G20




































G20
Group of Twenty
G20.svg
Formation 26 September 1999; 19 years ago (1999-09-26)
2008 (2008) (Heads of State/Heads of Government Summits)
Purpose Bring together systemically important industrialized and developing economies to discuss key issues in the global economy.[1]
Membership
Chairman

Japan Shinzō Abe (2019)
Staff
None[2]
Website G20.org

The G20 (or Group of Twenty) is an international forum for the governments and central bank governors from 19 countries and the European Union. Founded in 1999 with the aim to discuss policy pertaining to the promotion of international financial stability,[3] the G20 has expanded its agenda since 2008 and heads of government or heads of state, as well as finance ministers and foreign ministers, have periodically conferred at summits ever since. It seeks to address issues that go beyond the responsibilities of any one organization.[3]


Membership of the G20 consists of 19 individual countries plus the European Union (EU). The EU is represented by the European Commission and by the European Central Bank. Collectively, the G20 economies account for around 90% of the gross world product (GWP), 80% of world trade (or, if excluding EU intra-trade, 75%), two-thirds of the world population,[2] and approximately half of the world land area.


With the G20 growing in stature[4] after its inaugural leaders' summit in 2008, its leaders announced on 25 September 2009 that the group would replace the G8 as the main economic council of wealthy nations.[5] Since its inception, the G20's membership policies have been criticized by numerous intellectuals,[6][7] and its summits have been a focus for major protests by left-wing groups and anarchists.[8]


The heads of the G20 nations met semi-annually at G20 summits between 2009 and 2010. Since the November 2011 Cannes summit, all G20 summits have been held annually.[2]




Contents






  • 1 History


    • 1.1 Founding


    • 1.2 Early topics




  • 2 Summits


    • 2.1 List of summits


    • 2.2 Chair rotation




  • 3 Organization


    • 3.1 Proposed permanent secretariat




  • 4 List of members


    • 4.1 Leaders


    • 4.2 Member country data


    • 4.3 Role of Asian countries




  • 5 Invitees


    • 5.1 Permanent guest invitees




  • 6 G20 Agenda


    • 6.1 Financial focus


    • 6.2 Inclusive growth


    • 6.3 Interrelated themes




  • 7 Criticisms


    • 7.1 Exclusivity of membership


      • 7.1.1 Norwegian perspective


      • 7.1.2 Spanish position on membership


      • 7.1.3 Polish aspirations


      • 7.1.4 Global Governance Group (3G) response


      • 7.1.5 Foreign Policy critiques




    • 7.2 Wider concerns




  • 8 See also


  • 9 Notes


  • 10 References


    • 10.1 Footnotes


    • 10.2 Bibliography




  • 11 Further reading


  • 12 External links





History



Founding


The G20 is the latest in a series of post–World War 2 initiatives aimed at international coordination of economic policy, which include institutions such as the "Bretton Woods twins", the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, and what is now the World Trade Organization.[9]


The G20 was foreshadowed at the Cologne Summit of the G7 in June 1999, and formally established at the G7 Finance Ministers' meeting on 26 September 1999 with an inaugural meeting on 15–16 December 1999 in Berlin. Canadian finance minister Paul Martin was chosen as the first chairman and German finance minister Hans Eichel hosted the inaugural meeting.[10]


A 2004 report by Colin I. Bradford and Johannes F. Linn of the Brookings Institution asserted the group was founded primarily at the initiative of Eichel, the concurrent chair of the G7.[11] However, Bradford later described then-Finance Minister of Canada (and future Prime Minister of Canada) Paul Martin as "the crucial architect of the formation of the G-20 at finance minister level," and as the one who later "proposed that the G-20 countries move to leaders level summits."[12] Canadian academic and journalistic sources have also identified the G20 a project initiated by Martin and then-US Treasury Secretary Larry Summers.[13][14][15][16] All acknowledge, however, that Germany and the United States played a key role in bringing their vision into reality.


Martin and Summers conceived of the G20 in response to the series of massive debt crises that had spread across emerging markets in the late 1990s, beginning with the Mexican peso crisis and followed by the 1997 Asian financial crisis, the 1998 Russian financial crisis, and eventually impacting the United States, most prominently in the form of the collapse of the prominent hedge fund Long-Term Capital Management in the autumn of 1998.[13][14][15] It illustrated to them that in a rapidly globalizing world, the G7, G8, and the Bretton Woods system would be unable to provide financial stability, and they conceived of a new, broader permanent group of major world economies that would give a voice and new responsibilities in providing it.[13][15]


The G20 membership was decided by Eichel's deputy Caio Koch-Weser and Summers' deputy Timothy Geithner. According to the political economist Robert Wade:


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Geithner and Koch-Weser went down the list of countries saying, Canada in, Portugal out, South Africa in, Nigeria and Egypt out, and so on; they sent their list to the other G7 finance ministries; and the invitations to the first meeting went out.[17]



Early topics


The G20's primary focus has been governance of the global economy. Summit themes have varied from year to year.
The theme of the 2006 G20 ministerial meeting was "Building and Sustaining Prosperity". The issues discussed included domestic reforms to achieve "sustained growth", global energy and resource commodity markets, reform of the World Bank and IMF, and the impact of demographic changes due to an aging world population.


