蒸馏







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实验室典型的蒸馏装置模式图：1:热源2:罐式蒸馏器3:蒸馏头4:温度计/沸点温度5:冷凝器6:冷却水入口7:冷却水出口8:馏出物/接收瓶9:真空/气体入口10:接受器11:加热控制器12:搅拌速度控制13:搅拌器/加热板14:加热槽（油或砂）15:搅拌棒/防撞颗粒16:冷却槽


蒸馏（英語：Distillation、Distilled）是一种热力学的分离工艺，它利用混合液体或液-固体系中各组分沸点不同，使低沸点组分蒸发，再冷凝以分离整个组分的单元操作过程，是蒸发和冷凝两种单元操作的联合。与其它的分离手段，如萃取、吸附等相比，它的优点在于不需使用系统组分以外的其它溶剂，从而保证不会引入新的杂质。



原理


不同组分液体具有不同的沸点，是蒸馏最基本的理论依据。在相同温度下，液体上方各个组分蒸气的分压也有所不同。


参考二元单相液体的相图，当由液体A和B按一定比例配成的混合液（设A的浓度为c1）经过加热后到达沸点线，然后通过无差异的气液平衡（从1到2），在生成的气相中得到A的含量为c2的混合气；该气体经过降温冷凝后收集便得到具有新组成（A浓度为c2）的液体。按图例来讲，就是左侧的A组分被提纯了（因为C2大于c1）。


蒸馏有两种形式：




  • 简单蒸馏，如制造蒸馏水以去除其中溶解的固体杂质；制造蒸馏酒以浓缩酒精，去除部分水分；


  • 精馏，也叫分馏，在一个设备中进行多次部分汽化和部分冷凝，以分离液态混合物，如将石油经过分馏可以分离出汽油、柴油、煤油和重油等多种组分。


对于精馏，工业上有萃取精馏、共沸精馏等方法来分离液体混合物。



参见



  • 减压蒸馏

  • 倾析

  • 色谱法

  • 分馏

  • 萃取

  • 萃取蒸馏

  • 过滤

  • 重结晶

  • 蒸馏塔



外部链接



  • 蒸馏与分馏.PDF[失效連結]




规范控制


  • AAT: 300220236

  • GND: 4011543-4

  • NARA: 10640526

  • NDL: 00575036



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