冰火山
Multi tool use
海衛一上的冰火山。中央偏左處暗斑中的白點據推測是正在噴氣的冰火山口。
冰火山（拉丁文作 cryovolcano，字面涵義即爲cryo-：冰和 volcano：火山），是存在於地外天體上的與火山相似的一種地貌，通常出現在冰凍衛星或是其他一些低溫（表面溫度低於-150 °C）的天體上（如柯依伯帶上的天體）。與火山不同的是，冰火山不會噴發熔岩，它所噴發出的是水、氨、甲烷一類的揮發物。這類噴發物按「冰火山」類推而稱作冰岩漿（cryomagma）。冰岩漿在噴發時通常呈液態而四下流淌，但亦有可能呈氣態彌散爲煙霧。噴發後，冰岩漿會因暴露在溫度極低的環境中而凝結成固體。一些科學家估計土星的最大衛星土衛六上的冰火山有條件爲可能存在的地外生命提供庇護。
理論
導致地下冰層融化和冰火山形成的能量來自潮汐摩擦。也有學者認為，冰凍沉積物的半透明屬性能夠在表層下造成溫室效應，從而累積足夠的熱量。
據推測在柯依伯帶的小行星50000上也曾經出現過冰火山。就此例而言，熱能可能是由核衰變所產生。
觀測
冰火山最初發現於1989年，由旅行者2號在飛掠海王星衛星海衛一時所觀測到。
位於土衛二南極「虎紋」地帶的冰火山噴發的煙霧。該冰火山的間歇噴發不斷給土星E環補充物質
卡西尼號發現了土衛六上有一處噴發甲烷的冰火山，據推想冰火山是土衛六大氣中甲烷的重要來源。2005年11月27日卡西尼號又拍攝到了土衛二南極的間歇泉（參見土衛二上的冰火山）。
此後，又在其他一些冰凍衛星（木衛二、木衛三）上發現了冰火山活動的間接證據。
外部連結
海衛一 - Triton at the Nine Planets
海衛一南極 - Triton at SolarViews.com
冰火山 - Article at the Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy & Spaceflight
Enceladus' South Polar Stripes Spew "Warm" Water - News article at the Planetary Society
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