亚硝酸

Multi tool use
亚硝酸
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IUPAC名 Nitric (III) acid
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识别
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CAS号
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7782-77-6 
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PubChem
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24529
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ChemSpider
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22936
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SMILES
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Gmelin
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983
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3DMet
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B00022
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EINECS
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231-963-7
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ChEBI
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25567
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KEGG
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C00088
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MeSH
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Nitrous+acid
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性质
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化学式
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HNO2
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摩尔质量
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47.01 g·mol−1
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外观
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淺藍色液體
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pKa
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3.34
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危险性
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警示术语
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R:R8 R35
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安全术语
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S:S1/2 S23 S26 S36 S45
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欧盟编号
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007-004-00-1
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欧盟分类
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有毒 (T) 腐蝕性 (C) 氧化劑 (O)
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NFPA 704
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闪点
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非易燃
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若非注明,所有数据均出自一般条件(25 ℃,100 kPa)下。
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亚硝酸是一种无机弱酸,是区分伯、仲、叔脂肪胺或芳香胺的鉴定试剂。
化学性质
- 分子式:HNO2
- 分子量:47.013
- 键长:N—OH为143pm,N—O为118pm。
- 键角:∠{displaystyle angle }
HON为102°,∠{displaystyle angle }
ONO为111°。
化学反应
- 加热急速分解为一氧化氮(NO)、水 (H2O)和硝酸(HNO3):
- 3HNO2 → HNO3 + H2O + 2NO
- 具有强氧化性,稀亚硝酸的氧化性强于稀硝酸。其氧化還原標準電極電勢為:
- NO2(g) + H+ + e- = HNO2 , E°= 1.093 V (還原劑)
- HNO2 + H+ + e- = NO(g) + H2O , E°= 0.996 V (氧化劑)
- 脂肪伯胺与亚硝酸反应生成相应的醇,并放出氮气。
- 芳香伯胺与亚硝酸在低温和酸性条件下发生重氮化反应,产物重氮盐不稳定,遇热分解成为酚与氮气。
- 脂肪仲胺和芳香仲胺与亚硝酸反应生成N-亚硝基胺,其是不溶于水的黄色油状物或固体。
- 脂肪叔胺和亚硝酸只形成不稳定的盐。
- 芳香叔胺如N,N-二甲苯胺在酸性条件下可与亚硝酸反应生成4-亚硝基-N,N-二甲苯胺,其为绿色沉淀。
制备方法
无机氮化合物
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- NH3
- N2H4
- NF3
- NCl3
- NOCl
- N2O
- NO
- N2O3
- NO2
- N2O4
- N2O5
- NO3
- HNO
- H2N2O2
- HNO2
- HOONO
- HNO3
- H3NO4
- HNO4
- HN3
- (CN)2
- NH+
4
- N2H+
5
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化学式NaNO2。亚硝酸仅存在于稀的水溶液中,是一种弱酸,不稳定,易分解成NO2和NO,也能发生如下歧化反应:3HNO2====HNO3+2NO↑+H2O
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