List of heads of state of Haiti
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This article lists the heads of state of Haiti since the beginning of the Haitian Revolution in 1791. Full independence of Haiti was declared in 1804.
Between 1806 and 1820 Haiti was divided between the northern State, renamed Kingdom of Haiti in 1811, and the southern Republic of Haiti. Between 1822 and 1844 the Republic of Haiti ruled over the entire island of Hispaniola, during the period known as the unification of Hispaniola.
Contents
1 Heads of State of Haiti
1.1 Saint-Domingue (1791–1804)
1.2 First Empire of Haiti (1804–1806)
1.3 State of Haiti (1806–1811)
1.4 Kingdom of Haiti (1811–1820)
1.5 Republic of Haiti (1806–1822)
1.6 Republic of Haiti during the unification of Hispaniola (1822–1844)
1.7 Republic of Haiti (1844–1849)
1.8 Second Empire of Haiti (1849–1859)
1.9 Republic of Haiti (1859–1957)
1.10 Republic of Haiti during the Duvalier dynasty (1957–1986)
1.11 Republic of Haiti (1986–present)
2 Foreign governors and military commanders
3 Notes
4 See also
Heads of State of Haiti
Saint-Domingue (1791–1804)
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term of office | Party | Title(s) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N/A |  | Toussaint Louverture (1743–1803) | 1 January 1791 | 6 May 1802 | Independent | Leader of the Haitian Revolution (1 January 1791 – 6 May 1802) Lieutenant Governor of Saint-Domingue (1797 – 7 July 1801) Governor-General for Life of the entire island of Hispaniola (7 July 1801 – 6 May 1802) | |
Vacant (6 May 1802–1 January 1804) | |||||||
| N/A |  | Jean-Jacques Dessalines (1758–1806) | 1 January 1804 | 22 September 1804 | Independent | Governor-General of Haiti | |
First Empire of Haiti (1804–1806)
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Period of reign | Coronation | Title(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | | Jacques I (1758–1806) | 22 September 1804 | 17 October 1806 | 8 October 1804 | Emperor of Haiti |
State of Haiti (1806–1811)
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term of office | Party | Title(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N/A |  | Henri Christophe (1767–1820) | 17 October 1806 | 28 March 1811 | Independent | Provisional Chief of the Haitian Government (17 October 1806 – 17 February 1807) President (17 February 1807 – 28 March 1811)[a] |
Kingdom of Haiti (1811–1820)
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Period of reign | Coronation | Title(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N/A | | Henri I (1767–1820) | 28 March 1811 | 8 October 1820 | 2 June 1811 | King of Haiti[b] |
Republic of Haiti (1806–1822)
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term of office | Party | Title(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  | Alexandre Pétion (1770–1818) | 17 October 1806 | 29 March 1818 | Independent | President (17 October 1806 – 9 October 1816) President for Life (9 October 1816 – 29 March 1818)[c] |
| 2 |  | Jean-Pierre Boyer (1776–1850) | 30 March 1818 | 9 February 1822 | Independent | President for Life[d] |
Republic of Haiti during the unification of Hispaniola (1822–1844)
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term of office | Party | Title(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(2) | | Jean-Pierre Boyer (1776–1850) | 9 February 1822 | 13 February 1843 | Independent | President for Life |
| 3 |  | Charles Rivière-Hérard (1789–1850) | 4 April 1843 | 27 February 1844 | Independent | President |
Republic of Haiti (1844–1849)
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term of office | Party | Title(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(3) | | Charles Rivière-Hérard (1789–1850) | 27 February 1844 | 3 May 1844 | Independent | President |
| 4 |  | Philippe Guerrier (1757–1845) | 3 May 1844 | 15 April 1845 | Independent | President |
| 5 |  | Jean-Louis Pierrot (1761–1857) | 16 April 1845 | 24 March 1846 | Independent | President |
| 6 |  | Jean-Baptiste Riché (1780–1847) | 24 March 1846 | 28 February 1847 | Independent | President |
| 7 |  | Faustin Soulouque (1782–1867) | 2 March 1847 | 26 August 1849 | Independent | President |
