Justicialist Party































































































Justicialist Party


Partido Justicialista

Abbreviation PJ
President José Luis Gioja
General Secretary Sergio Urribarri
Senate leader
Marcelo Fuentes (FPV-PJ)
Miguel Pichetto (AF-PJ)
Chamber leader
Agustín Rossi (FPV)
Pablo Kosiner (AF-PJ)
Founder Juan Perón
Founded 21 November 1946; 72 years ago (1946-11-21)
Merger of
Labour Party
UCR Board Renewal
Independent Party[1]
Headquarters 130 Matheu Street
Buenos Aires
Youth wing Juventud Peronista
Membership (2012) 3,626,728[2]
Ideology
Peronism[3][4][5]
Factions:
Syncretism[6][7]
Kirchnerism (majority)[8][9]
Conservatism (minority)[10][11]
Political position
Third Position (self-proclaimed)[12][13][14]
National affiliation Citizen's Unity
Continental affiliation
Christian Democrat Organization of America[15]
International affiliation Centrist Democrat International
Colors
     Light blue      White
Anthem "Peronist March"
Seats in the Senate

36 / 72

Seats in the Chamber of Deputies

91 / 257

Governors

14 / 24

Website
www.pj.org.ar

  • Politics of Argentina

  • Political parties

  • Elections


The Justicialist Party (Spanish: Partido Justicialista, IPA: [paɾˈtiðo xustisjaˈlista]), or PJ, is a Peronist political party in Argentina, and the largest component of the Peronist movement.[16]


It is currently the main opposition party. Former presidents Carlos Menem, Eduardo Duhalde, Néstor Kirchner and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner have been elected from this party. Justicialists have been the largest party in the Congress covering nearly the entire period since 1987.


The Justicialist Party is the largest party in the Congress; however, this does not reflect the divisions within the party over the role of Kirchnerism, the left-wing populist faction of the party, which is opposed by the dissident Peronists, the right-wing conservative faction of the party.




Contents






  • 1 Party history


  • 2 Ideology


  • 3 Electoral history


    • 3.1 Presidential elections


    • 3.2 Congressional elections


      • 3.2.1 Chamber of Deputies


      • 3.2.2 Senate elections






  • 4 References


  • 5 External links





Party history


The Justicialist Party was founded in 1947 by Juan and Evita Perón, and superseded the Labour Party on which Perón had been elected a year earlier. Following the enactment of women's right to vote in 1948, a Peronist Women's Party, led by the First Lady, was also established. All Peronist entities were banned from elections after 1955, when the Revolución Libertadora overthrew Perón, and civilian governments' attempt to lift Peronism's ban from legislative and local elections in 1962 and 1965 resulted in military coups.[17]


Basing itself on the policies espoused by Juan Perón as president of Argentina, the party's platform has from its inception centered around populism, and its most consistent base of support has historically been the CGT, Argentina's largest trade union. Perón ordered the mass nationalization of public services, strategic industries, and the critical farm export sector, while enacting progressive labor laws and social reforms, and accelerating public works investment.[17]


His tenure also favored technical schools while harassing university staff, and promoted urbanization as it raised taxes on the agrarian sector. These trends earned Peronism the loyalty of much of the working and lower classes, but helped alienate the upper and middle class sectors of society. Censorship and repression intensified, and following his loss of support from the influential Catholic Church, Perón was ultimately deposed in a violent 1955 coup.[17]


The alignment of these groups as pro or anti-Peronist largely endured, though the policies of Peronism itself varied greatly over the subsequent decades, as did, increasingly, those put forth by its many competing figures. During Perón's exile, it became a big tent party united almost solely by their support for the aging leader's return. A series of violent incidents, as well as Perón's negotiations with both the military regime and diverse political factions, helped lead to his return to Argentina in 1973, and to his election.[18]


An impasse followed in which the PJ had a place both for leftist armed organizations such as Montoneros, and far-right factions such as José López Rega's Argentine Anti-Communist Alliance. Following Perón's death in 1974, however, this tenuous understanding disintegrated, and a wave of political violence ensued, ultimately resulting in a March 1976 coup. The Dirty War of the late 1970s, which cost hundreds of Peronists (among thousands more) their lives, solidified the party's populist outlook, particularly following the failure of conservative Economy Minister José Alfredo Martínez de Hoz's free trade and deregulatory policies after 1980.[18]


