蒸馏
Multi tool use
实验室典型的蒸馏装置模式图：
1:热源
2:罐式蒸馏器
3:蒸馏头
4:温度计/沸点温度
5:冷凝器
6:冷却水入口
7:冷却水出口
8:馏出物/接收瓶
9:真空/气体入口
10:接受器
11:加热控制器
12:搅拌速度控制
13:搅拌器/加热板
14:加热槽（油或砂）
15:搅拌棒/防撞颗粒
16:冷却槽
蒸馏（英語：Distillation、Distilled）是一种热力学的分离工艺，它利用混合液体或液-固体系中各组分沸点不同，使低沸点组分蒸发，再冷凝以分离整个组分的单元操作过程，是蒸发和冷凝两种单元操作的联合。与其它的分离手段，如萃取、吸附等相比，它的优点在于不需使用系统组分以外的其它溶剂，从而保证不会引入新的杂质。
原理
不同组分液体具有不同的沸点，是蒸馏最基本的理论依据。在相同温度下，液体上方各个组分蒸气的分压也有所不同。
参考二元单相液体的相图，当由液体A和B按一定比例配成的混合液（设A的浓度为c1）经过加热后到达沸点线，然后通过无差异的气液平衡（从1到2），在生成的气相中得到A的含量为c2的混合气；该气体经过降温冷凝后收集便得到具有新组成（A浓度为c2）的液体。按图例来讲，就是左侧的A组分被提纯了（因为C2大于c1）。
蒸馏有两种形式：
简单蒸馏，如制造蒸馏水以去除其中溶解的固体杂质；制造蒸馏酒以浓缩酒精，去除部分水分；
精馏，也叫分馏，在一个设备中进行多次部分汽化和部分冷凝，以分离液态混合物，如将石油经过分馏可以分离出汽油、柴油、煤油和重油等多种组分。
对于精馏，工业上有萃取精馏、共沸精馏等方法来分离液体混合物。
参见
- 减压蒸馏
- 倾析
- 色谱法
- 分馏
- 萃取
- 萃取蒸馏
- 过滤
- 重结晶
- 蒸馏塔
外部链接
| 规范控制 |
- AAT: 300220236
- GND: 4011543-4
- NARA: 10640526
- NDL: 00575036
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