Seasonal thermal energy storage




storage of heat or cold for periods of up to several months

Seasonal thermal energy storage (or STES) is the storage of heat or cold for periods of up to several months. The thermal energy can be collected whenever it is available and be used whenever needed, such as in the opposing season. For example, heat from solar collectors or waste heat from air conditioning equipment can be gathered in hot months for space heating use when needed, including during winter months. Waste heat from industrial process can similarly be stored and be used much later.[1]
Or the natural cold of winter air can be stored for summertime air conditioning.[2][3]
STES stores can serve district heating systems, as well as single buildings or complexes. Among seasonal storages used for heating, the design peak annual temperatures generally are in the range of 27 to 80 °C (81 to 180 °F), and the temperature difference occurring in the storage over the course of a year can be several tens of degrees. Some systems use a heat pump to help charge and discharge the storage during part or all of the cycle. For cooling applications, often only circulation pumps are used. A less common term for STES technologies is interseasonal thermal energy storage.[4]


Examples for district heating include Drake Landing Solar Community where ground storage provides 97% of yearly consumption without heat pumps,[5] and Danish pond storage with boosting.[6]




Contents






  • 1 STES technologies


    • 1.1 Underground thermal energy storage


    • 1.2 Surface and above ground technologies




  • 2 Conferences and organizations


  • 3 Use of STES for small, passively heated buildings


    • 3.1 Liquid engineering




  • 4 Small buildings with internal STES water tanks


  • 5 Use of STES in greenhouses


  • 6 See also


  • 7 References


  • 8 External links





STES technologies


There are several types of STES technology, covering a range of applications from single small buildings to community district heating networks. Generally, efficiency increases and the specific construction cost decreases with size.



Underground thermal energy storage


See also: Ground-coupled heat exchanger


  • UTES (underground thermal energy storage), in which the storage medium may be geological strata ranging from earth or sand to solid bedrock, or aquifers. UTES technologies include:

    • ATES (aquifer thermal energy storage). An ATES store is composed of a doublet, totaling two or more wells into a deep aquifer that is contained between impermeable geological layers above and below. One half of the doublet is for water extraction and the other half for reinjection, so the aquifer is kept in hydrological balance, with no net extraction. The heat (or cold) storage medium is the water and the substrate it occupies. Germany’s Reichstag building has been both heated and cooled since 1999 with ATES stores, in two aquifers at different depths.[7]


In the Netherlands there are well over 1,000 ATES systems, which are now a standard construction option.[8][9]
A significant system has been operating at Richard Stockton College (New Jersey) for several years.[2] ATES has a lower installation cost than BTES because usually fewer holes are drilled, but ATES has a higher operating cost. Also, ATES requires particular underground conditions to be feasible, including the presence of an aquifer.



    • BTES (borehole thermal energy storage). BTES stores can be constructed wherever boreholes can be drilled, and are composed of one to hundreds of vertical boreholes, typically 155 mm (6.102 in) in diameter. Systems of all sizes have been built, including many quite large.[10][11][12]

The strata can be anything from sand to crystalline hardrock, and depending on engineering factors the depth can be from 50 to 300 metres (164 to 984 ft). Spacings have ranged from 3 to 8 metres (9.8 to 26.2 ft). Thermal models can be used to predict seasonal temperature variation in the ground, including the establishment of a stable temperature regime which is achieved by matching the inputs and outputs of heat over one or more annual cycles. Warm-temperature seasonal heat stores can be created using borehole fields to store surplus heat captured in summer to actively raise the temperature of large thermal banks of soil so that heat can be extracted more easily (and more cheaply) in winter. Interseasonal Heat Transfer[13] uses water circulating in pipes embedded in asphalt solar collectors to transfer heat to Thermal Banks[14] created in borehole fields. A ground source heat pump is used in winter to extract the warmth from the Thermal Bank to provide space heating via underfloor heating. A high Coefficient of Performance is obtained because the heat pump starts with a warm temperature of 25 °C (77 °F) from the thermal store, instead of a cold temperature of 10 °C (50 °F) from the ground.[15] A BTES operating at Richard Stockton College since 1995 at a peak of about 29 °C (84.2 °F) consists of 400 boreholes 130 metres (427 ft) deep under a 3.5-acre (1.4 ha) parking lot. It has a heat loss of 2% over six months.[16] The upper temperature limit for a BTES store is 85 °C (185 °F) due to characteristics of the PEX pipe used for BHEs, but most do not approach that limit. Boreholes can be either grout- or water-filled depending on geological conditions, and usually have a life expectancy in excess of 100 years. Both a BTES and its associated district heating system can be expanded incrementally after operation begins, as at Neckarsulm, Germany.[17]
BTES stores generally do not impair use of the land, and can exist under buildings, agricultural fields and parking lots. An example of one of the several kinds of STES illustrates well the capability of interseasonal heat storage. In Alberta, Canada, the homes of the Drake Landing Solar Community (in operation since 2007), get 97% of their year-round heat from a district heat system that is supplied by solar heat from solar-thermal panels on garage roofs. This feat – a world record – is enabled by interseasonal heat storage in a large mass of native rock that is under a central park. The thermal exchange occurs via a cluster of 144 boreholes, drilled 37 metres (121 ft) into the earth. Each borehole is 155 mm (6.1 in) in diameter and contains a simple heat exchanger made of small diameter plastic pipe, through which water is circulated. No heat pumps are involved.[5][18]