In the first democratic elections after the end of the dictatorship of the National Reorganization Process, in 1983, the Justicialist Party lost to the Radical Civic Union (UCR). Six years later, it returned to power with Carlos Menem, during whose term the Constitution was reformed to allow for presidential reelection. Menem (1989–1999) adopted neoliberal right-wing policies which changed the overall image of the party.[19]


The Justicialist Party was defeated by a coalition formed by the UCR and the centre-left FrePaSo (itself a left-wing offshoot of the PJ) in 1999, but regained political weight in the 2001 legislative elections, and was ultimately left in charge of managing the selection of an interim president after the economic collapse of December 2001. Justicialist Eduardo Duhalde, chosen by Congress, ruled during 2002 and part of 2003.[19]


The 2003 elections saw the constituency of the party split in three, as Carlos Menem, Néstor Kirchner (backed by Duhalde) and Adolfo Rodríguez Saá ran for the presidency leading different party coalitions. After Kirchner's victory, the party started to align behind his leadership, moving slightly to the left.[20][21]


The Justicialist Party effectively broke apart in the 2005 legislative elections when two factions ran for a Senate seat in Buenos Aires Province: Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (then the first lady) and Hilda González de Duhalde (wife of former president Duhalde). The campaign was particularly vicious. Kirchner's side allied with other minor forces and presented itself as a heterodox, left-leaning Front for Victory (FpV), while Duhalde's side stuck to older Peronist tradition. González de Duhalde's defeat to her opponent marked, according to many political analysts, the end to Duhalde's dominance over the province, and was followed by a steady defection of his supporters to the winner's side.


Néstor Kirchner proposed the entry of the party into the Socialist International in February 2008. His dominance of the party was undermined, however, by the 2008 Argentine government conflict with the agricultural sector, when a bill raising export taxes was introduced with presidential support. Subsequent growers' lockouts helped result in the defection of numerous Peronists from the FpV caucus, and further losses during the 2009 mid-term elections resulted in the loss of the FpV absolute majorities in both houses of Congress.[22]



Ideology























The Justicialist Party was, since its foundation, a Peronist catch-all party,[23] which focuses on the figure of Juan Perón and his wife Eva.


However, another wing of the party was well more than the left-wing because of extraction, socialist or radical, which was headed by Héctor José Cámpora. In the years '60 '70 was also very active in the movement of the Montoneros, Marxist-inspired closer to Peronism.


From 1974 to 1976, under the leadership of Isabel Peron (which was maneuvered by José López Rega, leader of the internal right-wing after the death of Lastiri) the Justicialist Party is no longer characterized by anti-imperialists tones and revolutionaries, but for the rabid anti-communism, which became the main bulwark in South America, and for the support to economic liberalism. This line continued even after the military dictatorship of the National Reorganization Process, with the Government of Carlos Menem until that of Eduardo Duhalde. Since the return of Peron in 1973 the party actually had already moved to Third Position left-wing of Argentine political spectrum, assuming the characteristics of a centre-right party.


In 2003 the party has undergone an abrupt turnaround, with the rise of a faction, known as the "Front for Victory", led by Néstor Kirchner. These led to the coinage of the term "Kirchnerismo", to indicate a left-wing ideology that mixed of socialism, left-wing nationalism and radicalism. Néstor Kirchner was elected President of Argentina, becoming popular in a short time. After his death, his wife Cristina Fernández took over the leadership of the Front for Victory, which continues to be a major faction of the Justicialist Party, with the head of the party being Eduardo Fellner.



Electoral history



Presidential elections





























































































































































Election year
Candidate(s)
First Round
Second Round
Result
Note
# votes
% vote
# votes
% vote

1951

Juan Perón
4,745,168
63.40


Green tickY Elected
as the Peronist Party

1958

no candidate (banished)


Steady


1963

no candidate (banished)


Steady


M-1973

Héctor Cámpora
5,907,464
49.56


Green tickY Elected
as the Justicialist Party part of the Justicialist Liberation Front

S-1973

Juan Perón
7,359,252
61.85


Green tickY Elected
part of the Justicialist Liberation Front

1983

Ítalo Lúder
5,944,402
40.16


Red XN Defeated
247 Electoral College seats

1989

Carlos Menem
7,953,301
47.49


Green tickY Elected
325 Electoral College seats, part of the Popular Justicialist Front

1995

Carlos Menem
8,687,319
49.94


Green tickY Elected
Joint-ticket (PJ—UCeDé)

