性虐待



























性虐待英语:Sexual abuse)是針對非自願的人士進行與性有關的虐待。與虐恋不同的是,虐恋是雙方都同意的性行為,性虐待的受方则非自願,即一方在對方未經同意的情况下对其進行性侵犯和虐待等暴力行為,在大多數國家都属違法。在某些情況下被归为家庭暴力的一種。


大部分國家對於人和動物性交(人獸交)這方面都有規範,有時強制對動物性交也是種性虐待。




目录






  • 1 婚内性虐待


  • 2 权位


  • 3 儿童性虐待和影响


  • 4 对发育性残疾人惡性虐待


  • 5 性虐待和少数民族


  • 6 幸存者


  • 7 其它动物


  • 8 參見


  • 9 脚注


  • 10 参考文献





婚内性虐待



婚内性虐待是家庭暴力的一种形式。当虐待包含强迫性行为时,可能构成对婚姻对方的强奸行为,依据司法管辖权的定义,可能会被定罪。



权位


施虐者可以利用权势来遮蔽性行为不检点,胁迫某人进行不愿意的性行为。例如,职场性骚扰中,员工可能害怕失去工作机会而受到胁迫。教育界性骚扰可能是学生害怕被权势处分,例如成绩不及格,而受到性侵犯。


宗教界也出现一些性丑闻,常常在非施虐者那里得到包庇,包括新教[1]、天主教、[2]、伊斯兰教[3]、其它宗教派系[4][5][6]、犹太教[7][8]等。



儿童性虐待和影响




《放开我,肮脏的绿帽子》,1905年,马丁·冯·马伊尔


儿童性虐待是虐待儿童的一种形式,儿童被成人或年龄较大的青春期儿童虐待以满足性欲,也泛指成年人对青春期少女性欲过盛者或对在校女生的性特征虐待(如使用性制品让受害少女体验到强烈的性交快感[9][10],它包括性接触,成人或年龄稍大的人会做出下流的暴露行为(如生殖器、女性乳头等)给孩子看,以满足他们的性欲望,恐吓儿童,胁迫他们发生性行为,给孩子看色情图片,使用儿童制作色情产品。[9][11][12]


儿童性虐待的影响包括内疚和自责、痛苦重现、噩梦、失眠、害怕与虐待相关的事物(包括物品、气味、地点、看大夫等),自尊受损、性功能障碍、长期痛苦、物质依赖、自残、试图自杀、躯体问题、重性抑郁障碍[13]、创伤后心理压力紧张综合症[14]、焦虑[15]、其它精神病(包括边缘性人格障碍)[16],常常在成人其再次成为牺牲品[17],对其它儿童进行物理伤害,以及其它问题。[18]儿童性侵犯的受害人自杀的比例高出了六倍[19],反复尝试自杀的比例高出了八倍。[19]施虐者也更倾向于自杀。在虐待施行后多年,对受害人造成的伤害才会出现。


家族成员对儿童实施的性虐待是一种近亲性交的形式,导致更加严重的、长期的心理创伤,特别是性虐待实施者是当事人的父母。[20]


大约有15%到25%的妇女,5%到15%的男士在儿童时期受到性虐待。[21][22][23][24][25]大多数施虐者熟知受害人;约有30%的施虐者是孩子的亲戚,常常是父亲、叔父或表亲;约有60%的施虐者是其它熟人,如家庭的朋友、保姆、邻居;陌生人占施虐者比例约为10%。大多素儿童性虐待是由男性实施的;女性对男童施虐比例约为14%,对女童施虐比例约为6%。[21]大多数对青春期前施虐的人是恋童者;[26][27]然而,有小部分人不满足恋童的标准。[28]



对发育性残疾人惡性虐待


患有发育性残疾的人们常常成为性虐待的牺牲品。研究表明,残障人士更容易受到性侵犯,这是由于缺乏理解所致[29]。对残障人士的性虐待比率高的惊人,然而大多数案件并没有获得关注。



