領地
Multi tool use
關於动物行为学中的领地，請見“
领域 (动物)”。關於一種亦可稱為「領地」的自治地區，請見“
属地”。
領地，又称封地、采地、封邑、采邑、食邑等，是无论欧洲或者中国的封建制度中都存在的、領主所管理的土地。在中國是周朝时就已經趋于成熟的制度。當時的统治者把土地封予或轉封予宗室或有功業之士，其土地即稱為食邑。在欧洲开始的时间则不太明确，不过可以推定是罗马帝国灭亡以后大肆扩张。
東亞
中國
在中国历史的早期，商周及春秋時代封建制度下大夫的食邑，受封者對於所受封的土地，除了經濟上的權益之外，尚有統治該土地及人民的權力。采邑并不称国，而只称邑，仍直接隶属于王畿地区或者所在的诸侯国，因此独立性弱于诸侯国。传说中夏朝时少康在流亡到有虞氏后，有虞氏国君“思”把纶地作为采邑赐给他，此后少康有十里土地和五百士兵。[1]从甲骨文和金文中，可以看到商代的一些男女贵族拥有自己的个人属邑。[2]西周春秋时期，采邑制度盛行，“邑”是构成每个诸侯国的基本单位，每个城邑都会隶属于某个大夫或者其他领主，西周金文中常有赐某人以“某田”或“采”的记载。[3]《礼记·王制》则称“方伯朝天子，皆有汤沐之邑于天子之县内”。但是在戰國至秦漢行郡縣制以後，食邑逐漸轉向以該地人民所交賦稅為主的經濟利益為主，甚至转变为直接由王朝拨给俸禄，并且失去了其他政治、軍事上的作用。汉代以后大多以「戶」作為食邑分發的單位。
自唐代起，食邑逐渐演化出实封和虚封。虚封下的食邑变成家族荣誉的象征，而无任何对食邑的权益。食实封则成为一种切实的政治奖励。晚唐时，名义上的食邑和食实封可能相差甚大，如乾宁四年（897年），钱镠食邑五千户，食实封一百户[4]。食邑制度一直存至清代[5]。
日本
琉球
歐洲
主条目：采邑制
參看
参考资料
^ 《左传·哀公元年》：虞思于是妻之以二姚，而邑诸纶。有田一成，有众一旅。
^ 宋镇豪《关于商代“邑“的区划形态的考察》
^ 吕文郁《周代的采邑制度》
^ 《全唐文·卷九十二》○赐钱镠钱券文……润越等州刺史上柱国彭城郡王食邑五千户食实封一百户钱镠……
^ 关康《谈清代勋旧佐领与世家———以额亦都家族为例》
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關於动物行为学中的领地，請見“领域 (动物)”。關於一種亦可稱為「領地」的自治地區，請見“属地”。