1999

Eduardo Duhalde
7,254,417
38.27


Red XN Defeated
part of the Justicialist Coalition for Change

2003

Carlos Menem
4,740,907
24.45

null
0

Red XN 2nd-R Forfeited
Front for Loyalty a faction of PJ

Néstor Kirchner
4,312,517
22.24

null
0

Green tickY 2nd-R Unopposed

Front for Victory a faction of PJ

Adolfo Rodríguez Saá
2,735,829
14.11


Red XN 1st-R Defeated

Front of the Popular Movement a faction of PJ

2007

Cristina Kirchner
8,651,066
45.29


Green tickY Elected
part of the Front for Victory Alliance

Alberto Rodríguez Saá
1,458,955
7.64


Red XN Defeated
part of the Justice, Union and Liberty Front Alliance

2011

Cristina Kirchner
11,865,055
54.11


Green tickY Elected

Front for Victory a faction of PJ

2015

Daniel Scioli
9,338,449
37.08
12,198,441
48.60

Red XN 2-R Defeated
part of the Front for Victory Alliance


Congressional elections



Chamber of Deputies



























































































































































































































































































Election year
votes
%
seats won
Total seats
Position
Presidency
Note

1948

64.1



109 / 158



Majority

Juan Perón (PP)
as the Peronist Party

1951

63.5



135 / 149



Majority

Juan Perón (PP)
as the Peronist Party

1954
4,977,586
62.96



161 / 173



Majority

Juan Perón (PJ)
as the Peronist Party

1958

null
0
0


0 / 187



Banned

Pedro Eugenio Aramburu (de facto)


1960

null
0
0


0 / 192



Banned

Arturo Frondizi (UCRI)


1962
1,592,446
17.53



23 / 192


Minority

Arturo Frondizi (UCRI)
as Unión Popular

1963





16 / 192


Minority

José María Guido (UCRI)
as Unión Popular and other pro-Justicialist

1965
2,833,528
(UP only)
29.6
(UP only)



52 / 192



(UP only)
Minority

Arturo Umberto Illia (UCRP)
as Unión Popular and other pro-Justicialist

1973
5,908,414
48.7



144 / 243



Majority

Alejandro Agustín Lanusse (de facto)
as Justicialist Party part of the Justicialist Liberation Front

1983
5,697,610
38.5


56 / 127




111 / 254


Minority

Reynaldo Bignone (de facto)


1985
5,259,331
34.3


55 / 127




101 / 254


Minority

Raúl Alfonsín (UCR)


1987
6,649,362
41.5


60 / 127




108 / 254


Minority

Raúl Alfonsín (UCR)


1989
7,324,033
42.9


65 / 127




126 / 254


Minority

Raúl Alfonsín (UCR)
part of the Popular Justicialist Front

1991
6,288,222
40.2


62 / 127




116 / 257


Minority

Carlos Menem (PJ)


1993
6,946,586
42.5


64 / 127




127 / 257


Minority

Carlos Menem (PJ)


1995
7,294,828
43.0


68 / 127




131 / 257



Majority

Carlos Menem (PJ)


1997
6,267,973
36.3


50 / 127




118 / 257


Minority

Carlos Menem (PJ)


1999
5,986,674
32.3


51 / 127




101 / 257


Minority

Carlos Menem (PJ)


2001
5,267,136
37.5


67 / 127




121 / 257


Minority

Fernando de la Rúa (UCR—Alianza)


2003
5,511,420
35.1


62 / 127




129 / 257



Majority

Eduardo Duhalde (PJ)


2005
6,883,925
40.5


80 / 128




140 / 257



Majority

Néstor Kirchner (PJ-FPV)


2007
5.557.087
45.6


82 / 127




162 / 257



Majority

Néstor Kirchner (PJ-FPV)


2009
5,941,184
30.3


44 / 127




110 / 257


Minority

Cristina Kirchner (PJ-FPV)


2011
12,073,675
58.6


86 / 130




130 / 257



Majority

Cristina Kirchner (PJ-FPV)


2013
12,702,809
55.4


47 / 127




133 / 257



Majority

Cristina Kirchner (PJ-FPV)


2015
8,797,279
37.4


59 / 127




95 / 257


Minority

Cristina Kirchner (PJ-FPV)


