Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild






























































The Right Honourable
The Lord Rothschild
OM, GBE, FRCA, Hon FKC, Hon FBA
Born
Nathaniel Charles Jacob Rothschild
(1936-04-29) 29 April 1936 (age 82)
Nationality British
Citizenship United Kingdom
Education
First in history
Alma mater
Eton College
Christ Church, Oxford
Occupation Banker
Known for Rothschild banking family of England
Height 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)
Title 4th Baron Rothschild
Spouse(s)

Serena Mary Dunn (m. 1961)
Children
Hannah Mary (b. 1962)
Beth Matilda (b. 1964)
Emily "Emmy" Magda (b. 1967)
Nathaniel Philip Victor James (b. 1971)
Parent(s)
Victor Rothschild, 3rd Baron Rothschild
Barbara Judith Hutchinson
Awards See List

Nathaniel Charles Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild, OM, GBE, FRCA, Hon FKC, Hon FBA (born 29 April 1936) is a British investment banker and a member of the prominent Rothschild banking family. He is also honorary president of the Institute for Jewish Policy Research.[1]




Contents






  • 1 Early life


  • 2 Business career


    • 2.1 Oil interests


    • 2.2 Connections




  • 3 Personal life


  • 4 Philanthropy


  • 5 Honours and awards


    • 5.1 In United Kingdom


    • 5.2 In the United States


    • 5.3 In Continental Europe


    • 5.4 In Israel




  • 6 Styles of address and arms


    • 6.1 Styles of address


    • 6.2 Coat of arms




  • 7 Ancestry


  • 8 See also


  • 9 References


  • 10 External links





Early life


Born in 1936, he is the eldest son of Victor Rothschild, 3rd Baron Rothschild by his first wife Barbara Judith Rothschild (née Hutchinson). His father was born into a Jewish family, while his mother converted to Orthodox Judaism when they married.[2] Rothschild was educated at Eton College and then at Christ Church, Oxford, where he gained a First in history, tutored by Hugh Trevor-Roper.[3]



Business career


From 1963 Rothschild worked at the family bank N M Rothschild & Sons in London, before resigning in 1980 due to a family dispute. The chairmanship of the bank had passed from his father, who had chosen to follow a scientific career and had lost control of the majority voting shares, to his cousin Sir Evelyn Robert de Rothschild, and Jacob felt that his aspirations would be thwarted. He sold his minority stake in the bank, but took independent control of Rothschild Investment Trust (now RIT Capital Partners plc), an investment trust listed on the London Stock Exchange.[3]


After resigning from the bank in 1980, Jacob Rothschild went on to found J. Rothschild Assurance Group (now St. James's Place plc) with Sir Mark Weinberg in 1991.[4] In 1989, he joined forces with Sir James Goldsmith and Kerry Packer, in an unsuccessful bid for British American Tobacco.


Rothschild is Chairman of RIT Capital Partners plc, one of the largest investment trusts quoted on the London Stock Exchange with a net asset value of about £2 billion.[5] He is Chairman of J Rothschild Capital Management, a subsidiary of RIT Capital Partners plc.[6] He is also a Member of the Council for the Duchy of Cornwall for HRH The Prince of Wales[7] and a member of the International Advisory Board of The Blackstone Group.[8] He also retains many other venture capital and property interests.


From November 2003 until his retirement in 2008, he was Deputy Chairman of BSkyB Television[9] and until 2008 he was a Director of RHJ International.[10]



Oil interests


In 2003 Rothschild came under scrutiny when Russian oil industrialist Mikhail Khodorkovsky's shares in YUKOS passed to him under a deal they concluded prior to Khodorkovsky's arrest.[11][12]


In November 2010, an undisclosed entity affiliated with Rothschild purchased a 5.0% equity interest in Genie Energy, a subsidiary of IDT Corporation, for $10.0 million.[13] In 2013, Genie Energy was granted exclusive oil and gas exploration rights to a 153-square mile radius in the southern part of the Golan Heights.[14]



Connections





Eythrope Pavilion, the home of Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild


From his headquarters in St James's Place in London, Jacob Rothschild has cultivated an influential set of clients, business associates and friends who have extended his interests far beyond the normal scope of a banker. He maintains strong personal and business links with Henry Kissinger.[15]


His country estate has been a regular venue for visiting heads of state including Presidents Ronald Reagan and Bill Clinton. Margaret Thatcher received French President François Mitterrand there at a summit in 1990. He hosted the European Economic Round Table conference in 2002, attended by such figures as James Wolfensohn, former president of the World Bank, Nicky Oppenheimer, Warren Buffett and Arnold Schwarzenegger.[16]