Second Empire of Haiti (1849–1859)
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Period of reign | Coronation | Title(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 |  | Faustin I (1782–1867) | 26 August 1849 | 22 January 1859 | 18 April 1852 | Emperor of Haiti |
Republic of Haiti (1859–1957)
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term of office | Party | Title(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8 |  | Fabre Geffrard (1806–1878) | 22 January 1859 | 13 March 1867 | Independent | President |
| — |  | Nissage Saget (1810–1880) | 20 March 1867 | 2 May 1867 | Independent | Provisional President |
| 9 |  | Sylvain Salnave (1827–1870) | 4 May 1867 | 27 December 1869 | Independent | President |
| 10 | | Nissage Saget (1810–1880) | 27 December 1869 | 14 May 1874 | Liberal Party | President |
| — |  | Council of Secretaries of State | 14 May 1874 | 14 June 1874 | Independent | Council of Secretaries of State |
| 11 |  | Michel Domingue (1813–1877) | 14 June 1874 | 15 April 1876 | Independent | President |
| 12 |  | Pierre Théoma Boisrond-Canal (1832–1905) | 23 April 1876 | 17 July 1879 | Liberal Party | Provisional President (23 April 1876 – 17 July 1876) President (17 July 1876 – 17 July 1879) |
| — | | Joseph Lamothe (?–1891) | 26 July 1879 | 2 October 1879 | Independent | Provisional President |
| 13 |  | Lysius Salomon (1815–1888) | 2 October 1879 | 10 August 1888 | National Party | President |
| — | | Pierre Théoma Boisrond-Canal (1832–1905) | 10 August 1888 | 16 October 1888 | Liberal Party | Provisional President |
| 14 |  | François Denys Légitime (1841–1935) | 16 October 1888 | 23 August 1889 | Liberal Party | President |
| — | | Monpoint Jeune (1830–1905) | 23 August 1889 | 17 October 1889 | Independent | Provisional President |
| 15 |  | Florvil Hyppolite (1828–1896) | 17 October 1889 | 24 March 1896 | National Party | President |
| 16 |  | Tirésias Simon Sam (1835–1916) | 31 March 1896 | 12 May 1902 | National Party | President |
| — | | Pierre Théoma Boisrond-Canal (1832–1905) | 26 May 1902 | 17 December 1902 | Liberal Party | Provisional President |
| 17 |  | Pierre Nord Alexis (1820–1910) | 21 December 1902 | 2 December 1908 | Military | President |
| 18 |  | François C. Antoine Simon (1843–1923) | 6 December 1908 | 3 August 1911 | Liberal Party | President |
| 19 |  | Cincinnatus Leconte (1854–1912) | 15 August 1911 | 8 August 1912 | National Party | President[e] |
| 20 |  | Tancrède Auguste (1856–1913) | 8 August 1912 | 2 May 1913 | National Party | President |
| 21 |  | Michel Oreste (1859–1918) | 12 May 1913 | 27 January 1914 | Independent | President |
| 22 |  | Oreste Zamor (1861–1915) | 8 February 1914 | 29 October 1914 | Military | President |
| 23 |  | Joseph Davilmar Théodore (1847–1917) | 7 November 1914 | 22 February 1915 | Military | President |
| 24 |  | Vilbrun Guillaume Sam (1859–1915) | 25 February 1915 | 28 July 1915 | Military | President[f] |
| 25 |  | Philippe Sudré Dartiguenave (1863–1926) | 12 August 1915 | 15 May 1922 | Independent | President[g] |
| 26 |  | Louis Borno (1865–1942) | 15 May 1922 | 15 May 1930 | Independent | President[g] |
| 27 |  | Louis Eugène Roy (1861–1939) | 15 May 1930 | 18 November 1930 | Independent | President[g] |
| 28 |  | Sténio Vincent (1874–1959) | 18 November 1930 | 15 May 1941 | Independent | President[h] |
| 29 |  | Élie Lescot (1883–1974) | 15 May 1941 | 11 January 1946 | Liberal Party | President |
| — |  | Franck Lavaud (1903–1986) | 11 January 1946 | 16 August 1946 | Military | Chairman of the Military Executive Committee |
| 30 |  | Dumarsais Estimé (1900–1953) | 16 August 1946 | 10 May 1950 | Independent | President |
| — | | Franck Lavaud (1903–1986) | 10 May 1950 | 6 December 1950 | Military | Chairman of the Government Junta |
| 31 |  | Paul Magloire (1907–2001) | 6 December 1950 | 12 December 1956 | Peasant Worker Movement | President |
| — |  | Joseph Nemours Pierre-Louis (1900–1966) | 12 December 1956 | 3 February 1957 | Independent | Provisional President |
| — |  | Franck Sylvain (1909–1987) | 7 February 1957 | 2 April 1957 | Independent | Provisional President |