    • CTES (cavern or mine thermal energy storage). STES stores are possible in flooded mines, purpose-built chambers, or abandoned underground oil stores (e.g. those mined into crystalline hardrock in Norway), if they are close enough to a heat (or cold) source and market.[19]


    • Energy Pilings. During construction of large buildings, BHE heat exchangers much like those used for BTES stores have been spiraled inside the cages of reinforcement bars for pilings, with concrete then poured in place. The pilings and surrounding strata then become the storage medium.


    • GIITS (geo interseasonal insulated thermal storage). During construction of any building with a primary slab floor, an area approximately the footprint of the building to be heated, and > 1 m in depth, is insulated on all 6 sides typically with HDPE closed cell insulation. Pipes are used to transfer solar energy into the insulated area, as well as extracting heat as required on demand. If there is significant internal ground water flow, remedial actions are needed to prevent it.



Surface and above ground technologies



  • Pit Storage. Lined, shallow dug pits that are filled with gravel and water as the storage medium are used for STES in many Danish district heating systems. Storage pits are covered with a layer of insulation and then soil, and are used for agriculture or other purposes. A system in Marstal, Denmark, includes a pit storage supplied with heat from a field of solar-thermal panels. It is initially providing 20% of the year-round heat for the village and is being expanded to provide twice that.[20] The world's largest pit store (200,000 m3 (7,000,000 cu ft)) was commissioned in Vojens, Denmark, in 2015, and allows solar heat to provide 50% of the annual energy for the world's largest solar-enabled district heating system.[6][21][22][23][24]



  • Large-scale thermal storage with water. Large scale STES water storage tanks can be built above ground, insulated, and then covered with soil.[25]


  • Horizontal heat exchangers. For small installations, a heat exchanger of corrugated plastic pipe can be shallow-buried in a trench to create a STES.[26]


  • Earth-bermed buildings. Stores heat passively in surrounding soil.


  • Salt hydrate technology This technology achieves significantly higher storage densities that water-based heat storage. See Thermal energy storage: Salt hydrate technology



Conferences and organizations


The International Energy Agency's Energy Conservation through Energy Storage (ECES) Programme[27][28] has held triennial global energy conferences since 1981. The conferences originally focused exclusively on STES, but now that those technologies are mature other topics such as phase change materials (PCM) and electrical energy storage are also being covered. Since 1985 each conference has had "stock" (for storage) at the end of its name; e.g. EcoStock, ThermaStock.[29] They are held at various locations around the world. Most recent were InnoStock 2012 (the 12th International Conference on Thermal Energy Storage) in Lleida, Spain[30] and GreenStock 2015 in Beijing.[31]
EnerStock 2018 will be held in Adana, Turkey in April 2018.[32]


The IEA-ECES programme continues the work of the earlier International Council for Thermal Energy Storage which from 1978 to 1990 had a quarterly newsletter and was initially sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy. The newsletter was initially called ATES Newsletter, and after BTES became a feasible technology it was changed to STES Newsletter.[33][34]



Use of STES for small, passively heated buildings


Small passively heated buildings typically use the soil adjoining the building as a low-temperature seasonal heat store that in the annual cycle reaches a maximum temperature similar to average annual air temperature, with the temperature drawn down for heating in colder months. Such systems are a feature of building design, as some simple but significant differences from 'traditional' buildings are necessary. At a depth of about 20 feet (6 m) in the soil, the temperature is naturally stable within a year-round range,[35] if the draw down does not exceed the natural capacity for solar restoration of heat. Such storage systems operate within a narrow range of storage temperatures over the course of a year, as opposed to the other STES systems described above for which large annual temperature differences are intended.