In 2007, South Africa hosted the secretariat with Trevor A. Manuel, South African Minister of Finance as chairperson of the G20.


In 2008, Guido Mantega, Brazil's Minister of Finance, was the G20 chairperson and proposed dialogue on competition in financial markets, clean energy, economic development and fiscal elements of growth and development.


On 11 October 2008 after a meeting of G7 finance ministers, US President George W. Bush stated that the next meeting of the G20 would be important in finding solutions to the burgeoning economic crisis of 2008.



Summits


The Summit of G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, who prepare the leaders' summit and implement their decisions, was created as a response both to the financial crisis of 2007–2008 and to a growing recognition that key emerging countries were not adequately included in the core of global economic discussion and governance. Additionally, the G20 Summits of heads of state or government were held.


After the 2008 debut summit in Washington, DC, G20 leaders met twice a year: in London and Pittsburgh in 2009, and in Toronto and Seoul in 2010.[18]


Since 2011, when France chaired and hosted the G20, the summits have been held only once a year.[19]
The 2016 summit was held in Hangzhou, China,[20] and 2017 summit was held in Hamburg, Germany.


A number of other ministerial-level G20 meetings have been held since 2010. Agriculture ministerial meetings were conducted in 2011 and 2012; meetings of foreign ministers were held in 2012 and 2013; trade ministers met in 2012 and 2014, and employment ministerial meetings have taken place annually since 2010.[21]


In March 2014, the former Australian foreign minister Julie Bishop, as host of the 2014 G20 summit in Brisbane, proposed to ban Russia from the summit over its role in the 2014 Crimean crisis.[22]
The BRICS foreign ministers subsequently reminded Bishop that "the custodianship of the G20 belongs to all Member States equally and no one Member State can unilaterally determine its nature and character."[23]


In 2018, Argentina hosted the 2018 Summit.[24] The 2019 Summit will be in Japan[25] 2020 in Saudi Arabia[26]and 2022 in India.[27]



List of summits




Chair rotation


To decide which member nation gets to chair the G20 leaders' meeting for a given year, all members, except the European Union, are assigned to one of five different groupings, with each group having four nations, except one having three. Nations from the same region are placed in the same group, except Group 1 and Group 2. All countries within a group are eligible to take over the G20 Presidency when it is their group’s turn. Therefore, the states within the relevant group need to negotiate among themselves to select the next G20 President. Each year, a different G20 member country assumes the presidency starting from 1 December until 30 November. This system has been in place since 2010, when South Korea, which is in Group 5, held the G20 chair. The table below lists the nations' groupings:[28][29]

















Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5




  •  Australia


  •  Canada


  •  Saudi Arabia


  •  United States







  •  India


  •  Russia


  •  South Africa


  •  Turkey







  •  Argentina


  •  Brazil


  •  Mexico







  •  France


  •  Germany


  •  Italy


  •  United Kingdom







  •  China


  •  Indonesia


  •  Japan


  •  South Korea




To ensure continuity, the presidency is supported by a “troika” made up of the current, immediate past and next host countries.[30]



Organization


The G20 operates without a permanent secretariat or staff. The group's chair rotates annually among the members and is selected from a different regional grouping of countries. The incumbent chair establishes a temporary secretariat for the duration of its term, which coordinates the group's work and organizes its meetings. The current chair of the G20 is Argentina, which took over the chair on 1 December 2017.[31] The 2017 chair was Germany, which hosted the 2017 Summit in Hamburg. The 2019 chair will be Japan, which will host the 2019 G20 Osaka summit.



Proposed permanent secretariat


In 2010, President of France Nicolas Sarkozy proposed the establishment of a permanent G20 secretariat, similar to the United Nations. Seoul and Paris were suggested as possible locations for its headquarters.[32]Brazil and China supported the establishment of a secretariat, while Italy and Japan expressed opposition to the proposal.[32]South Korea proposed a "cyber secretariat" as an alternative.[32] It has been argued that the G20 has been using the OECD as a secretariat.[33]



List of members


As of 2017[update] there are 20 members of the group: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, the European Union, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Spain is a permanent guest invitee.[34][35]


Representative include, at the leaders' summits, the leaders of 19 countries and of the European Union, and, at the ministerial-level meetings, the finance ministers and central bank governors of 19 countries and of the European Union.


In addition each year, the G20's guests include Spain; the Chair of ASEAN; two African countries (the chair of the African Union and a representative of the New Partnership for Africa's Development) and a country (sometimes more than one) invited by the presidency, usually from its own region.[2][36][37]


The first of the tables below lists the member entities and their heads of government, finance ministers and central bank governors. The second table lists relevant statistics such as population and GDP figures for each member, as well as detailing memberships of other international organizations, such as the G7, BRICS and MIKTA. Total GDP figures are given in millions of US dollars.