| — | | Executive Government Council | 2 April 1957 | 25 May 1957 | Independent | Executive Government Council |
| — |  | Daniel Fignolé (1913–1986) | 25 May 1957 | 14 June 1957 | Peasant Worker Movement | Provisional President |
| — |  | Antonio Thrasybule Kébreau (1909–1963) | 14 June 1957 | 22 October 1957 | Military | Chairman of the Military Council |
Republic of Haiti during the Duvalier dynasty (1957–1986)
- Symbols
P Presidential referendum
C Constitutional referendum
† Died in office
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Elected | Term of office | Party | Title(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 32 |  | François Duvalier (1907–1971) | 1957 1961[P] 1964[C] | 22 October 1957 | 21 April 1971[†] | National Unity Party | President (22 October 1957 – 22 June 1964) President for Life (22 June 1964 – 21 April 1971) |
| 33 |  | Jean-Claude Duvalier (1951–2014) | 1971[C] 1985[C] | 21 April 1971 | 7 February 1986[i] | National Unity Party | President for Life |
Republic of Haiti (1986–present)
- Symbols
I Indirect election
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Elected | Term of office | Party | Title(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| — | | Henri Namphy (1932–2018) | — | 7 February 1986 | 7 February 1988 | Military | President of the National Council of Government |
| 34 | | Leslie Manigat (1930–2014) | 1988 | 7 February 1988 | 20 June 1988[j] | Rally of Progressive National Democrats | President |
| 35 | | Henri Namphy (1932–2018) | — | 20 June 1988 | 17 September 1988[k] | Military | President |
| 36 | | Prosper Avril (1937–) | — | 17 September 1988 | 10 March 1990 | Military | President |
| — | | Hérard Abraham (1940–) | — | 10 March 1990 | 13 March 1990 | Military | Acting President |
| — |  | Ertha Pascal-Trouillot (1943–) | — | 13 March 1990 | 7 February 1991 | Independent | Provisional President |
| 37 |  | Jean-Bertrand Aristide (1953–) | 1990 | 7 February 1991 | 29 September 1991[l] | Lavalas Political Organization | President |
| N/A | | Raoul Cédras (1949–) | — | 29 September 1991 | 8 October 1991 | Military | Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces[m] |
| — | | Joseph Nérette (1924–2007) | — | 8 October 1991 | 19 June 1992 | Independent | Provisional President |
| — | | Marc Bazin (1932–2010) | — | 19 June 1992 | 15 June 1993 | Movement for the Instauration of Democracy in Haiti | Acting President |
| 37 | | Jean-Bertrand Aristide (1953–) | — | 15 June 1993 | 12 May 1994 | Lavalas Political Organization | President[n] |
| — | | Émile Jonassaint (1913–1995) | — | 12 May 1994 | 12 October 1994 | Independent | Provisional President |
| 37 | | Jean-Bertrand Aristide (1953–) | — | 12 October 1994 | 7 February 1996 | Lavalas Political Organization | President[o] |
| 38 |  | René Préval (1943–2017) | 1995 | 7 February 1996 | 7 February 2001 | Fanmi Lavalas | President |
| 39 | | Jean-Bertrand Aristide (1953–) | 2000 | 7 February 2001 | 29 February 2004[p] | Fanmi Lavalas | President |
| — |  | Boniface Alexandre (1936–) | — | 29 February 2004 | 14 May 2006 | Independent | Provisional President |
| 40 | | René Préval (1943–2017) | 2006 | 14 May 2006 | 14 May 2011 | Lespwa[q] | President |
(40) | Inite | ||||||
| 41 |  | Michel Martelly (1961–) | 2010–11 | 14 May 2011 | 7 February 2016 | Repons Peyizan | President |
| — | | Council of Ministers | — | 7 February 2016 | 14 February 2016 | Independent | Council of Ministers |
| — |  | Jocelerme Privert (1953–) | 2016 (Feb)[I] | 14 February 2016 | 7 February 2017 | Inite | Provisional President[r] |
| 42 |  | Jovenel Moïse (1968–) | 2016 (Nov) | 7 February 2017 | Incumbent | Haitian Tèt Kale Party | President |
Foreign governors and military commanders
| Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term of office | Title(s) | Country | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
United States occupation of Haiti | ||||||
 | William Banks Caperton (1855–1941) | 28 July 1915 | 15 August 1915 | Commander cruiser squadron, Atlantic Fleet |  United States | |
 | Littleton Waller (1856–1926) | 15 August 1915 | 21 November 1916 | Commander, Expeditionary Forces Operating in Haiti | United States | |