Personal life


In 1961, Rothschild married Serena Mary Dunn, a granddaughter of the Canadian financier Sir James Dunn, and they have four children;




  • Hannah Mary Rothschild Brookfield (born 1962),

  • Beth Matilda Rothschild Tomassini (born 1964),

  • Emily "Emmy" Magda Rothschild Freeman-Attwood (born 1967) and


  • Nathaniel Philip Victor James (born 1971).[17]


He commissioned the 2015 RIBA Award winner Flint House[18] on the Waddesdon Manor estate in Buckinghamshire, UK. Rothschild donated the property to the Rothschild Foundation which manages the rest of the estate for the National Trust.



Philanthropy


Jacob Rothschild has played a prominent part in Arts philanthropy in Britain. He was Chairman of Trustees of the National Gallery from 1985 to 1991, and from 1992 to 1998, chairman of the National Heritage Memorial Fund. From 1994 to 1998, and at the invitation of the Prime Minister, he was chairman of the British National Heritage Lottery Fund responsible for distributing the proceeds of the National Lottery to the heritage sector, an influential post which oversaw the distribution of £1.2 billion in grants.


In the past, he has also been a Trustee of the State Hermitage Museum of St Petersburg (retired 2008);[19] a Trustee of the Qatar Museums Authority (retired 2010);[20] Chairman of the Pritzker Prize for Architecture (2002–2004);[21] Chairman of both the Gilbert Collection Trust and the Hermitage Development Trust, Somerset House;[19] a Trustee and Honorary Fellow of the Courtauld Institute, Somerset House;[22] and a Fellow, Benefactor, and member of the Visitors' Committees of the Ashmolean Museum Oxford (retired 2008).[23] In 2014, he received the J. Paul Getty Medal "for extraordinary achievement in the fields of museology, art historical research, philanthropy, conservation and conservation science".[24]




The central courtyard of Somerset House, London.


He was especially active in the project to restore Somerset House in London, for which he helped secure the Gilbert Collection and ensured the long-term future of the Courtauld Institute of Art. As a private project, he carried out the restoration of Spencer House, one of the finest surviving 18th century London townhouses, adjacent to his own offices.[25]


In 1988 he inherited from his aunt Dorothy de Rothschild, the Waddesdon and Eythrope estates in Buckinghamshire, and began a close association with Waddesdon Manor, the house and grounds which were built by Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild in the 1880s and bequeathed to the National Trust in 1957 by his cousin, James A. de Rothschild. He has been a major benefactor of the restoration of Waddesdon Manor through a private family charitable trust and, in an unusual arrangement, has been given authority by the National Trust to run Waddesdon Manor as a semi-independent operation.[26] The cellars at Waddesdon Manor house his personal collection of 15,000 bottles of Rothschild wines dating as far back as 1870.


Open to the public, Waddesdon attracts over 300,000 visitors annually and has won many awards over the last 15 years, including Museum of the Year Award and Best National Trust Property.[27]


In 1993 he joined with John Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Preston Candover to set up the Butrint Foundation[28] to record and conserve the archaeological site of Butrint in Albania, close to his holiday home on Corfu.[29] Today, Jacob remains Chairman of the Butrint Foundation.[30]


Jacob Rothschild has also followed the Rothschild family's charitable interests in Israel and since 1989 has been the chairman of Yad Hanadiv, the family foundation which gave the Knesset and the Supreme Court buildings to Israel. He is also president of The Rothschild Foundation (Hanadiv) Europe,[31] and Patron and Chairman of the Board of Trustees of The Rothschild Foundation.[32] In addition, he is Honorary President of the Institute for Jewish Policy Research.[1]


Furthermore, he has served as a Member of the Arts & Humanities Research Board, set up by the British Government, is an honorary fellow of the British Academy and a Trustee of the Prince of Wales’ Prince’s Charities Foundation.[33]


In the past, he has been a Member of the UK Main Honours Board, (retired 2008); Chairman of the Honours Committee for Arts and Media (retired 2008); Trustee of the Edmond J Safra Foundation (retired 2010); and a Member of committee of the Henry J Kravis Prize for Creative Philanthropy (retired 2010).



