獒犬

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獒犬(英语:Molosser),一種大型而強壯的犬類家族,在它之下包含了幾個犬種,但它們都源自同一個祖先。
外稱
Molosser 這個名稱,源自摩羅西亞(Molossia),屬於古希臘的伊庇魯斯王國(Epirus),被稱為摩羅修斯(Molossus)的當地牧羊犬。
它有另一個專有名詞英语:Mastiff,源自於英國獒犬(English Mastiff),一種來自英格蘭的塞爾特犬,具有兩千年的歷史。西班牙語稱為 Mastín,日耳曼語族稱為 Dogge,羅曼語族稱為 dogue 或 dogo。這個家族的犬種有,鬥牛獒、波爾多獒犬(Dogue de Bordeaux)、巴西菲勒獒犬(Fila Brasileiro)、比利牛斯獒犬(Pyrenean Mastiff)、西班牙獒犬(Spanish Mastiff)、那不勒斯獒犬(Neapolitan Mastiff)、西藏獒犬。
其他還有拳師犬血統,以及其他不同犬種的狗,也都被歸在獒犬這個品類下。
歷史
獒犬的先祖可能來自中亞草原。
在歷史上,最早出現的獒犬記載,起源於希臘西部的伊庇魯斯國王摩羅瑟斯(King Mollossus of Epirus),神話英雄阿基里斯的孫子,他以培育出這種狗而著稱。約在公元前2800年發生的特洛伊戰爭期間被使用作戰犬,戰場上表現勇猛無匹,使得地中海沿岸各地均趨之若鶩。擅長貿易的希臘人,將這種狗帶上商船,使它擴展到亞洲各地,並且出現許多不同的犬種。隨後這種狗也被出口到蒙古、美索不達米亞與中亞,它們與當地犬種混種的結果,出現了長毛以及各種顏色的品種。但是它們的高大身材,大頭,以及大而短的鼻口,這些主要特徵仍然被保留下來。在巴比倫地區,這種狗極為被重視,在西元前四世紀的楔形文字泥版上,也有它的記載。亞述人用它來打獵,在西元前7世紀的亚述巴尼拔宮殿壁畫上,有獒犬追獵野馬跟驢子的繪畫。在波斯帝國時代,薛西斯一世在軍隊中養育大量獒犬,用來協助作戰,獒犬也隨著波斯帝國的擴張,遍布於埃及至小亞細亞一帶。
羅馬帝國時,獒犬被用來在競技場上,與獅子進行打鬥,當作群眾的娛樂。許多山犬(Mountain dog)的血緣,都可以追蹤到這個時期。 阿蘭人將這種狗由中亞帶往東歐地區,它們被稱為Alaunt,或是西班牙文的Alano。在欧洲民族大迁徙時,獒犬隨著阿蘭人,遷徒到法國、西班牙以至於北非一帶。進入英格蘭的獒犬,源自於聖伯納犬的祖先阿爾卑斯獒犬(Alpine Mastiff),在英國形成英國獒犬這個品種。
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