, Евгений Анатольевич. "Справочник по полупроводниковым приборам" [Handbook of semiconductor devices] (PDF) (in Russian). Retrieved 9 May 2016.
^ Schubert, Karl-Heinz (1 February 1974). Elektronisches Jahrbuch für den Funkamateur 1975 [Electronics Yearbook for the Radio Amateur 1975] (in German). Berlin: Militärverlag der DDR. pp. 117–126. ISSN 0424-8678.
^ ab Якубовский, Сергей Викторович (1979). Аналоговые И Цифровые Интегральные Схемы [Analogue and digital integrated circuits] (in Russian). Советское Радио. Translated in "USSR Report - Cybernetics, Computers and Automation Technology (FOUO 19/81)" (PDF). CIA. 19 August 1981. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
^ abcdefghijk Ниссельсон, Л.И. (1989). Цифровые и аналоговые интегральные микросхемы [Digital and analog integrated circuits] (in Russian). Радио и связь. ISBN 5256002597.
^ abcde Нефедов, А.В. (1997). Интегральные микросхемы и их зарубежные аналоги. Том 05. Серии К544-К564 [Integrated circuits and their foreign equivalents. Volume 05. Series K544-K564.] (in Russian). Moscow: ИП РадиоСофт. ISBN 5-85554-158-4. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
^ abcde Шахнова, В. А. (1988). Микропроцессоры и микропроцессорные комплекты интегральных микросхем: Справочник. В 2-х т. Том 1 [Microprocessors and microprocessor chip sets: A reference. In 2 volumes. Vol. 1] (in Russian). Moscow: Радио и связь. ISBN 5-256-00371-2. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
^ abcdef Datenblattsammlung "Aktive elektronische Bauelemente" 3/84 [Data sheet collection "Active electronic components" 3/84] (PDF) (in German). Berlin: VEB Applikationszentrum Elektronik. December 1984. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
^ abcdef "Система условных обозначений отечественных интегральных микросхем" [Nomenclature of domestic integrated circuits] (in Russian). СМИ Сайт-ПАЯЛЬНИК 'cxem.net'. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
^ ab "Система условных обозначений отечественных интегральных микросхем" [Nomenclature of domestic integrated circuits] (in Russian). Retrieved 7 May 2016.
^ "ГОСТ РВ 5901-005—2010" [GOST RV 5901-005—2010] (in Russian). Moscow: Russian State Library. 14 June 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
^ "Обозначения первых микросхем" [Designations of the first integrated circuits] (in Russian). Музей электронных раритетов. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
^ ab "Продукция" [Products] (in Russian). Kiev: OOO "NPO Kristall". Retrieved 15 June 2016.
^ Техническа информация 1985 [Technical information 1985] (in Bulgarian). NPSK Botevgrad. Retrieved 2017-11-11.
^ "КФ1174ПП1" [KF1174PP1] (in Russian). Moscow: AO "NIIMA Progress". Archived from the original on 20 January 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
^ "О новых обозначениях". Радио (in Russian). March 1981. p. 61. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
^ "156ая серия" [156 series] (in Russian). Retrieved 9 June 2016.
^ ab "Новое обозначение микросхем серии 1967" [New designation for integrated circuits of the 1967 series] (in Russian). PKK Milandr. 15 February 2016. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
^ abc "Внимание! Изменение условных обозначений" [Attention! Change of designation] (in Russian). OAO Fizika. 21 October 2016. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
^ ab Козак, Виктор Романович (24 May 2014). "Номенклатура и аналоги отечественных микросхем" [Nomenclature and equivalents of domestic integrated circuits] (in Russian). Retrieved 14 April 2016.
^ "Активные элементы" [Active components] (in Russian). Музей электронных раритетов. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
^ Vishnevsky, Igor (20 March 2008). "Logos of soviet manufacturers". Archived from the original on 23 August 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
^ "Микросхемы высокой стойкости" [High resilience integrated circuits] (in Russian). Zelenograd: Angstrem. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
^ "Аннотация продукции АО "Альфа"" [Abstract of products from AS Alfa] (in Russian). Riga: AS Alfa RPAR. Retrieved 6 June 2016.
^ "КАТАЛОГ ИЗДЕЛИЙ" [Product catalog] (PDF) (in Russian). Bolkhov: OAO "BZPP". 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
^ "Интегральные микросхемы" [Integrated circuits] (in Russian). Minsk: OAO "Integral". Retrieved 24 May 2016.
^ "Микросхемы" [Integrated circuits] (in Russian). Kaluga: AO "Voshod". Retrieved 8 June 2016.
^ "Интегральные микросхемы" [Integrated circuits] (in Russian). Minsk: "Transistor" branch of OAO "Integral". Retrieved 7 April 2016.
^ "КАТАЛОГ ИЗДЕЛИЙ" [Product catalog] (in Russian). Bryansk: ZAO Kremny Marketing. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
^ "Продукция" [Products] (in Russian). Kaluga: ZAO "OKB MEL". Retrieved 12 June 2016.
^ "Продукция ОАО "НИИМЭ и Микрон"" [Products of OAO "NIIME and Mikron"] (in Russian). Radiant. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
^ "РАЗРАБАТЫВАЕМЫЕ МИКРОСХЕМЫ - КАТАЛОГ 2017" [Developed integrated circuits - catalog 2017] (PDF) (in Russian). Nishny Novgorod: MVC. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
^ "ПРОДУКЦИЯ" [Products] (in Russian). Novosibirsk: AO NZPP. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
^ "Каталог продукции" [Product catalog] (in Russian). Tomsk: AO "NIIPP". Retrieved 31 May 2016.