Two basic passive solar building technologies were developed in the US during the 1970s and 1980s. They utilize direct heat conduction to and from thermally isolated, moisture-protected soil as a seasonal storage medium for space heating, with direct conduction as the heat return method. In one method, "passive annual heat storage" (PAHS),[36] the building’s windows and other exterior surfaces capture solar heat which is transferred by conduction through the floors, walls, and sometimes the roof, into adjoining thermally buffered soil.


When the interior spaces are cooler than the storage medium, heat is conducted back to the living space.[37][38] The other method, “annualized geothermal solar” (AGS) uses a separate solar collector to capture heat. The collected heat is delivered to a storage device (soil, gravel bed or water tank) either passively by the convection of the heat transfer medium (e.g. air or water) or actively by pumping it. This method is usually implemented with a capacity designed for six months of heating.


A number of examples of the use of solar thermal storage from across the world include: Suffolk One a college in East Anglia, England, that uses a thermal collector of pipe buried in the bus turning area to collect solar energy that is then stored in 18 boreholes each 100 metres (330 ft) deep for use in winter heating. Drake Landing Solar Community in Canada uses solar thermal collectors on the garage roofs of 52 homes, which is then stored in an array of 35 metres (115 ft) deep boreholes. The ground can reach temperatures in excess of 70 °C which is then used to heat the houses passively. The scheme has been running successfully since 2007. In Brædstrup, Denmark, some 8,000 square metres (86,000 sq ft) of solar thermal collectors are used to collect some 4,000,000 kWh/year similarly stored in an array of 50 metres (160 ft) deep boreholes.



Liquid engineering


Architect Matyas Gutai[39] obtained an EU grant to construct a house in Hungary[40] which uses extensive water filled wall panels as heat collectors and reservoirs with underground heat storage water tanks. The design uses microprocessor control.



Small buildings with internal STES water tanks


A number of homes and small apartment buildings have demonstrated combining a large internal water tank for heat storage with roof-mounted solar-thermal collectors. Storage temperatures of 90 °C (194 °F) are sufficient to supply both domestic hot water and space heating. The first such house was MIT Solar House #1, in 1939. An eight-unit apartment building in Oberburg, Switzerland was built in 1989, with three tanks storing a total of 118 m3 (4,167 cubic feet) that store more heat than the building requires. Since 2011, that design is now being replicated in new buildings.[41]


In Berlin, the “Zero Heating Energy House”, was built in 1997 in as part of the IEA Task 13 low energy housing demonstration project. It stores water at temperatures up to 90 °C (194 °F) inside a 20 m3 (706 cubic feet) tank in the basement.[42]


A similar example was built in Ireland in 2009, as a prototype. The solar seasonal store[43] consists of a 23 m3 (812 cu ft) tank, filled with water,[44] which was installed in the ground, heavily insulated all around, to store heat from evacuated solar tubes during the year. The system was installed as an experiment to heat the world's first standardized pre-fabricated passive house[45] in Galway, Ireland. The aim was to find out if this heat would be sufficient to eliminate the need for any electricity in the already highly efficient home during the winter months.



Use of STES in greenhouses


STES is also used extensively for the heating of greenhouses.[46][47][48] ATES is the kind of storage commonly in use for this application. In summer, the greenhouse is cooled with ground water, pumped from the “cold well” in the aquifer. The water is heated in the process, and is returned to the “warm well” in the aquifer. When the greenhouse needs heat, such as to extend the growing season, water is withdrawn from the warm well, becomes chilled while serving its heating function, and is returned to the cold well. This is a very efficient system of free cooling, which uses only circulation pumps and no heat pumps.