Honours and awards



In United Kingdom



  • Member of the Order of Merit (OM) – 2002.[34]

  • Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE) – 1998 New Year Honours, "for services to the Arts and to Heritage."[35]

  • The Prince of Wales Medal for Arts Philanthropy 2013

  • Awarded honorary degrees from the universities of Oxford, London, Exeter, Keele, Newcastle and Warwick

  • Honorary Fellow of the British Academy (Hon FBA) – 1998[36]

  • Senior Fellow of the Royal College of Art (FRCA) – 1992[37]

  • Honorary Fellow of King's College London (Hon FKC) – 2002[38]

  • "Apollo Personality of the Year" – 2002

  • Honorary President of the Institute for Jewish Policy – 2002

  • Mont Blanc Award – 2004


  • Tercentenary Medal for St Petersburg – 2005

  • Honorary Student of Christ Church, Oxford – March 2006



In the United States



  • The Hadrian Award from the World Monuments Fund - 1995

  • The Classical America – Arthur Ross Award 1998

  • The Iris Foundation Award – the BARD Institute 1999

  • The Centennial Medal of the American Academy in Rome - 2002

  • The Kennedy Center's International Committee Lifetime Achievement Gold Medal in the Arts Award 2006

  • Royal Oak Foundation "Timeless Design Award"

  • The J. Paul Getty Medal 2014



In Continental Europe




  • Commander of the Order of Henry the Navigator (1985) – Portugal[39]

  • Europa Nostra Medal of Honour in Brussels – 2003

  • Freedom of the City of Saranda – Albania 2003

  • Honoree of the Gennadius Library Trustees' Annual Award 2010


  • National Flag Order – Albania 2014[40]



In Israel



  • The Sir Winston Churchill Award (2004)

  • The Weizmann Award (50th Anniversary of the State of Israel)

  • Honorary degree from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem

  • Honorary fellowships from City of Jerusalem and the Israel Museum, the Commonwealth Jewish Council Award.



Styles of address and arms



Styles of address



  • 1936–1937: Mr Jacob Rothschild

  • 1937–1990: The Honourable Jacob Rothschild

  • 1990–1998: The Right Honourable The Lord Rothschild[a]

  • 1998–2002: The Right Honourable The Lord Rothschild GBE

  • 2002–: The Right Honourable The Lord Rothschild OM GBE





  1. ^ Although The Lord Rothschild is a baronet, by custom the post-nominal of "Bt" is omitted, as Peers of the Realm do not list subsidiary hereditary titles.




Coat of arms










Ancestry


.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}





See also




  • Nathaniel Philip Rothschild – his youngest child and only son

  • Rothschild family



References





  1. ^ ab "Institute for Jewish Policy Research: About us". Retrieved 31 March 2016..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  2. ^ Perry, Roland (1994). The fifth man. Sidgwick & Jackson. p. 48. ISBN 978-0283062162.


  3. ^ ab Rose, Kenneth (2003). Elusive Rothschild: the Life of Victor, Third Baron. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-81229-6.


  4. ^ Peippo, Kathleen (2000). "St. James's Place Capital, plc". International Directory of Company Histories.


  5. ^ RIT Capital Partners Archived 25 August 2004 at the Wayback Machine.


  6. ^ "J Rothschild Capital Management Limited: Private Company Information". Bloomberg Businessweek. New York, NY: Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 10 December 2011.


  7. ^ "Duchy of Cornwall - Management and Finances". The Official Website for the Duchy of Cornwall]. Cornwall, UK: Duchy of Cornwall. 15 November 2011. Archived from the original on 22 August 2007. Retrieved 10 December 2011.


  8. ^ "International Advisory Board". New York, NY, USA: Blackstone Group. Archived from the original on 19 December 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2011.


  9. ^ "Rothschild to act as BSkyB buffer". The Guardian. 3 November 2003. Retrieved 6 October 2011.


  10. ^ "RHJ International SA". 14 August 2008. Missing or empty |url= (help)


  11. ^ Arrested oil tycoon passed shares to banker, The Washington Times, 2 November 2003. Accessed 27 July 2010.


  12. ^ "Russian tycoon 'names successor'". BBC News. 2003-07-14. Retrieved 2010-05-05.


  13. ^ PRELIMINARY INFORMATION STATEMENT OF GENIE ENERGY LTD., Jerusalem Post. 22 November 2010. Accessed 12 February 2011


  14. ^ Kelley, Michael (22 February 2013). "Israel Grants First Golan Heights Oil Drilling License To Dick Cheney-Linked Company". Business Insider. Retrieved 31 August 2013.


  15. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 16 November 2006. Retrieved 15 November 2007.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)


  16. ^ McGinty, Stephen (25 September 2002). "Is Arnold the running man?". The Scotsman. Retrieved 30 June 2007.


