概念模型

Multi tool use
概念模型(英文:Conceptual Models)在電腦人機互動領域中,概念模型指的是關於某種系統一系列在構想、概念上的描述,敘述其如何作用,能讓使用者瞭解此系統被設計師預設之使用方式。
概念模型的產生
概念模型的產生方式有以下兩種:基于活動(Based on activities)或基于对象(Based on objects)。
基于活動
依照所要進行的活動區分,使用者與系統間常見的互動方式有以下四種類型:
指示(Instructing)-使用者輸入指令或要求,從目錄選單中選擇、按下按鈕等。此類型概念模式的優點在於,它提供快速且有效率的互動。例如路邊常見的自動販賣機即屬於此類型。但此類型僅只於使用者對系統下達命令,為單向的傳播。
對話(Conversing)-此類型的基本概念為使用者與系統間產生「對話」。與上一類型不同的是,對話是試圖產生雙向的溝通,系統不再只是執行指令的機器。當使用者需要找出某種特定的資訊時,即適用於此類型,如搜尋引擎即為其中一例。對話類型的優勢在於,它能夠讓使用者以原本熟悉的方式與系統進行互動,但缺點為可能容易產生誤解。
操作(Manipulating and Navigating)-此類型中最常見的例子為「直接操作」(Direct manipulation),這是由Ben Shneiderman(1983)提出的辭彙,而根據Shneiderman,直接操作介面的特點包括:立即動作且能得到立即的回饋,以實際動作、按鍵取代語法複雜的指令等。其優點在於操作容易,此種直接介面能幫助新手快速學習基本操作方式,而老手則能夠將其運用在執行更多任務上,即使久未接觸的使用者,也能夠輕易記起操作方式。其中最著名的例子為早期蘋果電腦的Mac desktop,在此介面上,如果我們使用繪圖工具,介面上即能立即出現繪製的線條,或者將某個檔案拖曳放置於介面上的垃圾桶,會即時出現相應的聲音或影像,代表檔案已成功地被丟棄。
搜尋及瀏覽(Exploring and Browsing)-讓使用者能夠搜尋或瀏覽各種資訊。例如CD-ROM、網頁等都屬於此類。
基于对象
基于对象區分,也可說是依照工具區分,此類型比依照活動區分要更來得精確,也就是在某情境之下,某個特定对象被使用的方式。根據Winograd,「試算表」(spreadsheet)是其中一種最成功的範例(Winograd, 1996)。而Dan Bricklin發明的VisiCalc是世界上第一套電子試算表。其成功原因不外乎為Bricklin瞭解商業界活動的需求,並試圖探究現存工具在執行活動時所產生的問題。
GPF,KlzcsUwu5fWueny99 Bu3s,cRIYeq1 quKUzuc dXhG,g3GG7M,Pz,6d,7jXj,s1fPRuGoTlVF4XAtD GghgLLBnKN5Q nr Q
Popular posts from this blog
This article is about the letter of the alphabet. For other uses, see Y (disambiguation). See also: Wye (disambiguation) Y Y y (See below) Usage Writing system Latin script Type Alphabetic and Logographic Language of origin Latin language Phonetic usage [ y ] [ ɨ ] [ j ] [ iː ] [ ɪ ] [ ɘ ] [ ə ] [ ɯ ] [ ɛː ] [ j ] [ ɥ ] [ ɣ̟ ] / w aɪ / / aɪ / Unicode value U+0059, U+0079 Alphabetical position 25 History Development Υ υ 𐌖 Y y Time period 54 to present Descendants • U • V • W • Ỿ • ¥ • Ꮙ • Ꮍ • Ꭹ Sisters F Ѵ У Ў Ұ Ү ו و ܘ וּ וֹ ࠅ 𐎆 𐡅 ወ વ ૂ ુ उ Variations (See below) Other Other letters commonly used with y(x), ly, ny This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. ISO basic Latin alphabet Aa Bb Cc D...
Mount Tamalpais Mount Tamalpais, viewed from the south Highest point Elevation 2,571 ft (784 m) NAVD 88 [1] Prominence 2,456 ft (749 m) [1] Listing California county high points 55th Coordinates 37°55′45″N 122°34′40″W / 37.929088°N 122.577829°W / 37.929088; -122.577829 Coordinates: 37°55′45″N 122°34′40″W / 37.929088°N 122.577829°W / 37.929088; -122.577829 [1] Geography Mount Tamalpais Marin County, California, U.S. Show map of California Mount Tamalpais Mount Tamalpais (the US) Show map of the US Parent range California Coast Ranges Topo map USGS San Rafael Geology Mountain type Sedimentary Climbing First ascent 1830s by Jacob P. Leese (first recorded ascent) [2] Easiest route Railroad Grade fire trail Mount Tamalpais ( / t æ m əl ˈ p aɪ . ɪ s / ; TAM -əl- PY -iss ; Coast Miwok: /t̪ɑmɑlˈpɑis̺/ , known locally as Mount Tam ) is a peak in Marin County, California, United State...
FMW Women's Championship Details Promotion Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling [1] Date established November 5, 1990 [1] Date retired September 28, 1997 Other name(s) WWA World Women's Championship FMW Independent Women's Championship Statistics First champion(s) Combat Toyoda [1] Most reigns Megumi Kudo (6 reigns) [1] Longest reign Megumi Kudo (426 days) [1] Shortest reign Shark Tsuchiya (<1 day) [1] The FMW Women's Championship (or the FMW Independent Women's & WWA Women's Championship ) was two Japanese women's professional wrestling championships (WWA World Women's Championship and FMW Independent World Women's Championship) contested in the promotion Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling (FMW). During the heyday of FMW, the female wrestlers wrestled in the same types of bloody death matches as the FMW men, and were feared by other Japanese female wrestlers for their toughness and intensity. ...