Leaders















































































































































































Member
Leader position
State leader
Finance portfolio
Portfolio minister
Central bank governor

 Argentina

President

Mauricio Macri

Minister of the Treasury

Nicolás Dujovne

Guido Sandleris

 Australia

Prime Minister

Scott Morrison

Treasurer

Josh Frydenberg

Philip Lowe

 Brazil

President

Jair Bolsonaro

Minister of Economy

Paulo Guedes

Ilan Goldfajn

 Canada

Prime Minister

Justin Trudeau

Minister of Finance

Bill Morneau

Stephen Poloz

 China

President[note 1]

Xi Jinping[note 1]

Minister of Finance

Liu Kun

Yi Gang

 France

President

Emmanuel Macron

Minister of the Economy

Bruno Le Maire

François Villeroy de Galhau

 Germany

Chancellor

Angela Merkel

Minister of Finance

Olaf Scholz

Jens Weidmann

 India

Prime Minister

Narendra Modi

Minister of Finance

Arun Jaitley

Shaktikanta Das

 Indonesia

President

Joko Widodo

Minister of Finance

Sri Mulyani Indrawati

Perry Warjiyo

 Italy

Prime Minister

Giuseppe Conte

Minister of Economy and Finance

Giovanni Tria

Ignazio Visco

 Japan

Prime Minister

Shinzō Abe

Minister of Finance

Tarō Asō

Haruhiko Kuroda

 Mexico

President

Andrés Manuel López Obrador

Secretary of Finance

Carlos Manuel Urzúa Macías

Alejandro Díaz de León

 Russia

President

Vladimir Putin

Minister of Finance

Anton Siluanov

Elvira Nabiullina

 Saudi Arabia

King

Salman

Minister of Finance

Mohammed Al-Jadaan

Ahmed Abdulkarim Al-Khulaifi

 South Africa

President

Cyril Ramaphosa

Minister of Finance

Tito Mboweni

Lesetja Kganyago

 South Korea

President

Moon Jae-in

Minister of Economy and Finance

Hong Nam-ki

Lee Ju-yeol

 Turkey

President

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan

Minister of Finance

Berat Albayrak

Murat Çetinkaya

 United Kingdom

Prime Minister

Theresa May

Chancellor of the Exchequer

Philip Hammond

Mark Carney

 United States

President

Donald Trump

Secretary of the Treasury

Steven Mnuchin

Jerome Powell

 European Union[38]

President of the European Council

Donald Tusk
Commissioner for Economic and Financial Affairs, Taxation and Customs

Pierre Moscovici

Mario Draghi

President of the European Commission

Jean-Claude Juncker


Member country data






































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Member
Trade
mil. USD (2014)[citation needed]

Nom. GDP
mil. USD (2016)[39][40]

PPP GDP
mil. USD (2016)[39][40]

Nom. GDP per capita
USD (2016)[39][40]

PPP GDP per capita
USD (2016)[39][40]

HDI
(2017)
Population
(2016)[39][40]
Area
km2

P5

G4

G7

BRICS

MIKTA

DAC

OECD

C'wth

N11

OPEC

CIVETS

IMF economy classification[41][42]