See also





  • Central solar heating

  • District heating

  • Geosolar

  • Ice house (building)

  • Ice pond

  • List of energy storage projects

  • Solar pond

  • Solar thermal collector

  • Thermal energy storage

  • Zero energy building




References





  1. ^ Andersson, O.; Hägg, M. (2008), "Deliverable 10 - Sweden - Preliminary design of a seasonal heat storage for ITT Flygt, Emmaboda, Sweden" (PDF), Deliverable 10 - Sweden - Preliminary design of a seasonal heat storage for ITT Flygt, Emmaboda, Sweden, IGEIA – Integration of geothermal energy into industrial applications, pp. 38–56 and 72–76, retrieved 21 April 2013.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  2. ^ ab Paksoy, H.; Snijders, A.; Stiles, L. (2009), "Aquifer Thermal Energy Cold Storage System at Richard Stockton College" (PDF), Aquifer Thermal Energy Cold Storage System at Richard Stockton College, EFFSTOCK 2009 (11th International) - Thermal Energy Storage for Efficiency and Sustainability, Stockholm


  3. ^ Gehlin, S.; Nordell, B. (1998), "Thermal Response test-In situ measurements of Thermal Properties in hard rock" (PDF), Thermal Response test-In situ measurements of Thermal Properties in hard rock, Avdelningen för vattenteknik. Luleå, Luleå Tekniska Universitet


  4. ^ Wong, Bill; Snijders, Aart; McClung, Larry. "Recent Inter-seasonal Underground Thermal Energy Storage Applications in Canada". EIC Climate Change Technology, 2006 IEEE. doi:10.1109/EICCCC.2006.277232.


  5. ^ ab Wong, Bill (June 28, 2011), "Drake Landing Solar Community" (PDF), Drake Landing Solar Community, IDEA/CDEA District Energy/CHP 2011 Conference, Toronto, pp. 1–30, retrieved 21 April 2013


  6. ^ ab Wittrup, Sanne (14 June 2015). "Verdens største damvarmelager indviet i Vojens". Ingeniøren. Archived from the original on 19 October 2015.


  7. ^ Seibt, P.; Kabus, F. (2003), "Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage in Germany" (PDF), Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage in Germany, American Astronomical...


  8. ^ Snijders, A. (30 July 2008), "ATES Technology Development and Major Applications in Europe" (PDF), ATES Technology Development and Major Applications in Europe, Conservation for the Living Community (Toronto and Region Conservation Authority), Toronto, Canada


  9. ^ Godschalk, M.S.; Bakema, G. (2009), "20,000 ATES systems in the Netherlands in 2020 - Major step towards a sustainable energy supply" (PDF), 20,000 ATES systems in the Netherlands in 2020 - Major step towards a sustainable energy supply, EFFSTOCK 2009 (11th International) - Thermal Energy Storage for Efficiency and Sustainability, Stockholm


  10. ^ Midttømme, K.; Ramstad, R. (2006), "Status of UTES in Norway" (PDF), Status of UTES in Norway, EcoStock 2006 (10th International) - Thermal Energy Storage for Efficiency and Sustainability, Pomona, New Jersey


  11. ^ Stene, J. (19 May 2008), "Large-Scale Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems in Norway" (PDF), Large-Scale Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems in Norway, IEA Heat Pump Annex 29 Workshop, Zurich


  12. ^ Hellström, G. (19 May 2008), "Large-Scale Applications of Ground-Source Heat Pumps in Sweden" (PDF), Large-Scale Applications of Ground-Source Heat Pumps in Sweden, IEA Heat Pump Annex 29 Workshop, Zurich


  13. ^ "Interseasonal Heat Transfer". Icax.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-12-22.


  14. ^ "Thermal Banks". Icax.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-12-22.


  15. ^ "Report on Interseasonal Heat Transfer by the Highways Agency". Icax.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-12-22.


  16. ^ Chrisopherson, Elizabeth G. (Exec. Producer) (19 April 2009). Green Builders (segment interviewing Lynn Stiles) (Television production). PBS.


  17. ^ Nussbicker-Lux, J. (2011), "Solar Thermal Combined with District Heating and Seasonal Heat Storage" (PDF), Solar Thermal Combined with District Heating and Seasonal Heat Storage, OTTI Symposium Thermische Solarenergie, Bad Staffelstein


  18. ^ "Canadian Solar Community Sets New World Record for Energy Efficiency and Innovation" (Press release). Natural Resources Canada. 5 October 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
    "Drake Landing Solar Community (webpage)". Retrieved 21 April 2013.


