贡士
Multi tool use
貢士，指中国明清两朝科举制度中會試中試者。
歷史沿革
先秦時指诸侯推荐给周天子之士[1]。漢朝指封國或郡縣推举之孝廉[2]。唐、宋時稱州府科舉鄉貢、鄉舉中試者鄉貢士。韓愈說：“常觀于皇都，每年貢士至千馀人。”[3]，到了大和九年（835年），中書門下奏稱：“每年貢士，嘗僅千人。”[4]。
明、清时，會試錄取者統稱貢士，貢士第一名稱為「會元」，前十名稱為「元魁」，十一至二十名稱為「會魁」。貢士經殿試決定出身等第，即成為進士。因北宋之後殿試依慣例不黜落貢士，僅決定進士名次，故一般習慣於會試考中後即稱進士。
亦有部分會試中試者因各種原因無法參加殿試，故終其一生都是貢士。
註釋
^ 《禮記》射義：“是故古者天子之制，諸侯歲獻貢士于天子，天子試之於射宮。”
^ 《後漢書》列傳五十一·左雄:“郡國孝廉，古之貢士，出則宰民，宣協風教。”
^ 《全唐文》卷556，《送權秀才序》
^ 《冊府元龜》卷641，《貢舉部·條制三》
參考資料
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- 《清史稿》卷一百八·志八十三·选举三
- 《大清会典事例》礼部·贡举
宮崎市定『科挙』（中央公論社、1963年）
參見
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