2017
5,265,069
21.0


25 / 127




68 / 257


Minority

Mauricio Macri (PRO-Cambiemos)
as Citizen's Unity


Senate elections







































































































Election year
votes
%
seats won
Total seats
Position
Presidency
Note

2001





40 / 72



Majority

Fernando de la Rúa (UCR-Alianza)


2003
1,852,456
40.7


18 / 24




41 / 72



Majority

Eduardo Duhalde (PJ)


2005
3,572,361
45.1


18 / 24




45 / 72



Majority

Néstor Kirchner (PJ-FPV)


2007
1,048,187
45.6


14 / 24




48 / 72



Majority

Néstor Kirchner (PJ-FPV)


2009
756,695
30.3


8 / 24




34 / 72


Minority

Cristina Kirchner (PJ-FPV)


2011
5,470,241
54.6


12 / 24




43 / 72



Majority

Cristina Kirchner (PJ-FPV)


2013
1,608,846
32.1


14 / 24




40 / 72



Majority

Cristina Kirchner (PJ-FPV)


2015
2,336,037
32.7


11 / 24




39 / 72



Majority

Cristina Kirchner (PJ-FPV)


2017
3,785,518
32.7


9 / 24




36 / 72


Minority

Mauricio Macri (PRO—Cambiemos)



References





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  2. ^ "Wayback Machine". Web.archive.org. 18 January 2013. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 13 October 2017.


  3. ^ Claeys, Gregory (2013). CQ Press, ed. Encyclopedia of Modern Political Thought (set). p. 617.


  4. ^ Ameringer, Charles D. (1992). Greenwood, ed. Political Parties of the Americas, 1980s to 1990s: Canada, Latin America, and the West Indies. p. 43.


  5. ^ "The persistence of Peronism". The Economist. October 15, 2015.


  6. ^ Galvan, D.; Sil, R. (2007). Springer, ed. Reconfiguring Institutions Across Time and Space: Syncretic Responses to Challenges of Political and Economic Transformation. p. 107.


  7. ^ Weitz-Shapiro, Rebecca (2014). Cambridge University Press, ed. Curbing Clientelism in Argentina. p. 19.


  8. ^ Jalalzai, Farida (2015). Routledge, ed. Women Presidents of Latin America: Beyond Family Ties?. p. 27.


  9. ^ Agustín, Óscar G.; Briziarelli, Marco (2017). Springer, ed. Podemos and the New Political Cycle: Left-Wing Populism and Anti-Establishment Politics. p. 195.


  10. ^ Gallego-Díaz, Soledad (October 19, 2011). "El peronista Duhalde intenta conservar una parcela de poder en Buenos Aires". El País.


  11. ^ Silva, Eduardo; Rossi, Federico (2018). University of Pittsburgh Press, ed. Reshaping the Political Arena in Latin America: From Resisting Neoliberalism to the Second Incorporation.


  12. ^ Morrow, John A. (2012). Cambridge Scholars Publishing, ed. Religion and Revolution: Spiritual and Political Islām in Ernesto Cardenal. p. 154.


  13. ^ Gunson, Phil; Thompson, Andrew; Chamberlain, Greg (2015). Routledge, ed. The Dictionary of Contemporary Politics of South America. p. 223.


  14. ^ Kohut, David; Vilella, Olga (2016). Rowman & Littlefield, ed. Historical Dictionary of the Dirty Wars. p. 291.


  15. ^ [1]


  16. ^ "Partido Justicialista". Pj.org.ar. Retrieved 13 October 2017.


  17. ^ abc Crassweller, Robert. Perón and the Enigmas of Argentina. W.W. Norton & Company, 1988.


  18. ^ ab Poneman, Daniel. Argentina: Democracy on Trial. Paragon House, 1987.


  19. ^ ab "Argentina's new president sworn in". News.bbc.co.uk. 13 October 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2017.


  20. ^ "Argentina hopes for new beginning". News.bbc.co.uk. 26 May 2003. Retrieved 13 October 2017.


  21. ^ "The return of populism". The Economist. 12 April 2006. Retrieved 13 October 2017.


  22. ^ Clarin.com. "Tras la derrota, Kirchner renunció a la jefatura del PJ y dejó a Scioli". Clarin.com. Retrieved 13 October 2017.


  23. ^ "The death of Néstor Kirchner". Stabroeknews.com. 29 October 2010. Retrieved 13 October 2017.




External links


  • Official site



Coordinates: 34°36′40.5″S 58°24′0.5″W / 34.611250°S 58.400139°W / -34.611250; -58.400139







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