 Argentina
142,370
545,124
874,072
12,503
20,047
0.825
43,600,000
2,780,400

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN
Emerging/Developing

 Australia
496,700
1,258,978
1,187,321
51,850
48,899
0.939
24,281,000
7,692,024

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN

Green tickY

Green tickY

Green tickY

Green tickY

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN
Advanced

 Brazil
484,600
1,798,622
3,141,335
8,727
15,242
0.759
206,101,000
8,515,767

Red XN

Green tickY

Red XN

Green tickY

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN
Emerging/Developing

 Canada
947,200
1,529,224
1,682,364
42,210
46,437
0.926
36,229,000
9,984,670

Red XN

Red XN

Green tickY

Red XN

Red XN

Green tickY

Green tickY

Green tickY

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN
Advanced

 China
4,201,000
11,218,281
21,291,766
8,113
15,399
0.752
1,382,710,000
9,572,900

Green tickY

Red XN

Red XN

Green tickY

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN
Emerging/Developing

 France
1,212,300
2,463,222
2,733,678
38,128
42,314
0.901
64,605,000
640,679

Green tickY

Red XN

Green tickY

Red XN

Red XN

Green tickY

Green tickY

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN
Advanced

 Germany
2,866,600
3,466,639
3,980,282
41,902
48,111
0.936
82,732,000
357,114

Red XN

Green tickY

Green tickY

Red XN

Red XN

Green tickY

Green tickY

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN
Advanced

 India
850,600
2,256,397
8,662,351
1,723
6,616
0.640
1,309,346,000
3,287,263

Red XN

Green tickY

Red XN

Green tickY

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN

Green tickY

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN
Emerging/Developing

 Indonesia
346,100
932,448
3,032,092
3,604
11,720
0.694
258,705,000
1,904,569

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN

Green tickY

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN

Green tickY

Red XN

Green tickY
Emerging/Developing

 Italy
948,600
1,850,735
2,234,500
30,507
36,833
0.880
60,666,000
301,336

Red XN

Red XN

Green tickY

Red XN

Red XN

Green tickY

Green tickY

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN
Advanced

 Japan
1,522,400
4,938,644
5,237,790
38,917
41,275
0.909
126,901,000
377,930

Red XN

Green tickY

Green tickY

Red XN

Red XN

Green tickY

Green tickY

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN
Advanced

 Mexico
813,500
1,046,002
2,315,654
8,555
18,938
0.774
122,273,000
1,964,375

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN

Green tickY

Red XN

Green tickY

Red XN

Green tickY

Red XN

Red XN
Emerging/Developing

 Russia
844,200
1,522,000
4,152,000
10,630
28,918
0.816
146,877,088
17,098,242

Green tickY

Red XN

Red XN

Green tickY

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN
Emerging/Developing

 Saudi Arabia
521,600
639,617
1,750,864
20,150
55,158
0.853
31,743,000
2,149,690

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN

Green tickY

Red XN
Emerging/Developing

 South Africa
200,100
294,132
739,420
5,261
13,225
0.699
55,909,000
1,221,037

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN

Green tickY

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN

Green tickY

Red XN

Red XN

Green tickY
Emerging/Developing

 South Korea
1,170,900
1,411,246
1,934,033
27,539
37,740
0.903
51,246,000
100,210

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN

Green tickY

Green tickY

Green tickY

Red XN

Green tickY

Red XN

Red XN
Advanced

 Turkey
417,000
857,429
1,988,331
10,743
24,912
0.791
79,815,000
783,562

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN

Green tickY

Red XN

Green tickY

Red XN

Green tickY

Red XN

Green tickY
Emerging/Developing

 United Kingdom
1,189,400
2,629,188
2,785,563
40,096
42,481
0.922
65,572,000
242,495

Green tickY

Red XN

Green tickY

Red XN

Red XN

Green tickY

Green tickY

Green tickY

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN
Advanced

 United States
3,944,000
18,569,100
18,569,100
57,436
57,436
0.924
323,298,000
9,526,468

Green tickY

Red XN

Green tickY

Red XN

Red XN

Green tickY

Green tickY

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN
Advanced

 European Union
4,485,000
16,408,363
20,008,130
32,244
39,317
0.899
508,888,000
4,422,773

Red XN

Red XN

Green tickY

Red XN

Red XN

Green tickY

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN

Red XN
N/A

In addition to these 20 members, the chief executive officers of several other international forums and institutions participate in meetings of the G20.[2] These include the managing director and Chairman of the International Monetary Fund, the President of the World Bank, the International Monetary and Financial Committee and the Chairman of the Development Assistance Committee.


The G20's membership does not reflect exactly the 19 largest national economies of the world in any given year. The organization states:[1]



In a forum such as the G20, it is particularly important for the number of countries involved to be restricted and fixed to ensure the effectiveness and continuity of its activity. There are no formal criteria for G20 membership and the composition of the group has remained unchanged since it was established. In view of the objectives of the G20, it was considered important that countries and regions of systemic significance for the international financial system be included. Aspects such as geographical balance and population representation also played a major part.


All 19 member nations are among the top 32 economies as measured in GDP at nominal prices in a list published by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) for 2018.[43] Not represented by membership in the G20 are Switzerland (ranked 20th by the IMF), Taiwan (21), Thailand (25), Norway (28), the United Arab Emirates (29), Iran (30) and Nigeria (31). even though they rank higher than some members. The Netherlands (17), Sweden (22), Poland (23), Belgium (24), and Austria (27) are included only as part of the EU, and not independently. Spain (13) is a permanent guest invitee.


When the countries' GDP is measured at purchasing power parity (PPP) rates,[44][45] all 19 members are among the top 30 in the world for the year of 2017, according to the IMF. Iran (18), Thailand (20), Egypt (21), Taiwan (22), Nigeria (24), Pakistan (25), Malaysia (26) and Philippines (29) are not G20 members, while Spain (15), Poland (23) and the Netherlands (28) are only included by virtue of being EU members. However, in a list of average GDP, calculated for the years since the group's creation (1999–2008) at both nominal and PPP rates, only Spain, the Netherlands, Nigeria, Poland, Taiwan, Iran and Thailand appear above any G20 member in both lists simultaneously.


Spain, being the 14th largest economy in the world and 5th in the European Union in terms of nominal GDP, has been a "permanent guest" of the organization, and the Spanish government's policy is to not request official membership.[46][47] A Spanish delegation has been invited to, and has attended, every G20 heads of state summit since the G20's inception.



