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In mathematical analysis, semi-continuity (or semicontinuity) is a property of extended real-valued functions that is weaker than continuity. An extended real-valued function f is upper (respectively, lower) semi-continuous at a point x₀ if, roughly speaking, the function values for arguments near x₀ are either close to f(x₀) or less than (respectively, greater than) f(x₀).

Examples

An upper semi-continuous function. The solid blue dot indicates f(x₀).

Consider the function f, piecewise defined by f(x) = –1 for x < 0 and f(x) = 1 for x ≥ 0. This function is upper semi-continuous at x₀ = 0, but not lower semi-continuous.

A lower semi-continuous function. The solid blue dot indicates f(x₀).

The indicator function of a closed set is upper semi-continuous, whereas the indicator function of an open set is lower semi-continuous. The floor function f(x)=⌊x⌋{displaystyle f(x)=lfloor xrfloor }, which returns the greatest integer less than or equal to a given real number x, is everywhere upper semi-continuous. Similarly, the ceiling function f(x)=⌈x⌉{displaystyle f(x)=lceil xrceil } is lower semi-continuous.

A function may be upper or lower semi-continuous without being either left or right continuous. For example, the function

f(x)={1if x<1,2if x=1,1/2if x>1,{displaystyle f(x)={begin{cases}1&{mbox{if }}x<1,\2&{mbox{if }}x=1,\1/2&{mbox{if }}x>1,end{cases}}}

is upper semi-continuous at x = 1 although not left or right continuous. The limit from the left is equal to 1 and the limit from the right is equal to 1/2, both of which are different from the function value of 2. Similarly the function

f(x)={sin⁡(1/x)if x≠0,1if x=0,{displaystyle f(x)={begin{cases}sin(1/x)&{mbox{if }}xneq 0,\1&{mbox{if }}x=0,end{cases}}}

is upper semi-continuous at x = 0 while the function limits from the left or right at zero do not even exist.

If X=Rn{displaystyle X=mathbb {R} ^{n}} is a Euclidean space (or more generally, a metric space) and Γ=C([0,1],X){displaystyle Gamma =C([0,1],X)} is the space of curves in X{displaystyle X} (with the supremum distance dΓ(α,β)=supt dX(α(t),β(t)){displaystyle d_{Gamma }(alpha ,beta )=sup _{t} d_{X}(alpha (t),beta (t))}, then the length functional L:Γ→[0,+∞]{displaystyle L:Gamma to [0,+infty ]}, which assigns to each curve α{displaystyle alpha } its length L(α){displaystyle L(alpha )}, is lower semicontinuous.

Let (X,μ){displaystyle (X,mu )} be a measure space and let L+(X,μ){displaystyle L^{+}(X,mu )} denote the set of positive measurable functions endowed with the
topology of convergence in measure with respect to μ{displaystyle mu }. Then by Fatou's lemma the integral, seen as an operator from L+(X,μ){displaystyle L^{+}(X,mu )} to [−∞,+∞]{displaystyle [-infty ,+infty ]} is lower semi-continuous.

Formal definition

Suppose X{displaystyle X} is a topological space, x0{displaystyle x_{0}} is a point in X{displaystyle X} and f:X→R∪{−∞,∞}{displaystyle f:Xto mathbb {R} cup {-infty ,infty }} is an extended real-valued function.

We say that f{displaystyle f} is upper semi-continuous at x0{displaystyle x_{0}} if for every ϵ>0{displaystyle epsilon >0} there exists a neighborhood U{displaystyle U} of x0{displaystyle x_{0}} such that f(x)≤f(x0)+ϵ{displaystyle f(x)leq f(x_{0})+epsilon } for all x∈U{displaystyle xin U} when f(x0)>−∞{displaystyle f(x_{0})>-infty }, and f(x){displaystyle f(x)} tends to −∞{displaystyle -infty } as x{displaystyle x} tends towards x0{displaystyle x_{0}} when f(x0)=−∞{displaystyle f(x_{0})=-infty }.

For the particular case of a metric space, this can be expressed as

lim supx→x0f(x)≤f(x0){displaystyle limsup _{xto x_{0}}f(x)leq f(x_{0})}

where lim sup is the limit superior (of the function f{displaystyle f} at point x0{displaystyle x_{0}}). (For non-metric spaces, an equivalent definition using nets may be stated.)

The function f{displaystyle f} is called upper semi-continuous if it is upper semi-continuous at every point of its domain. A function is upper semi-continuous if and only if {x∈X: f(x)<α}{displaystyle {xin X:~f(x)<alpha }} is an open set for every α∈R{displaystyle alpha in mathbb {R} }.