性虐待和少数民族


性虐待在某些少数民族社区是个大问题。2007年,大量拉美裔在洛杉矶天主教教区受到性侵犯。[30]为了解决非裔美国人社区的性虐待问题,颇负盛誉的回旋基金会[31]赞助成立了www.blacksurvivors.org[32],作为全美在线支持群体和资料中心,为非裔美国受害人提供帮助。这个非盈利组织在2008年由西尔维娅·科尔曼建立,后者是为非裔美国性虐待受害人,全美性虐待预防专家。



幸存者


词汇「幸存者」(survivor)有时指受性侵後仍存活下来的受害人,虽然后者没有受到致命伤害,之后得到名誉恢复和治疗,在此特指性虐待和性侵犯的受害人。[33]例如,祭司性侵幸存者网络和幸存者信托都致力于此。



其它动物


其它动物也会出现性虐待,例如阿德利企鹅当中就会出现类似事件。[34]



參見



  • 性侵犯

  • 性騷擾



脚注





  1. ^ Stop Baptist Predators


  2. ^ Episcopalian Ministers 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2010-02-14.


  3. ^ Joe Murphy. Baroness Warsi: Some Pakistani men think young white girls are "fair game" for sex abuse - Politics - News - Evening Standard. Thisislondon.co.uk. 2012-05-18 [2012-06-02]. 


  4. ^ The Lutheran 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2010-01-21.Lutheran abuse 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2010-01-10.


  5. ^ Methodist abuse 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2009-06-25.


  6. ^ Anderson, Lavina. Case Reports of the Mormon Alliance Volume 1. 1995. ISBN 0-10-878835-0. 


  7. ^ Abuse Scandal Plagues Hasidic Jews In Brooklyn by Barbara Bradley Hagerty. All Things Considered, National Public Radio. 2 February 2009.


  8. ^ Amy, Neustein (编). Tempest in the Temple: Jewish Communities and Child Sex Scandals. Brandeis Series in American Jewish History, Culture, and Life. Waltham, Massachusetts: Brandeis University Press. 2009. ISBN 978-1-58465-671-5. 


  9. ^ 9.09.1 Child Sexual Abuse. Medline Plus. U.S. National Library of Medicine,. 2008-04-02. 


  10. ^ Committee on Professional Practice and Standards (COPPS), Board of Professional Affairs (BPA), American Psychological Association (APA); Catherine Acuff, Ph.D.; Steven Bisbing, Ph.D.; Michael Gottlieb, Ph.D.; Lisa Grossman, Ph.D.; Jody Porter, Ph.D.; Richard Reichbart, Ph.D.; Steven Sparta, Ph.D.; and C. Eugene Walker, Ph.D. Guidelines for Psychological Evaluations in Child Protection Matters. American Psychologist. August 1999, 54 (8): 586–593 [2008-05-07]. PMID 10453704. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.54.8.586. Lay summary – APA PsycNET (2008-05-07). Abuse, sexual (child): generally defined as contacts between a child and an adult or other person significantly older or in a position of power or control over the child, where the child is being used for sexual stimulation of the adult or other person.  引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)


  11. ^ Martin, J.; Anderson, J.; Romans, S.; Mullen, P; O'Shea, M. Asking about child sexual abuse: methodological implications of a two-stage survey. Child Abuse and Neglect. 1993, 17 (3): 383–392. PMID 8330225. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(93)90061-9. 


  12. ^ Child sexual abuse definition from the NSPCC


  13. ^ Roosa, M.W.; Reinholtz, C.; Angelini, P.J. The relation of child sexual abuse and depression in young women: comparisons across four ethnic groups. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 1999, 27 (1): 65–76. PMID 10197407.  已忽略未知参数|author-separator= (帮助)


  14. ^ Widom C.S. (1999). "Post-traumatic stress disorder in abused and neglected children grown up," American Journal of Psychiatry; 156(8):1223-1229.


  15. ^ Levitan, R. D., N. A. Rector, Sheldon, T., & Goering, P. (2003). "Childhood adversities associated with major depression and/or anxiety disorders in a community sample of Ontario: Issues of co-morbidity and specificity," Depression & Anxiety; 17, 34-42.


  16. ^ AJP.psychiatryonline.org


  17. ^ Messman-Moore, Terri L.; Long, Patricia J. Child Sexual Abuse and Revictimization in the Form of Adult Sexual Abuse, Adult Physical Abuse, and Adult Psychological Maltreatment. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2000, 15 (5): 489–502. doi:10.1177/088626000015005003. 