Role of Asian countries


A 2011 report released by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) predicted that large Asian economies such as China and India would play a more important role in global economic governance in the future. The report claimed that the rise of emerging market economies heralded a new world order, in which the G20 would become the global economic steering committee.[48] The ADB furthermore noted that Asian countries had led the global recovery following the late-2000s recession. It predicted that the region would have a greater presence on the global stage, shaping the G20's agenda for balanced and sustainable growth through strengthening intraregional trade and stimulating domestic demand.[48]



Invitees




G20 members (blue) and invited states (pink) as of 2016


Typically, several participants that are not permanent members of the G20 are extended invitations to participate in the summits. Each year, the Chair of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations; the Chair of the African Union; and a representative of the New Partnership for Africa's Development are invited in their capacities as leaders of their organisations and as heads of government of their home states.[49] Additionally, the leaders of the Financial Stability Board, the International Labour Organization, the International Monetary Fund, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the United Nations, the World Bank Group and the World Trade Organization are invited and participate in pre-summit planning within the policy purview of their respective organisation.[50] Spain is a permanent non-member invitee.[49]


Other invitees are chosen by the host country, usually one or two countries from its own region.[49] For example, South Korea invited Singapore. International organisations which have been invited in the past include the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS), the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Eurasian Economic Community (EAEC), the European Central Bank (ECB), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the Global Governance Group (3G) and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Previously, the Netherlands had a similar status to Spain while the rotating presidency of the Council of the European Union would also receive an invitation, but only in that capacity and not as their own state's leader (such as the Czech premiers Mirek Topolánek and Jan Fischer during the 2009 summits).


As of 2017, leaders from the following nations have been invited to the G20 summits: Azerbaijan, Benin, Brunei, Cambodia, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Guinea, Kazakhstan, Laos, Malawi, Malaysia, Mauritania, Myanmar, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, the Philippines, Poland, Senegal, Singapore, Spain, Switzerland, Thailand, the United Arab Emirates, Vietnam, and Zimbabwe.[49]



Permanent guest invitees






















































































Invitee
Officeholder
State
Official title

African Union (AU)

Abdel Fattah el-Sisi

 Egypt

President
(Chairperson)

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)

Sebastián Piñera

 Chile

President
(2019 host)

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

Prayut Chan-o-cha

 Thailand

Prime Minister
(2019 Chair)

Lim Jock Hoi
N/A

Secretary-General

Financial Stability Board (FSB)

Mark Carney
N/A
Chairperson

International Labour Organization (ILO)

Guy Ryder
N/A
Director General

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Christine Lagarde
N/A

Managing Director

 Spain

Pedro Sánchez

 Spain

Prime Minister

New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD)

Macky Sall

 Senegal

President
(Chair)

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

José Ángel Gurría
N/A
Secretary-General

 United Nations (UN)

António Guterres
N/A

Secretary-General

World Bank Group (WBG)

Kristalina Georgieva
N/A
Acting President

World Trade Organization (WTO)

Roberto Azevêdo
N/A

Director General


G20 Agenda



Financial focus


The initial G20 agenda, as conceived by US, Canadian and German policy makers, was very much focused on the sustainability of sovereign debt and global financial stability, in an inclusive format that would bring in the largest developing economies as equal partners. During a summit in November 2008, the leaders of the group pledged to contribute trillions to international finance organizations, including the World Bank and IMF, mainly for reestablishing the global financial system.[51][52]


Since inception, the recurring themes covered by G20 summit participants have related in priority to global economic growth, international trade and financial market regulation.[53]



Inclusive growth


After the adoption of the UN Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Climate Agreement in 2015, more "issues of global significance"[53][54] were added to the G20 agenda: migration, digitisation, employment, healthcare, the economic empowerment of women and development aid.[55]



Interrelated themes


Wolfgang Schäuble, German Federal Minister of Finance, has insisted on the interconnected nature of the issues facing G20 nations, be they purely financial or developmental, and the need to reach effective, cross-cutting policy measures: "Globalization has lifted hundreds of millions out of poverty, but there is also a growing rise in frustration in some quarters […] development, [national] security and migration are all interlinked"[54]



Criticisms



Exclusivity of membership


Although the G20 has stated that the group's "economic weight and broad membership gives it a high degree of legitimacy and influence over the management of the global economy and financial system,"[56] its legitimacy has been challenged. A 2011 report for the Danish Institute for International Studies criticised the G20's exclusivity, particularly highlighting its underrepresentation of African countries and its practice of inviting observers from non-member states as a mere "concession at the margins", which does not grant the organisation representational legitimacy.[57]
With respect to the membership issue, former US President Barack Obama noted the difficulty of pleasing everyone: "Everybody wants the smallest possible group that includes them. So, if they're the 21st largest nation in the world, they want the G21, and think it's highly unfair if they have been cut out."[58] Others stated in 2011 that the exclusivity is not an insurmountable problem, and proposed mechanisms by which it could become more inclusive.[59]



Norwegian perspective


In a 2010 interview with Der Spiegel, the Norwegian foreign minister Jonas Gahr Støre called the G20 "one of the greatest setbacks since World War II."[6] Although Norway is a major developed economy and the seventh-largest contributor to UN international development programs,[60] it is not a member of the EU, and thus is not represented in the G20 even indirectly.[6] Norway, like the other 173 nations not among the G-20, has little or no voice within the group. Støre characterized the G20 as a "self-appointed group", arguing that it undermines the legitimacy of international organizations set up in the aftermath of World War II, such as the IMF, World Bank and United Nations:



The G20 is a self-appointed group. Its composition is determined by the major countries and powers. It may be more representative than the G7 or the G8, in which only the richest countries are represented, but it is still arbitrary. We no longer live in the 19th century, a time when the major powers met and redrew the map of the world. No one needs a new Congress of Vienna.[6]


Norway, under the government of Erna Solberg, attended the 2017 G20 Summit in Hamburg, Germany.[61]



Spanish position on membership


As previously stated, the Spanish government's policy is to not request official membership. Despite being hit hard by the economic crisis after 2008, Spain is still the world's fourteenth largest economy by nominal GDP (the 5th in the European Union) and sixteenth largest by purchasing power parity, clearly exceeding the numbers of several current members of the G20 such as Argentina or South Africa. In addition, since the 1990s several Spanish companies have gained multinational status, often expanding their activities in culturally close Latin America, where Spain is the second biggest foreign investor after the United States and keeps an important influence. These facts have reinforced the idea that Spain should seek permanent membership of the G20.



Polish aspirations


Contrary to the Spanish position, the Polish government has repeatedly asked to join the G20.


Before the 2009 G20 London summit, the Polish government expressed an interest in joining with Spain and the Netherlands and condemned an "organisational mess" in which a few European leaders speak in the name of all the EU without legitimate authorisation in cases which belong to the European Commission.


During a 2010 meeting with foreign diplomats, former Polish president Lech Kaczyński said:



Polish economy is according to our data an 18th world economy. The place of my country is among the members of the G20. This is a very simple postulate: firstly – it results from the size of Polish economy, secondly – it results from the fact that Poland is the biggest country in its region and the biggest country that has experienced a certain story. That story is a political and economic transformation.[62]


In 2012 Forbes wrote that swapping Argentina for Poland should be considered, claiming that the Polish economy was headed toward a leadership role in Europe and its membership would be more legitimate.[63] Similar opinions have been later expressed by American magazine Foreign Policy, Wall Street Journal and by Mamta Murthi from the World Bank.[64][65][66]


In 2014 consulting company Ernst & Young published its report about optimal members for G20. After analyzing trade, institutional and investment links Poland was included as one of the optimal members.[67]


G20 membership has been part of Poland's Law and Justice party and President Andrzej Duda political program.[68]
In March 2017, Deputy Prime Minister of Poland Mateusz Morawiecki took part in a meeting of G20 financial ministers in Baden-Baden as the first Polish representative.[69][70]


Poland registered in 2017 a GDP of $524 billion while Argentina surpassed that number by 21%.



Global Governance Group (3G) response


In June 2010, Singapore's representative to the United Nations warned the G20 that its decisions would affect "all countries, big and small", and asserted that prominent non-G20 members should be included in financial reform discussions.[71] Singapore thereafter took a leading role in organizing the Global Governance Group (3G), an informal grouping of 30 non-G20 countries (including several microstates and many Third World countries) with the aim of collectively channelling their views into the G20 process more effectively.[72][73][74] Singapore's chairing of the 3G was cited as a rationale for inviting Singapore to the November 2010 G20 summit in South Korea, as well as the 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 and the recently concluded 2017 summits.[75]



Foreign Policy critiques


The American magazine Foreign Policy has published articles condemning the G20, in terms of its principal function as an alternative to the supposedly exclusive G8. It questions the actions of some of the G20 members, and advances the notion that some nations should not have membership in the first place. Furthermore, with the effects of the Great Recession still ongoing, the magazine has criticized the G20's efforts to implement reforms of the world's financial institutions, branding such efforts as failed.[76]



Wider concerns


The G20's prominent membership gives it a strong input on global policy despite lacking any formal ability to enforce rules. There are disputes over the legitimacy of the G20,[77] and criticisms of its organisation and the efficacy of its declarations.[78]


The G20's transparency and accountability have been questioned by critics, who call attention to the absence of a formal charter and the fact that the most important G20 meetings are closed-door.[79] In 2001, the economist Frances Stewart proposed an Economic Security Council within the United Nations as an alternative to the G20. In such a council, members would be elected by the General Assembly based on their importance to the world economy, and the contribution they are willing to provide to world economic development.[80]


The cost and extent of summit-related security is often a contentious issue in the hosting country, and G20 summits have attracted protesters from a variety of backgrounds, including information activists, opponents of fractional-reserve banking and anti-capitalists. In 2010, the Toronto G20 summit sparked mass protests and rioting, leading to the largest mass arrest in Canada's history.



See also




  • Big Four (Western Europe)

  • Pacific Alliance

  • Emerging power

  • Group of Ten (economics)


  • Group of Eight or G8


  • Group of Seven or G7

  • BRICS

  • MIKTA

  • Great power

  • Middle power

  • Regional power

  • Global governance

  • List of countries by GDP (nominal)

  • List of countries by GDP (PPP)

  • List of country groupings

  • List of multilateral free-trade agreements



Notes





  1. ^ ab The de jure head of government of China is the Premier, whose current holder is Li Keqiang. The President of China is legally a ceremonial office, but the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (de facto leader) has always held this office since 1993 except for the months of transition, and the current paramount leader is President Xi Jinping.