We say that f{displaystyle f} is lower semi-continuous at x0{displaystyle x_{0}} if for every ϵ>0{displaystyle epsilon >0} there exists a neighborhood U{displaystyle U} of x0{displaystyle x_{0}} such that f(x)≥f(x0)−ϵ{displaystyle f(x)geq f(x_{0})-epsilon } for all x{displaystyle x} in U{displaystyle U} when f(x0)<+∞{displaystyle f(x_{0})<+infty }, and f(x){displaystyle f(x)} tends to +∞{displaystyle +infty } as x{displaystyle x} tends towards x0{displaystyle x_{0}} when f(x0)=+∞{displaystyle f(x_{0})=+infty }. Equivalently, in the case of a metric space, this can be expressed as

lim infx→x0f(x)≥f(x0){displaystyle liminf _{xto x_{0}}f(x)geq f(x_{0})}

where lim inf{displaystyle liminf } is the limit inferior (of the function f{displaystyle f} at point x0{displaystyle x_{0}}).

The function f is called lower semi-continuous if it is lower semi-continuous at every point of its domain. A function is lower semi-continuous if and only if {x∈X: f(x)>α}{displaystyle {xin X:~f(x)>alpha }} is an open set for every α ∈ R; alternatively, a function is lower semi-continuous if and only if all of its lower levelsets {x∈X: f(x)≤α}{displaystyle {xin X:~f(x)leq alpha }} are closed. Lower level sets are also called sublevel sets or trenches.^[1]

Properties

A function is continuous at x₀ if and only if it is upper and lower semi-continuous there. Therefore, semi-continuity can be used to prove continuity.

If f and g are two real-valued functions which are both upper semi-continuous at x₀, then so is f + g. If both functions are non-negative, then the product function fg will also be upper semi-continuous at x₀. The same holds for functions lower semi-continuous at x₀.^[2]

The composition f∘g of upper semi-continuous functions f and g is not necessarily upper semi-continuous, but if f is also non-decreasing, then f∘g is upper semi-continuous.^[3]

Multiplying a positive upper semi-continuous function with a negative number turns it into a lower semi-continuous function.

If C is a compact space (for instance a closed, bounded interval [a, b]) and f : C → [–∞,∞) is upper semi-continuous, then f has a maximum on C. The analogous statement for (–∞,∞]-valued lower semi-continuous functions and minima is also true. (See the article on the extreme value theorem for a proof.)

Suppose f_i : X → [–∞,∞] is a lower semi-continuous function for every index i in a nonempty set I, and define f as pointwise supremum, i.e.,

f(x)=supi∈Ifi(x),x∈X.{displaystyle f(x)=sup _{iin I}f_{i}(x),qquad xin X.}

Then f is lower semi-continuous. Even if all the f_i are continuous, f need not be continuous: indeed every lower semi-continuous function on a uniform space (e.g. a metric space) arises as the supremum of a sequence of continuous functions.

Likewise, the pointwise infimum of an arbitrary collection of upper semicontinuous functions is upper semicontinuous.

The indicator function of any open set is lower semicontinuous. The indicator function of a closed set is upper semicontinuous. However, in convex analysis, the term "indicator function" often refers to the characteristic function, and the characteristic function of any closed set is lower semicontinuous, and the characteristic function of any open set is upper semicontinuous.

A function f : Rⁿ→R is lower semicontinuous if and only if its epigraph (the set of points lying on or above its graph) is closed.

A function f : X→R, for some topological space X, is lower semicontinuous if and only if it is continuous with respect to the Scott topology on R.

Any upper semicontinuous function f : X→N on an arbitrary topological space X is locally constant on some dense open subset of X.

The maximum and minimum of finitely many upper semicontinuous functions is upper semicontinuous, and the same holds true of lower semicontinuous functions.

See also

• Directional continuity


• Semicontinuous multivalued function

References

Further reading

• 
  Benesova, B.; Kruzik, M. (2017). "Weak Lower Semicontinuity of Integral Functionals and Applications". SIAM Review. 59 (4): 703–766. doi:10.1137/16M1060947.
  


• 
  Bourbaki, Nicolas (1998). Elements of Mathematics: General Topology, 1–4. Springer. ISBN 0-201-00636-7.
  


• 
  Bourbaki, Nicolas (1998). Elements of Mathematics: General Topology, 5–10. Springer. ISBN 3-540-64563-2.
  


• 
  Gelbaum, Bernard R.; Olmsted, John M.H. (2003). Counterexamples in analysis. Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-42875-3.
  


• 
  Hyers, Donald H.; Isac, George; Rassias, Themistocles M. (1997). Topics in nonlinear analysis & applications. World Scientific. ISBN 981-02-2534-2.