聚合
Multi tool use
聚合是将一种或几种具有简单小分子的物质，合并成具有大分子量的物质的化工单元过程。
大分子量的物质一般叫作聚合物或高分子化合物，分子量都高达几千甚至几百万。淀粉、纤维素都是天然的高聚物，是由单糖聚合而成的。塑料是人工合成的高聚物。能够聚合成高聚物的小分子物质叫做单体，单体一般有三类：一种是含有不饱和键，大部分是碳碳双键，也可能是碳碳三键或者是碳氮三键；另一种单体是含有两个或多个有特殊功能的原子团；第三种单体是不同原子组成的环状分子，比如碳氧环、氧硫环、碳氮环等。这些单体可以互相连接形成高聚物。
如果聚合是由同一种单体进行的叫做均聚；如果由几种不同的单体形成高聚物，叫做共聚。
例如由乙烯分子作为单体聚合形成聚乙烯塑料的过程就叫做均聚；此外还有丙烯均聚形成聚丙烯塑料，氯乙烯形成聚氯乙烯等。
有乙烯和丙烯进行共聚，可以形成合成橡胶，叫做乙丙橡胶。
任何小分子合并的过程都可以叫做聚合，不仅仅是必须形成高聚物。例如三个甲醛分子合成一个三聚甲醛分子的过程也叫做聚合过程。
参见
有机反应
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重排反应 · 加成反应 · 聚合反应 · 立体选择性 · 取代反应 · 区域选择性 · 消除反应 · 氧化还原反应 · 有机化学试剂 · 周环反应
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化学反应列表 |
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- AAT: 300220344
- GND: 4175300-8
- NDL: 00575079
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