References



Footnotes





  1. ^ ab "FAQ #5: What are the criteria for G-20 membership?" Archived 16 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine. G20.org. Retrieved 21 February 2013.


  2. ^ abcde "G20 Members". G20.org. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 15 January 2014..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  3. ^ ab "G20 Finance Ministers Committed to Sustainable Development". IPS News. Retrieved 4 December 2015.


  4. ^ "Global Politics". Andrew Heywood. Retrieved 4 December 2015.


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  9. ^ See, e.g., Woods 2006; Gilpin 2001; Markwell 2006.


  10. ^ "What is the G20?". University of Toronto. 2010. Retrieved 12 November 2014.


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  13. ^ abc Kirton, John (17 December 2013). "Explaining G20 Summit Success". G20 Information Centre. Munk School of Global Affairs, University of Toronto. Retrieved 7 July 2017.


  14. ^ ab "Who gets to rule the world". Sean Kilpatrick. Maclean's Magazine (Canada). 1 July 2010


  15. ^ abc Ibbitson, John; Perkins, Tara (18 June 2010). "How Canada made the G20 happen". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 7 July 2017.


  16. ^ Thomas Axworthy. "Eight is not enough at summit." Toronto Star. 8 June 2007. Retrieved 16 April 2011.


  17. ^ Wade 2009, p. 553.


  18. ^ "US to host next G20 world meeting". BBC News. 28 May 2009. Retrieved 9 December 2012.


  19. ^ "Leaders' statement, the Pittsburgh Summit," p. 19 §50 (PDF) Archived 12 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine. G20.org. 25 September 2009.


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  21. ^ "G20 Ministerial Meetings". G20 Research Group. Retrieved 13 September 2014.


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  24. ^ "Argentina fue elegida sede del G-20 para 2018". www.clarin.com (in Spanish).


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  26. ^ "Saudi Arabia to host G20 summit in 2020". The National. 8 July 2017.


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  29. ^ "The Rotating G20 Presidency: How do member countries take turns?". boell.de. 30 November 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2019.


  30. ^ "G20 Members". g20.org.tr. Retrieved 3 March 2019.


  31. ^ "G20 website" G20 website. Retrieved 19 December 2017


  32. ^ abc "Who Would Host a G20 Secretariat?" Chosun Ilbo. 15 November 2010. Retrieved 14 March 2013.


  33. ^ Wouters & Van Kerckhoven 2011.


  34. ^ "G20 Members". G20 2015 Turkey. Retrieved 2018-12-04.


  35. ^ Joe Tambini (7 July 2017). "G20 2017 countries: Who are the members of the G20?". Express. Retrieved 2018-12-04.


  36. ^ "The G20 and the world". G20 Australia 2014. Archived from the original on 11 February 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2014.


  37. ^ "What is the G-20". G20.org. Archived from the original on 20 November 2013. Retrieved 27 June 2010.


  38. ^ "Van Rompuy and Barroso to both represent EU at G20". EUobserver.com. 19 March 2010. Retrieved 21 October 2012. "The permanent president of the EU Council, former Belgian premier Herman Van Rompuy, also represents the bloc abroad in foreign policy and security matters...in other areas, such as climate change, President Barroso will speak on behalf of the 27-member club."


  39. ^ abcde "World Economic Outlook Database: GDP, GDP per capita, GDP PPP, GDP PPP per capita, Population for G20 countries (sans EU)". International Monetary Fund. April 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2017. (2016 GDP and GDP PPP numbers for Germany are IMF staff estimates.)


  40. ^ abcde "World Economic Outlook Database: GDP, GDP PPP, Population for EU countries". International Monetary Fund. April 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2017. (2016 GDP and GDP PPP numbers for Belgium, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Luxembourg, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Sweden are IMF staff estimates.)


  41. ^ "World Economic Outlook Database: WEO Groups and Aggregates Information". International Monetary Fund. April 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2017.


  42. ^ "World Economic Outlook: Frequently Asked Questions. Q. How does the WEO categorize advanced versus emerging market and developing economies?". International Monetary Fund. 29 July 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2017.


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  46. ^ The G20 monitor systemic seven countries to try to rebalance the world economy. Economics Newspaper. 26 June 2011. Retrieved 3 December 2011.


  47. ^ España será invitado permanente en el G-20. Elpais.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 December 2011.


  48. ^ ab "Asia to play bigger role on world stage, G20: ADB report". The People's Daily. 26 April 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2011.


  49. ^ abcd "G20 and the world". G20.org. 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2015.


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  51. ^ Ibbitson, John (18 June 2016). "How Canada Made the G20 Happen". theglobeandmail.com. Toronto. Retrieved 18 July 2017.


  52. ^ "The End of the G-20". Foreign Affairs. September 2016. – via Foreign Affairs (subscription required)


  53. ^ ab The Federal Government, of Germany (1 December 2016). "The G20 Presidency 2017 at a Glance". G20.org. Berlin. Archived from the original on 6 July 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2017.


