阿尔西比亚德斯

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Ἀλκιβιάδης 拉丁語:Alkibiádēs |
 阿尔西比亚德斯
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出生 |
希腊 雅典
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逝世 |
弗里吉亚
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效命 |
雅典 (415–412 BC 斯巴达) |
军衔 |
将军 |
参与战争 |
阿卑多斯战役 (410 BC) 库吉科司战役(410 BC) 围困拜占庭 (408 BC) |
阿尔西比亚德斯(希腊语:Ἀλκιβιάδης Κλεινίου Σκαμβωνίδης,拉丁語:Alkibiádēs Kleiníou Skambōnidēs,前450年-前404年)是雅典杰出的政治家、演说家和将军。雅典大政治家伯里克里斯是他母系族伯,曾養育過他。阿尔西比亚德斯是這個貴族家系的最后一名著名成员,这个家族在伯罗奔尼撒战争之后衰败。他在战争的后半段扮演重要角色,担任战略顾问、军事指挥官和政治家。
在伯罗奔尼撒战争期间,阿尔西比亚德斯曾经数次更换他的政治忠诚。在故乡雅典时,他主张一种好斗的外交政策,是西西里远征的主要支持者,但是在他的政敌指控他犯有亵渎罪之后,逃到斯巴达。他在斯巴达担任战略顾问,提议或监督了反对雅典的几次主要战役。但是在斯巴达,阿尔西比亚德斯也很快面临强大的敌人,又被迫叛投波斯。他在那里担任顾问,直到他的雅典政治盟友将其召回。前410年阿西比亞德重掌雅典的艦隊,此後3年間更是引導著雅典連戰連勝,但是最终他的政敌再次将他流放。後來他先後流亡到比提尼亞(Bithynia)與波斯,但不久後在波斯的盟邦斯巴達的要求下,波斯皇帝包圍了阿尔西比亚德斯的宅邸,後者突圍時中箭身亡。
評價
西西里远征是阿尔西比亚德斯的想法,学者们认为,如果远征由阿尔西比亚德斯而不是尼基阿斯指挥,可能不会是后来那样灾难性的结果[1]。在斯巴达期间,阿尔西比亚德斯在重创雅典中扮演重要角色;占领戴凯列阿(Decelea),和几次关键性的雅典叛乱,都是在他的建议或监督下发生的。但是他一旦回到故乡,就在雅典一系列的胜利中扮演关键角色,最终迫使斯巴达寻求与雅典媾和。他支持非传统的战术,频繁通过背叛或谈判而不是围攻来夺取城市[2]。阿尔西比亚德斯的军事和政治天才频频向他当时所效忠的城邦证明他的价值,但是他树立强敌的能力也使他不会留在一个地方很久。
引证
^ A. Vlachos, Thucydides' Bias, 59 &c.
^ P.B. Kern, Ancient Siege Warfare, 151.
参考文献
Alcibiades. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2005.
Alcibiades. Encyclopaedia of Ancient Greece. Routledge (UK). 2002. ISBN 0-415-97334-1.
Alcibiades. Encyclopaedic Dictionary The Helios. 1952. In Greek.
Andrewes, A. The Spartan Resurgence. The Cambridge Ancient History edited by David M. Lewis, John Boardman, J. K. Davies, M. Ostwald (Volume V). Cambridge University Press. 1992. ISBN 0-521-23347-X.
古雅典政治家
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- 埃斯基涅斯
- Agyrrhius
- 阿尔西比亚德斯
- Andocides
- Archinus
- 阿里斯提德
- Aristogeiton
- 阿里斯多丰
- Autocles
- 卡利斯特拉图斯
- Chremonides
- 客蒙
- 克里斯提尼
- 克里奥丰
- 克里昂
- 克里提亚斯
- 德马德斯
- 法勒鲁姆的德米特里
- 德摩卡莱斯
- Democles
- 德摩斯梯尼
- 德拉古
- 厄菲阿尔特
- 欧布洛斯
- 希帕波鲁斯
- 希佩里德斯
- Laches
- Lycurgus
- Lysicles
- 小米太亚德
- Moerocles
- 尼西阿斯
- 庇西特拉图
- 伯里克利
- Philinus
- 福基翁
- 梭伦
- 地米斯托克利
- 塞拉门尼斯
- 色拉西布洛斯
- Thucydides
- 科桑西普斯
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规范控制 |
- WorldCat Identities
- BNA: 000046457
- BNF: cb12156787x (data)
- FAST: 160917
- GND: 118501739
- ISNI: 0000 0000 9044 0667
- LCCN: n85196363
- NLA: 54957807
- SNAC: w60w8dd5
- SUDOC: 030078997
- VIAF: 46735515
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