  19. ^ Michel, F.A. (2009), "Utilization of abandoned mine workings for thermal energy storage in Canada" (PDF), Utilization of abandoned mine workings for thermal energy storage in Canada, Effstock Conference (11th International) -- Thermal Energy Storage for Efficiency and Sustainability, Stockholm


  20. ^ Holms, L. (29 September 2011), "Long Term Experience with Solar District Heating", Long Term Experience with Solar District Heating, International SDH Workshop, Ferrara, IT
    [dead link]


  21. ^ State of Green (undated). World largest thermal pit storage in Vojens. "The huge storage will be operated as an interseasonal heat storage allowing the solar heating plant to deliver more than 50% of the annual heat production to the network. The rest of the heat will be produced by 3 gas engines, a 10 MW electric boiler, an absorption heat pump and gas boilers."


  22. ^ SDH (Solar District Heating) Newsletter (2014). The world's largest solar heating plant to be established in Vojens, Denmark. 7 June 2014.


  23. ^ Wittrup, Sanne (23 October 2015). "Dansk solteknologi mod nye verdensrekorder". Ingeniøren.


  24. ^ Wittrup, Sanne (26 September 2014). "Her er verdens største varmelager og solfanger". Ingeniøren.


  25. ^ Mangold, D. (6 February 2010), "Prospects of Solar Thermal and Heat Storage in DHC" (PDF), Prospects of Solar Thermal and Heat Storage in DHC, Euroheat and Power + COGEN Europe, Brussels


  26. ^ Hellström, G. (18 May 2006), "Market and Technology in Sweden", Market and Technology in Sweden (PDF), 1st Groundhit workshop, pp. see p.23
    [permanent dead link]


  27. ^ IEA ECES Programme (2009). "Homepage".


  28. ^ Paksoy, S. (2013), International Energy Agency Energy Conservation through Energy Storage Programme since 1978 (PDF), IEA ECES, archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-06-10


  29. ^ Nordell, Bo; Gehlin, S. (2009), 30 years of thermal energy storage – a review of the IEA ECES stock conferences (PDF), IEA ECES, archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-01


  30. ^ IEA ECES Programme (2012). "Innostock 2012 webpage".


  31. ^ IEA ECES Programme (2013), 2015 --13th ECES Conference Introduction, archived from the original on 2015-06-10


  32. ^ IEA ECES Programme (2017), Upcoming Events


  33. ^ "ATES Newsletter and STES Newsletter archive". 2012.
    [permanent dead link]


  34. ^ "Index for ATES Newsletter and STES Newsletter" (PDF). 2012.
    [permanent dead link]


  35. ^ ICAX (webpage, undated). Mean Annual Air Temperature Determines Temperature in the Ground.


  36. ^ EarthShelters (webpage, undated). Improving the Earth Shelter. Chapter 1 in: Passive Annual Heat Storage – Improving the Design of Earth Shelters


  37. ^ Geery, D. 1982. Solar Greenhouses: Underground


  38. ^ Hait, J. 1983. Passive Annual Heat Storage — Improving the Design of Earth Shelters.


  39. ^ "Liquid Engineering - Towards New Sustainable Model for Architecture and City | Matyas Gutai". Academia.edu. 1970-01-01. Retrieved 2017-12-22.


  40. ^ Parke, Phoebe (2016-07-21). "Meet the man who builds houses with water - CNN". Edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 2017-12-22.


  41. ^ Sun & Wind Energy (2011). The solar house concept is spreading Archived 2013-11-10 at the Wayback Machine..


  42. ^ Hestnes, A.; Hastings, R. (eds) (2003). Solar Energy Houses: Strategies, Technologies, Examples. pp. 109-114.
    ISBN 1-902916-43-3.


  43. ^ Scandinavian Homes Ltd, Research - Solar seasonal store


  44. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-26. Retrieved 2010-12-17.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)


  45. ^ Construct Ireland Articles - Passive Resistance Archived 2006-10-03 at the Wayback Machine.