  54. ^ ab Firzli, M. Nicolas J. (7 July 2017). "G20 Nations Shifting the Trillions: Impact Investing, Green Infrastructure and Inclusive Growth" (PDF). Revue Analyse Financière. Paris. Retrieved 7 July 2017.


  55. ^ Abschlusserklärung steht – Dissens bleibt. tagesschau.de. 8 July 2017, retrieved 12 July 2017.


  56. ^ "About G-20" Archived 20 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine. G20.org. Retrieved 11 December 2012.


  57. ^ Vestergaard, Jakob (April 2011). "The G20 and Beyond: Towards Effective Global Economic Governance" (PDF). DIIS Report. Retrieved 25 June 2013.


  58. ^ Kelly Chernenkoff. "Obama to Usher In New World Order at G-20". Fox News. 25 September 2009. Retrieved 11 December 2012.


  59. ^ Cooper 2011.


  60. ^ "Norway and the UN". Norway.org. 12 May 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2012.


  61. ^ "Solberg eager to speak up at G20". NEWS in ENGLISH.no. 7 July 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2017.


  62. ^ Kamila Wronowska (2 March 2010). "Polska w G-20 - warto się bić?" [Poland in G-20 - is it worth the fight?]. dziennik.pl (in Polish).


  63. ^ Ferguson, Tim. "G20: Boot Argentina, Include Poland".


  64. ^ "Who would replace Argentina on the G20?".


  65. ^ Sobczyk, Marcin (3 February 2010). "G20 Needs Poland".


  66. ^ Jan Bolanowski (9 June 2014). "Eksperci nie mają wątpliwości: Polska powinna należeć do G20" [Experts have no doubts: Poland should belong to the G20]. biztok (in Polish).


  67. ^ "Polska w grupie G20: jeśli tam nie będziemy, inni będą decydować za nas". polskieradio.pl.


  68. ^ "Wyborcza.pl". wyborcza.pl.


  69. ^ "Rzeczy, które musisz wiedzieć o szczycie G20 | Ze świata". TVN24 BiS (in Polish). Retrieved 31 March 2017.


  70. ^ "Morawiecki wśród ministrów finansów G20 - Gospodarka - rp.pl". Retrieved 31 March 2017.


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  76. ^ Truman, Edwin M. (12 April 2012). "The G-20 Is Failing". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 24 April 2012.


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  80. ^ Stewart, Frances and Daws, Sam. "An Economic and Social Security Council at the United Nations" (PDF). Oxford University. March 2001. Retrieved 8 January 2013.




Bibliography


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Cooper, Andrew F. (2011). "The G20 and Its Regional Critics: The Search for Inclusion". Global Policy. doi:10.1111/j.1758-5899.2011.00081.x. ISSN 1758-5899.


Firzli, Nicolas J. (2017). "G20 Nations Shifting the Trillions: Impact Investing, Green Infrastructure and Inclusive Growth" (PDF). Revue Analyse Financière. 64 (3): 15–18.


Gilpin, Robert (2001). Global Political Economy: Understanding the International Economic Order. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08676-7.


Markwell, Donald (2006). John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198292364.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-829236-4.


Wade, Robert (2009). "From Global Imbalances to Global Reorganisations". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 33 (4): 539–562. doi:10.1093/cje/bep032. ISSN 1464-3545.


Woods, Ngaire (2006). The Globalizers: The IMF, the World Bank, and Their Borrowers. Cornell Studies in Money. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-4424-1. JSTOR 10.7591/j.ctt1ffjpgn.


Wouters, Jan; Van Kerckhoven, Sven (2011). "OECD and the G20: An Ever Closer Relationship" (PDF). George Washington International Law Review. 43 (2): 345–374. ISSN 1534-9977.




Further reading






Haas, Peter M. (1992). "Introduction: Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination" (PDF). International Organization. 46 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1017/S0020818300001442. ISSN 1531-5088. JSTOR 2706951.


Hajnal, Peter I. (2007). "The G8 System and the G20: Evolution, Role and Documentation". Global Finance Series. Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-4550-4.


Kirton, John J. (2013). G20 Governance for a Globalized World. Global Finance Series. Abingdon, England: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-4094-2829-9.


Reinalda, Bob; Verbeek, Bertjan, eds. (1998). Autonomous Policy Making by International Organizations. Routledge/ECPR Studies in European Political Science. 5. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-16486-3.


Samans, Richard; Uzan, Marc; Lopez-Claros, Augusto, eds. (2007). The International Monetary System, the IMF and the G-20: A Great Transformation in the Making?. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-52495-8.




External links








  • Official website Edit this at Wikidata

  • G20 website of the OECD


  • G20 Information Centre from the University of Toronto


  • A Guide To Committees, Groups, And Clubs from the International Monetary Fund


  • G20 Special Report from The Guardian


  • "G20 Special Report". Inter Press Service.

  • The G20's role in the post-crisis world by FRIDE


  • The Group of Twenty—A History, 2007

  • Economics for Everyone: G20 – Gearing for Growth
















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