冰屋

Multi tool use
冰屋(Igloo,因纽特语:iglu/ ᐃᒡᓗ,意为“房屋”),又译雪屋或音译为伊格鲁,是一种由雪块构造而成的居所,通常都有一个圆顶。冰屋常常会被人们与居住在加拿大辽阔的北部地区的原住民因纽特人联系起来,因为因纽特猎人们正是把冰屋作为他们在漫长的严冬中狩猎期间的临时住所。
用来建造冰屋的雪必须有足够大的建筑学强度,能够切割成块状,并且能够按一定的条件堆积起来。最佳的建筑材料是被风吹製而成的雪和冰磚,这样的雪能够紧密地堆积并通过冰晶互相粘接。冰屋顶部一般开有一个通风口,位置比圆顶最高点略低些。有时候,在出口还会挖一条短地道,这样一来,不仅可以抵御狂风,还可以在开门的时候大大减少屋内热量的散失。由于雪是极好的绝缘和绝热材料,在住人用的冰屋中,居住条件相当舒适。
中央爱斯基摩人(特别是居住在戴维斯海峡(Davis Strait)附近的爱斯基摩人)往往习惯于用兽皮将冰屋周围起来。这样做能把室内温度从2 °C大幅提升到10-20 °C。
在建筑学意义上,冰屋的最独特之处就是它的圆顶。只需用一块块雪块按规律堆砌,这样的圆顶就可以建造起来了,而且外观相当平整且非常牢固,根本不需要现有的任何支承结构。

冰屋的横向剖面图:出口开在右侧,黄色代表地面。
因为在因纽特语中,伊格鲁(igloo,正确的拼法应该是iglu)本身的意思就是房屋,所以自20世纪以来,因纽特人开始用iglu的复数形式igluvigaq或者igluvigait来专门指代冰屋,以免混淆。
其它类型的冰屋和建造窍门
为了娱乐,或为了在雪地进行野外宿营及野外生存,还有一种更加简单的建造住所的方法。不过这种方法与建造冰屋也相当类似,就是堆起一大堆雪,再在里面挖出一个洞穴。这种“冰雪建筑”的所用的雪用不着像建造冰屋的用雪那么结实,而且建筑过程也简易得多(建筑者也不需要什么经验)。不过当然,这样的居所远远比不上正宗的冰屋那么坚固,而且只能作为临时建筑。
有一个窍门,能够更快更省力地建造冰屋。这个窍门就是先按照预定的冰屋形状堆起一堆硬纸板盒子,再用雪覆盖上去,之后凿出一个门,把里面的硬纸板盒全部取出,冰屋就建造好了。利用这个窍门,还能达到减少用雪量以及增大冰屋容积的效果。
还有一个使冰屋更加坚固和安全的好办法,即在建造好以后在其表面泼上水,水渗入雪块缝隙后就会冻成冰,使雪块黏结得更加牢固。(但是水必须在门开好了之后才能泼上去,否则此后你根本无法把门凿开,因为那些泼了水的雪块实在太硬了。)这样不仅能够使冰屋更加坚固和牢靠,而且会使它的表面更加光滑,以至谁也无法爬到冰屋的顶上去。而有人爬上冰屋正是冰屋倒塌的主要原因。而冰屋一旦倒塌,冰屋里面的人往往会有生命危险。
参见
爱斯基摩人(因纽特人)
- 格陵兰
- 雪
依格鲁利克(Igloolik)
雪堡(Snow Fort)
- 雪人
- 雪橇
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