 | Eli K. Cole (1867–1929) | 22 November 1916 | 27 November 1917 | Commander, Expeditionary Forces Operating in Haiti | United States | |
 | John H. Russell Jr. (1872–1947) | 28 November 1917 | 6 December 1918 | Commander, Expeditionary Forces Operating in Haiti | United States | |
 | Albertus W. Catlin (1868–1933) | 7 December 1918 | 14 July 1919 | Commander, Expeditionary Forces Operating in Haiti | United States | |
 | Louis M. Little (1878–1960) | 15 July 1919 | 1 October 1919 | Commander, Expeditionary Forces Operating in Haiti | United States | |
| John H. Russell Jr. (1872–1947) | 2 October 1919 | 14 January 1922 | Commander, Expeditionary Forces Operating in Haiti | United States | |
 | George Van Orden (1878–1957) | 14 January 1922 | 28 March 1922 | Commander, Expeditionary Forces Operating in Haiti | United States | |
| Theodore P. Kane (1868–1943) | 29 March 1922 | 15 November 1923 | Commander, Expeditionary Forces Operating in Haiti | United States | |
| William N. McKelvy (1869–1933) | 16 November 1923 | 21 January 1924 | Commander, Expeditionary Forces Operating in Haiti | United States | |
 | Ben H. Fuller (1870–1937) | 21 January 1924 | 11 June 1925 | Commander, Expeditionary Forces Operating in Haiti | United States | |
| William N. McKelvy (1869–1933) | 12 June 1925 | 25 June 1925 | Commander, Expeditionary Forces Operating in Haiti | United States | |
| Harold Courtland Snyder (1872–1933) | 26 June 1925 | 29 July 1925 | Commander, Expeditionary Forces Operating in Haiti | United States | |
| Ben H. Fuller (1870–1937) | 30 July 1925 | 7 December 1925 | Commander, Expeditionary Forces Operating in Haiti | United States | |
 | John T. Myers (1871–1952) | 8 December 1925 | 24 January 1928 | Commander, Expeditionary Forces Operating in Haiti | United States | |
| Presley M. Rixey Jr. (1879–1953) | 25 January 1928 | 22 February 1928 | Commander, Expeditionary Forces Operating in Haiti | United States | |
| Louis Mason Gulick (1879–1933) | 23 February 1928 | 24 June 1929 | Commander, Expeditionary Forces Operating in Haiti | United States | |
| Richard M. Cutts (1878–1934) | 25 June 1929 | 11 May 1931 | Commander, Expeditionary Forces Operating in Haiti | United States | |
| Louis M. Little (1878–1960) | 3 July 1931 | 15 August 1934 | Commander, Expeditionary Forces Operating in Haiti | United States | |
 | Arthur Bailly-Blanchard (1855–1925) | 15 November 1915 | 26 September 1921 | Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary | United States | |
| John H. Russell Jr. (1872–1947) | 11 February 1922 | 16 November 1930 | High Commissioner to Haiti | United States | |
| Dana Gardner Munro (1892–1990) | 16 November 1930 | 14 September 1932 | Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary | United States | |
 | Norman Armour (1887–1982) | 7 November 1932 | 4 March 1933 | Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary | United States | |
| 11 April 1933 | 21 March 1935 | |||||
 | George A. Gordon (1885–1959) | 6 September 1935 | 21 July 1937 | Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary | United States | |
Operation Uphold Democracy | ||||||
 | Hugh Shelton (1942–) | 19 September 1994 | 25 October 1994 | Commander of the Multinational Forces Haiti (MNF) | United States | |
| David C. Meade (1941?–) | 25 October 1994 | 14 January 1995 | Commander of the Multinational Forces Haiti (MNF) | United States | |
 | George A. Fisher Jr. (1942–) | 14 January 1995 | 31 March 1995 | Commander of the Multinational Forces Haiti (MNF) | United States | |
| Joseph W. Kinzer (1939–) | 31 March 1995 | 5 March 1996 | Commander of the United Nations Mission in Haiti Force (UNMIH) | United States | |
| J. R. Pierre Daigle (1950–) | 5 March 1996 | 30 June 1997 | Commander of the United Nations Mission in Haiti Force (UNMIH) |  Canada | |
| Robin Gagnon (1950–) | 1 August 1997 | 30 November 1997 | Commander of the United Nations Mission in Haiti Force (UNMIH) | Canada | |
2004 Haitian coup d'état | ||||||
 | Ronald S. Coleman (1948–) | 29 February 2004 | 1 June 2004 | Commanding General, Combined Joint Task Force Haiti and Commander of the Multinational Interim Force in Haiti (MIF) | United States | |