  17. ^ The Rothschild Foster Trust: "The descendants of Charles Rothschild" retrieved 27 September 2012


  18. ^ "Flint House". architecture.com. Archived from the original on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2016.


  19. ^ ab "Interview in the magazine Russian Journal". Interview with the Director. St. Petersburg, Russia: Hermitage Museum. 4 July 2011 [2004]. Archived from the original on 27 June 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2011. Originally published in 13 January 2004 Russian Journal


  20. ^ "Lord Rothschild named trustee in Qatar". Artshub. England, UK: ArtsHub Holdings P/L. Retrieved 10 December 2011.


  21. ^ "The Pritzker Architecture Prize - Jury". Madrid, Spain & Los Angeles, CA, USA: The Pritzker Architecture Prize. 14 September 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2011.


  22. ^ Swallow, Dr. Deborah. "The Courtauld Institute of Art : Newsletter Spring 2008 - From the Director". The Courtauld Institute of Art. London, UK: The Courtauld Institute of Art. Archived from the original on 21 November 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2011.


  23. ^ Annual Report of the Visitors of The Ashmolean Museum - August 2006—July 2007 (PDF) (Report). Oxford, England, UK: Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology. 14 January 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2011.


  24. ^ Victoria Talbot, 'Second Annual J. Paul Getty Medal Goes to Lord Rothschild', The Beverly Hills Courier, July 25, 2014, Volume XXXXVIIII Number 30, p. 21 "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2014.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)


  25. ^ "Home - Spencer House". Spencer House. Retrieved 31 March 2016.


  26. ^ Rachel Spence (12 May 2012). "Art, chez Rothschild". Ft.com.


  27. ^ Hurmalainen, Risto (6 October 2009). "British Castles, Stately Homes and Houses". Castles of the World. Archived from the original on 25 December 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2011.


  28. ^ "The Butrint Foundation". Retrieved 31 March 2016.


  29. ^ "Butter beans and bacon with quaffing wine ... inside Corfu's Chateau Rothschild". Mail Online. Retrieved 31 March 2016.


  30. ^ "Contact and trustees: 1135705 - THE BUTRINT FOUNDATION". London, UK: Charity Commission for England and Wales. Retrieved 10 December 2011.


  31. ^ "Contact and trustees: 1083262 - ROTHSCHILD FOUNDATION (HANADIV) EUROPE". London, UK: Charity Commission for England and Wales. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
    [not in citation given] for President, confirmed for Trustee


  32. ^ "Contact and trustees: 1138145 - THE ROTHSCHILD FOUNDATION". London, UK: Charity Commission for England and Wales. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
    [not in citation given] for Chairman, confirmed for Trustee


  33. ^ "Contact and trustees: 1127255 - THE PRINCE OF WALES'S CHARITABLE FOUNDATION". London, UK: Charity Commission for England and Wales. Retrieved 10 December 2011.


  34. ^ "No. 56746". The London Gazette. 8 November 2002. p. 13557.


  35. ^ "No. 54993". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 December 1997. p. 8.


  36. ^ Fellow: Rt Hon Lord Jacob Rothschild - website of the British Academy


  37. ^ Senior Fellows- website of the Royal College of Art


  38. ^ Two new Honorary Fellows for King's - webite of King's College London


  39. ^ Kidd, edited by Charles; Collins, David Williamson ; assistant editor: Lydia (2000). Debrett's peerage and baronetage : comprises information concerningthe Royal Family, the peerage and baronetage. London: Debrett's Peerage Limited. p. 1435. ISBN 9780333545775.CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)


  40. ^ "President Nishani awards British Lords Rothschild and Sainsbury the "National Flag Medal"". Institution of the President of the Republic of Albania. Retrieved 3 October 2016.




