殿試

Multi tool use
殿試 |
 明代绘画中所描绘的殿试
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中文名稱 |
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越南文名稱 (?) |
國語字 |
Thi Đình |
漢喃文 |
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試廷 |
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滿語名稱 |
滿文 |
ᡩᡝᠶᡝᠨ ᡩᡝ ᠰᡳᠮᠨᡝᠮᠪᡳ |
穆麟德轉寫 |
deyen de simnembi |
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殿试是古代中國科舉制度中最高一級的考試,由唐高宗首創于显庆四年(西元659年),但规模不大。后来武则天于天授元年(西元690年)“策贡士于洛成殿”。后于宋开宝六年(西元973年)成为定例,由皇帝親自在皇宮中主持;有時皇帝會委派大臣主管殿試,並不親自策問。這種形式傳至朝鮮、越南,也由當地的君主或親自、或派大臣主持。通過殿試錄取的就是進士,其中第一名稱為狀元,第二名稱為榜眼,第三名稱為探花。
中國
宋太宗太平興國五年(980年)把錄取的進士分為甲、乙兩等,到太平興國八年又將進士分為三甲。殿试第一等的称为“一甲”,赐“进士及第”,只取三人,即狀元、榜眼、探花;第二等的称为“二甲”,赐“进士出身”;第三等的称为“三甲”,赐“同进士出身”,二甲與三甲的第一名都叫傳臚。清康熙年間,謹防作弊,大臣之子弟均置為三甲,即最末甲;一甲状元授官翰林院修撰,榜眼與探花則授官翰林院编修,二甲、三甲進士則分别授庶吉士、主事、知县等;至二十九日,状元率所有的进士上表谢恩。
宋仁宗時,曾發生一名通過省試但在殿試被黜落的考生憤而投奔西夏,那人就是後來成為西夏國相的張元;自此以後,殿試都只定名次,一般不會黜落考生[1]。但殿試仍會發生“三甲易人”的劇情,閱卷大臣將取錄名次進呈皇帝,皇帝以各種理由(如面貌醜陋、姓名不祥、字跡不佳)擅自變更一甲、二甲、三甲的名次:如唐朝的鍾馗(傳奇小說,非史实)、明朝的王敬止、張和即因貌醜被改為榜眼,正德年間舒芬也因為貌醜差點失去狀元資格。明成祖永樂二十二年殿試,原定狀元為孫曰恭;明成祖以「曰恭」二字併在一起為「暴」字,不吉;點另一貢士邢寬為狀元,取意「刑寬」。嘉靖廿三年甲辰殿試,明世宗則以貢士吳情諧音為「無情」,發榜時,將他由原定之狀元貶為探花[2]。
清朝乾隆以前,并无举行殿试的固定宫殿。自乾隆始,将殿试场所定为紫禁城中的保和殿;殿试後,在太和殿舉行揭曉儀式。因殿试发榜用黄纸,故稱金榜,又分大小金榜,故考中进士者称“金榜题名”[3]。《明史‧卷七十‧選舉志二》:「三年大比,以諸生試之直省,曰鄉試。中式者為舉人。次年,以舉人試之京師,曰會試。中式者,天子親策於廷,曰廷試,亦曰殿試。」
越南
阮朝明命年間開進士科,俗稱殿試為庭試。
註解
^ 王栐《燕翼詒謀錄》卷五:舊制,殿試皆有黜落,臨時取旨,或三人取一,或二人取一,或三人取二,故有累經省試取中,屢擯棄於殿試者。故張元以積忿降元昊,大為中國之患,朝廷始囚其家屬,未幾複縱之。於是群臣建議,歸咎於殿試黜落。嘉祐二年三月辛巳,詔進士與殿試者皆不黜落。迄今不改。是一叛逆之賊子,為天下後世士子無窮之利也。
^ 《皇明泳化类编》
^ 高明《琵琶記·伯喈牛宅結親》:“這姻緣不俗,金榜題名,洞房花燭。”
XE77CU k1
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