 | Augusto Heleno (1947–) | 1 June 2004 | 1 September 2005 | Commander, United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti Force (MINUSTAH) |  Brazil | |
 | Urano Teixeira da Matta Bacellar (1947–2006) | 1 September 2005 | 7 January 2006 | Commander, United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti Force (MINUSTAH) | Brazil | |
| Eduardo Aldunate Herman (1948–) Interim | 7 January 2006 | 20 January 2006 | Interim Commander, United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti Force (MINUSTAH) |  Chile | |
 | José Elito Carvalho de Siqueira (1946–) | 20 January 2006 | 9 January 2007 | Commander, United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti Force (MINUSTAH) | Brazil | |
 | Carlos Alberto Dos Santos Cruz (1952–) | 9 January 2007 | 9 April 2009 | Commander, United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti Force (MINUSTAH) | Brazil | |
 | Floriano Peixoto Vieira Neto (1954–) | 9 April 2009 | 11 April 2010 | Commander, United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti Force (MINUSTAH) | Brazil | |
 | Luiz Guilherme Paul Cruz (1957–) | 11 April 2010 | 30 March 2011 | Commander, United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti Force (MINUSTAH) | Brazil | |
 | Luiz Eduardo Ramos Pereira (1956–) | 30 March 2011 | 27 March 2012 | Commander, United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti Force (MINUSTAH) | Brazil | |
| Fernando Rodrigues Goulart (1958–) | 27 March 2012 | 27 March 2013 | Commander, United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti Force (MINUSTAH) | Brazil | |
| Edson Leal Pujol (1955–) | 27 March 2013 | 15 March 2014 | Commander, United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti Force (MINUSTAH) | Brazil | |
| José Luiz Jaborandy Jr. (1958–2015) | 15 March 2014 | 30 August 2015 | Commander, United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti Force (MINUSTAH) | Brazil | |
| Jorge Peña Leiva (1961–) Acting | 4 September 2015 | 13 October 2015 | Acting Commander, United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti Force (MINUSTAH) | Chile | |
| Ajax Porto Pinheiro (1956–) | 13 October 2015 | 15 October 2017 | Commander, United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti Force (MINUSTAH) | Brazil | |
2010 Haiti earthquake | ||||||
 | P. K. "Ken" Keen (c. 1953–) | 14 January 2010 | 18 April 2010 | Commander of the Joint Task Force for Haiti (JTF–H) | United States | |
 | Simeon G. Trombitas (1948–) | 18 April 2010 | 1 June 2010 | Commander of the Joint Task Force for Haiti (JTF–H) | United States | |
Notes
^ Rule limited to the northern State of Haiti
^ Rule limited to the northern Kingdom of Haiti
^ Rule limited to the southern Republic of Haiti
^ United the northern Kingdom and the southern Republic in 1820
^ Great-Grandson of Jean-Jacques Dessalines (Emperor of Haiti 1804–1806)
^ Son of Tirésias Simon Sam (President of Haiti 1896–1902). Also the inspiration for Eugene O'Neill's The Emperor Jones
^ abc Served under the United States occupation
^ Served under the United States occupation until 1934
^ Deposed in the Anti-Duvalier protest movement
^ Deposed in the June 1988 coup d'état
^ Deposed in the September 1988 coup d'état
^ Deposed in the 1991 coup d'état
^ De facto leader of Haiti (29 September 1991 – 12 October 1994)
^ In exile, but recognized in Haiti
^ Served under the United States occupation until 1995
^ Deposed in the 2004 coup d'état
^ Until November 2009
^ Presidential term expired on 14 June 2016
See also
- History of Haiti
- Politics of Haiti
- President of Haiti
Prime Minister of Haiti
- List of Prime Ministers of Haiti
- List of Haitian consorts
Heads of State of Haiti | ||
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| Post-Revolutionary (1804–59) |
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| Post-Imperial (1859–1930) |
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| Post-Occupation (1930–86) |
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| Post-Duvalier (1986–2011) |
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| Post-Earthquake (2011–present) |
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