  18. ^ Dinwiddie, S; Heath, AC; Dunne, MP; Bucholz, KK; Madden, PA; Slutske, WS; Bierut, LJ; Statham, DB; Martin, NG. Early sexual abuse and lifetime psychopathology: a co-twin-control study. Psychological Medicine. 2000, 30 (1): 41–52. PMID 10722174. doi:10.1017/S0033291799001373.  已忽略未知参数|author-separator= (帮助) 引文格式1维护:显示-作者 (link)


  19. ^ 19.019.1 Drlowenstein.com 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2010-12-31.


  20. ^ Courtois, Christine A. Healing the Incest Wound: Adult Survivors in Therapy. W. W. Norton & Company. 1988: 208. ISBN 0-393-31356-5. 


  21. ^ 21.021.1 Julia Whealin, Ph.D. Child Sexual Abuse. National Center for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, US Department of Veterans Affairs. 2007-05-22. (原始内容存档于2009-07-30). 


  22. ^ David Finkelhor. Current Information on the Scope and Nature of Child Sexual Abuse (PDF). The Future of Children. summer/fall 1994,. (1994) 4(2): 31-53.  请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)


  23. ^ Crimes against Children Research Center


  24. ^ Family Research Laboratory


  25. ^ Kevin M. Gorey and Donald R. Leslie. The prevalence of child sexual abuse: Integrative review adjustment for potential response and measurement biases. Child Abuse & Neglect (Elsevier Science Ltd.). 1997, 21 (4, April 1997): 391–398. PMID 9134267. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(96)00180-9. 


  26. ^ Hall, MD, Ryan C.; Richard C. W. Hall, MD, PA. A Profile of Pedophilia: Definition, Characteristics of Offenders, Recidivism, Treatment Outcomes, and Forensic Issues (PDF). Mayo Clin Proc (Mayo Foundation for medical education and research). 2007, 82 (4): 457–71. PMID 17418075. doi:10.4065/82.4.457.  引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)[永久失效連結]


  27. ^ Ames, A.; Houston, D. A. Legal, social, and biological definitions of pedophilia. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 1990, 19 (4): 333–342. PMID 2205170. doi:10.1007/BF01541928. 


  28. ^ Laws, Dr. Richard; William T. O'Donohue. H. E.Barbaree, M. C.Seto. Sexual Deviance: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment. Guilford Press. 1997: 175–193. ISBN 1-57230-241-0. 


  29. ^ Sobsey & Varnhagen,1989


  30. ^ NPR.org


  31. ^ Leeway.org


  32. ^ Blacksurvivors.org


  33. ^ Dean of Students Office | Clark University. Clarku.edu. [2012-06-02]. (原始内容存档于2012-05-19). 


  34. ^ McKie, Robin. 'Sexual depravity' of penguins that Antarctic scientist dared not reveal. Guardian.co.uk. 9 June 2012. 




参考文献



  • Sorenson, Susan B. (1997). Violence and Sexual Abuse at Home: Current Issues in Spousal Battering and Child Maltreatment, New York: Haworth Press. ISBN 978-1-56024-681-7

  • Leigh Ann Reynolds. "People with Mental Retardation & Sexual Abuse. The Arc Q & A", Arc National Headquarters, 1997

  • Baladerian, N.(1991). "Sexual abuse of people with developmental disabilities", Sexuality and Disability 9(4), 323-335

  • Sobsey, D.(1994). Violence and Abuse in the Lives of People With Disabilities: The End of Silent Acceptance? Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. ISBN 978-1-55766-148-7

  • Sobsey D. and Varnhagen, C. (1989). "Sexual abuse and exploitation of people with disabilities: Toward Prevention and Treatment". In M. Csapo and L. Gougen (Eds) Special Education Across Canada (pp.199–218). Vancouver Centre for Human Developmental Research

  • Valenti-Hien, D. and Schwartz, L. (1995). "The sexual abuse interview for those with developmental disabilities". James Stanfield Company, Santa Barbara: California.








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