  46. ^ Paksoy H., Turgut B., Beyhan B., Dasgan H.Y., Evliya H., Abak K., Bozdag S. (2010). Greener Greenhouses Archived 2011-11-25 at the Wayback Machine.. World Energy Congress. Montreal 2010. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-11-25. Retrieved 2013-05-17.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)


  47. ^ Turgut B., Dasgan H.Y., Abak K., Paksoy H., Evliya H., Bozdag S. (2008). Aquifer thermal energy storage application in greenhouse climatization. International Symposium on Strategies Towards Sustainability of Protected Cultivation in Mild Winter Climate. Also: EcoStock 2006. pp. 143-148.


  48. ^ See slide 15 of Snijders (2008), above.




External links



  • https://web.archive.org/web/20140527211906/http://btric.ornl.gov/eere_research_reports/electrically_driven_heat_pumps/ACES_annual_cycle_energy_system/subindex2.html

  • December 2005, Seasonal thermal store being fitted in an ENERGETIKhaus100

  • October 1998, Fujita Research report

  • Earth Notes: Milk Tanker Thermal Store with Heat Pump

  • Heliostats used for concentrating solar power (photos)

  • Wofati Eco building with annualized thermal inertia




-

Popular posts from this blog

Y

Image
This article is about the letter of the alphabet. For other uses, see Y (disambiguation). See also: Wye (disambiguation) Y Y y (See below) Usage Writing system Latin script Type Alphabetic and Logographic Language of origin Latin language Phonetic usage [ y ] [ ɨ ] [ j ] [ iː ] [ ɪ ] [ ɘ ] [ ə ] [ ɯ ] [ ɛː ] [ j ] [ ɥ ] [ ɣ̟ ] / w aɪ / / aɪ / Unicode value U+0059, U+0079 Alphabetical position 25 History Development Υ υ 𐌖 Y y Time period 54 to present Descendants  • U  • V  • W  • Ỿ  • ¥  • Ꮙ  • Ꮍ  • Ꭹ Sisters F Ѵ У Ў Ұ Ү ו و ܘ וּ וֹ ࠅ 𐎆 𐡅 ወ વ ૂ ુ उ Variations (See below) Other Other letters commonly used with y(x), ly, ny This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. ISO basic Latin alphabet Aa Bb Cc D...
Read more

Mount Tamalpais

Image
Mount Tamalpais Mount Tamalpais, viewed from the south Highest point Elevation 2,571 ft (784 m)   NAVD 88 [1] Prominence 2,456 ft (749 m)  [1] Listing California county high points 55th Coordinates 37°55′45″N 122°34′40″W  /  37.929088°N 122.577829°W  / 37.929088; -122.577829 Coordinates: 37°55′45″N 122°34′40″W  /  37.929088°N 122.577829°W  / 37.929088; -122.577829   [1] Geography Mount Tamalpais Marin County, California, U.S. Show map of California Mount Tamalpais Mount Tamalpais (the US) Show map of the US Parent range California Coast Ranges Topo map USGS San Rafael Geology Mountain type Sedimentary Climbing First ascent 1830s by Jacob P. Leese (first recorded ascent) [2] Easiest route Railroad Grade fire trail Mount Tamalpais ( / t æ m əl ˈ p aɪ . ɪ s / ; TAM -əl- PY -iss ; Coast Miwok: /t̪ɑmɑlˈpɑis̺/ , known locally as Mount Tam ) is a peak in Marin County, California, United State...
Read more

Indian Forest Service

Image
Indian Forest Service Service Overview Preceding service Imperial Forest Service (1864 to 1935) Year of Constitution 1966 Country India Staff College Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy (IGNFA), Dehradun, Uttarakhand Cadre Controlling Authority Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change Legal personality Governmental: Government service General nature Administration of Forest and Wildlife resources Cadre strength 3131 (2182 Direct Recruits and 949 Promotion Posts) Website ifs.nic.in Service Chief Director General of Forests Siddhanth Das, IFS (1982 Batch, Odisha Cadre) [1] Head of the All India Civil Services Cabinet Secretary Pradeep Kumar Sinha, IAS Indian Forest Service (भारतीय वन सेवा) [2] is one of the three All India Services of the Government of India. The other two All India Services being the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) and the Indian Police Service (IPS). [3] [4] [5] It was constituted in...
Read more