那罗延
Multi tool use
那罗延（天城体：नारायण，IAST：nārāyaṇa）婆罗门教-印度教中一个重要的神祇名称。在最常见的情况下，这是毗湿奴的一个化身。佛教称那罗延为那罗延天或毗纽天（即“毗湿奴天”、遍入天），并说他常与阿修罗王争斗。[1]
在早期印度神话体系中，那罗延是宇宙根源、原人补卢沙的儿子（补卢沙又被称为那罗）。摩诃那罗延奥义书则将那罗延与原人本身等同起来，视其为宇宙的终极存在。后期的文献中那罗延可以作为一些大神的别名，主要指毗湿奴，有时指梵天（在摩奴法典中那罗延即指梵天而非毗湿奴）。[2]龟往世书（此书为毗湿奴派的经典，以毗湿奴为最高神祇）认为那罗延与毗湿奴-黑天完全等同，而且也就是最高存在梵；梵转往世书则认为那罗延与黑天有所不同，那罗延只是黑天的一部分。[3]
那罗延与那罗经常成对出现，因此他又可以被称为nārāsak ha，意思是“那罗的朋友”。在史诗摩诃婆罗多中，般度族最主要的英雄阿周那常被称为那罗，而其朋友和谋士黑天（毗湿奴的化身）被称为那罗延。在后期毗湿奴派教义中，那罗延和那罗是主神毗湿奴的一对孪生化身。那罗延代表宇宙的我（无上我，宇宙灵魂），那罗代表个体的我（个体灵魂）。
那罗延崇拜盛行于当代印度教毗湿奴派的一个重要分支斯瓦米纳拉扬派中。该派信徒认为教派创始人斯瓦米纳拉扬（Swaminarayan，名字的后半部分即那罗延的神名）就是那罗延-毗湿奴因遭敝衣仙人诅咒而降临在凡间的化身。[4]
注释
^ 慧琳，《一切经音义》
^ 《摩奴法典》，商务印书馆，ISBN 7-100-01804-8，第9页
^ Raghavan，V. International Sanskrit Conference v.4. The Ministry. 1982. ISBN Page 142.
^ Williams，Introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism，Cambridge University Press，ISBN 9780521654227
资料来源
- 《沙恭达罗》，季羡林译，中文版115页注释，ISBN 7-5008-1727-4
印度教及印度神話
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| 教義 |
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| 学派 |
- 印度哲学
- 古印度六派哲学
- 数论学派
- 瑜伽学派
- 胜论学派
- 正理论学派
- 吠檀多學派
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| 體系 |
- 提婆
- 仙人
- 阿修罗
- 羅剎
- 乾闼婆
- 夜叉
- 迦樓羅
- 那伽
- 毕舍遮
- 紧那罗
- 三相神
- 方位護法
- 蘇摩
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| 神祇 |
- 梵天
- 毗濕奴
- 湿婆
- 因陀羅
- 阿耆尼
- 伐楼拿
- 双马童
- 密多罗
- 伐由
- 閻摩
- 毗首羯磨
- 俱毗羅
- 苏利耶
- 楼陀罗
象头神（迦尼什）
- 室建陀
黑天（奎师那）
- 陀湿多
- 生主
- 祭主仙人
- 特尤斯
- 哈奴曼
辩才天女（萨拉斯瓦蒂）
吉祥天女（拉克什米）
雪山神女（帕尔瓦蒂）
难近母（杜尔迦）
时母（迦梨）
- 恒河女神
- 舍脂
- 广延天女
- 伐楼尼
地天（頗哩提毗）
- 乌莎斯
- 提毗
- 药叉女
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| 文献經典 |
- 吠陀
- 梵书
- 森林书
- 奥义书
- 薄伽梵歌
- 吠陀支
- 往世书
- 罗摩衍那
- 摩诃婆罗多
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