External links







  • RIT Capital Partners plc

  • thepeerage.com

  • geni.com

  • geni.com
















Peerage of the United Kingdom
Preceded by
Victor Rothschild
Baron Rothschild
1990–present
Incumbent
Heir apparent:
Nathaniel Philip Rothschild

Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Preceded by
Victor Rothschild
Baronet
(of Tring Park)
1990–present
Incumbent
Heir apparent:
Nathaniel Philip Rothschild










-

Popular posts from this blog

澳門輕軌系統

Image
本文或本章節是關於未來的公共运输建設或計划。 未有可靠来源的臆測內容可能會被移除，現時內容可能與竣工情況有所出入。 本文或本章節是關於澳門未來的建設或計畫 。 它可能包含推测的性质的信息，可能與竣工情況有所出入。 body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output table.infobox caption{text-align:center} 澳門輕軌系統 葡萄牙語： Sistema de Metro Ligeiro de Macau 英语： Macau Light Rapid Transit System (Macau LRT System) 概覽 營運地區   澳門 服務類型 輕軌運輸 车站总数 氹仔線：11個 澳門半島線：10個 起訖站点 關閘 正線总数 3條 主要路線 海洋 - 氹仔碼頭 路線等級 輕軌 主要車站 蓮花口岸、 機場、氹仔碼頭 技術數據 路線長度 氹仔線：9.3公里 軌道標準 膠輪路軌系統 动力方式 第三軌供電 750V 車輛基地 計劃興建總數11個： 澳門半島6個，氹仔5個 运营信息 營運時期 氹仔線：預計於2019年 运营单位 港鐵（澳門）（2019年－2023年） 澳門輕軌股份有限公司（2023年後） 網站 http://www.git.gov.mo 路線圖 各期工程完成後的路線走向（模擬）圖 澳門輕軌系統（未來） 圖例 關閘 馬場北 馬場東 青洲 A區車廠 筷子基 新城A區01 紅街市
Read more

水泉澳邨

Image
水泉澳邨 //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Shui_Chuen_O_Estate_Overview_2016.jpg 水泉澳邨航拍圖 房屋機構 香港房屋委員會 所屬地區 沙田區 屋邨類別 租住屋邨 入伙年份 2015年至2017年 樓宇座數 18 單位數目 11123 單位面積 151.23-397.73 呎（ft²） 住戶數目 10900 （截至2017年6月30日情況） 認可人口 28200 （截至2017年6月30日情況） 水泉澳邨內貌（2016年3月） 水泉澳邨 （ 英语： Shui Chuen O Estate ） [1] 是香港房屋委員會轄下的一個公共屋邨。全邨共分4期興建及管理，第1及2期樓宇由水泉澳邨辦事處管轄，第3及4期樓宇則由水泉澳邨辦事處分處管轄。項目編號為ST41，但已列入擴展市區配屋區內，位於香港新界沙田區水泉澳（沙田第52區）博泉街1號，已經興建18座樓高25至30層依山而建的住宅樓宇，共提供11,123個出租公屋單位，可容納人口逾29,000多人及水泉澳廣場，場內設有59個商舖及一個整體出租街市。水泉澳邨將設有行人天橋和升降機塔，接通博康邨和港鐵馬鞍山綫的沙田圍站；邨內亦設有公共交通交匯處及泊車位，方便居民出行。 整個項目於2015年4月至2017年3月分階段落成。整個項目由房屋署總建築師（1）負責總體設計；而詳細設計則拆細並以外判服務合約方式，第1及4期判給了周林建築師有限公司；第2A期（明泉樓、社會福利大樓、巴士總站、天橋及商場）及第3期（茂泉、林泉、修泉及竹泉樓）判給了興業建築師事務所有限公司及第2B期（月泉及映泉樓）判給了李景勳、雷煥庭建築師事務所；而第2C期（城泉及河泉樓）則由房屋署自行負責細部設計。全邨的總承建商是中國建築工程（香港）有限公司。 水泉澳邨共有18座出租公屋大樓，共分4期興建，第1期於2015年4月至7月底分2個階段完工，第2期在2016年3月至11月底分4個階段完工，第3期已於2017年2月完工交樓，第4期的嶺泉樓早已於2016年8月完工入伙，而餘下的崇泉、山泉及峻泉樓則由20
Read more

Indian Forest Service

Image
Indian Forest Service Service Overview Preceding service Imperial Forest Service (1864 to 1935) Year of Constitution 1966 Country India Staff College Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy (IGNFA), Dehradun, Uttarakhand Cadre Controlling Authority Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change Legal personality Governmental: Government service General nature Administration of Forest and Wildlife resources Cadre strength 3131 (2182 Direct Recruits and 949 Promotion Posts) Website ifs.nic.in Service Chief Director General of Forests Siddhanth Das, IFS (1982 Batch, Odisha Cadre) [1] Head of the All India Civil Services Cabinet Secretary Pradeep Kumar Sinha, IAS Indian Forest Service (भारतीय वन सेवा) [2] is one of the three All India Services of the Government of India. The other two All India Services being the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) and the Indian Police Service (IPS). [3] [4] [5] It was constituted in
Read more