^ "Интегральные микросхемы" [Integrated circuits] (in Russian). Moscow: OAO NPP "Pulsar". Retrieved 11 June 2016.
^ "Каталог товаров" [Product catalog] (in Russian). Riga: RD Alfa. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
^ "Каталог продукции" [Product catalog] (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: ZAO Svetlana Semiconductors. Retrieved 30 May 2016.
^ "Каталог изделий" [Product catalog] (PDF) (in Russian). Voronezh: OAO "VZPP-S". Retrieved 30 May 2016.
^ "Интегральные микросхемы" [Integrated circuits] (in Russian). Moscow: OAO "Exiton". Retrieved 13 May 2016.
^ "Микроэлектронные компоненты" [Microelectronic components] (in Russian). NTC Module. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
^ "Микропроцессоры и СБИС" [Microprocessors and VLSI] (in Russian). Moscow: MCST. Retrieved 11 April 2016.
^ "Микросхемы" [Integrated circuits] (in Russian). Zelenograd: Elvees Multicore. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
^ "Продукция" [Products] (in Russian). Moscow: OAO NPO "Fizika". Retrieved 13 May 2016.
^ "Электронные компоненты" [Electronic components] (in Russian). Moscow: AO "Optron". Retrieved 31 May 2016.
^ "Продукция" [Products] (in Russian). Moscow: PAO NPP "Sapfir". Retrieved 31 May 2016.
^ "Микросхемы" [Integrated circuits] (in Russian). Moscow: NPK "TTs". Retrieved 1 September 2016.
^ "БИС и СБИС" [LSI and VLSI] (in Russian). Moscow: AO NIIMA "Progress". Retrieved 13 September 2016.
^ "Каталог продукции группы компаний «Миландр» 2017" [Product catalog of the Milandr Group 2017] (PDF) (in Russian). Moscow: PKK Milandr. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 October 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
^ "Продукция" [Products] (in Russian). Zelenograd: AO Design Centre Soyuz. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
^ "АО "НИИТАП"" [AO "NIITAP"] (in Russian). Zelenograd: AO "NIITAP". Retrieved 28 June 2016.
^ "Интегральные микросхемы" [Integrated circuits] (in Russian). Voronezh: OAO "NIIET". Retrieved 21 August 2017.
^ "ОСВОЕННЫЕ МИКРОСХЕМЫ" [Integrated circuits in production] (in Russian). Voronesh: OAO "SKTB ES". Retrieved 12 June 2016.
^ "Оптроны и твердотельные реле" [Optocouplers and solid state relays] (in Russian). Oryol: OAO "Proton". Retrieved 30 May 2016.
^ "Микросборки (твердотельные реле с приемкой «5»)" [Hybrid integrated circuits (solid state relays with acceptance "5")] (in Russian). Oryol: ZAO "Proton-Impuls". 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
^ "ПРОДУКЦИЯ" [Products] (in Russian). Novosibirsk: AO "NPP Vostok". Retrieved 31 May 2016.
^ "Интегральные микросхемы для техники специального назначения" [Integrated circuits for special-purpose machinery] (in Russian). Saransk: AO "Orbita". Retrieved 5 June 2016.
^ "Каталог" [Catalog] (in Russian). Bryansk: ZAO "NTTs SIT". Retrieved 27 June 2016.
^ "Продукция" [Products] (in Russian). Nalchik: OAO "NZPP-KBR" (former "Elkor"). Retrieved 5 June 2016.
^ "Продукция" [Products] (in Russian). Novgorod: OAO "OKB-Planeta". Retrieved 5 June 2016.
^ "Производство полупроводниковых приборов и СВЧ модулей - каталог 2016" [Production of semiconductor devices and microwave modules - catalog 2016] (PDF) (in Russian). Ulyanovsk: AO "NPP Iskra". Retrieved 23 March 2018.
^ "Тонкопленочные наборы резисторов, ГИС ЦАП и АЦП ВТ на их основе" [Thin film resistors sets, hybrid integrated DAC and ADC based on them] (in Russian). Penza: OAO "NIIEMP". Retrieved 9 June 2016.
^ "Микросхемы серии 301" [Integrated circuit series 301] (in Russian). Kotovsk: OAO "Almaz". Retrieved 9 June 2016.
^ "Микросхемы" [Integrated circuits] (in Russian). Tomilino: OAO NPP "Eltom". Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
^ "ПРАЙС-ЛИСТ" [Price list] (in Russian). Alexandrov: OOO NPK "Daleks". 2017. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
^ "Продукция" [Products] (in Russian). Minsk: OOO "NTTs DELS". Retrieved 28 June 2016.
^ "ПРОДУКЦИЯ И ЦЕНЫ" [Products and prices] (in Russian). Kiev: DP "Kvazar-IS". Retrieved 7 April 2016.
^ "Каталог товаров" [Product catalog] (in Russian). Ivano-Frankivsk: TOV TD "Elektronni komponenti" (former "Rodon" and "Logika"). Retrieved 15 June 2016.
^ "Продукция предприятия" [The company's products] (in Russian). Kherson: DP "Dnepr Semiconductors". Archived from the original on 5 June 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
^ "Каталог продукции" [Product catalog] (in Russian). Tashkent: OAO "Foton". Retrieved 13 April 2016.
^ Vishnevsky, Igor (22 March 2008). "Soviet chips identification". Archived from the original on 30 June 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
