Barony and Castle of Corsehill







































Corsehill Castle
Stewarton, East Ayrshire, Scotland
GB grid reference NS255564, 620506

CorsehillCastle.jpg
The remains of Corsehill Castle



Corsehill Castle is located in Scotland

Corsehill Castle

Corsehill Castle




Coordinates 55°41′12″N 4°31′09″W / 55.686787°N 4.519261°W / 55.686787; -4.519261
Site information
Owner Private
Open to
the public
No
Condition Ruin
Site history
Built 16th Century
Built by Cunningham
Materials Stone

The old Barony and castle of Corsehill lay within the feudal Baillerie of Cunninghame, near Stewarton, now East Ayrshire, Scotland.




Contents






  • 1 The Lands of Corsehill


    • 1.1 Old Corsehill Castle, Ravenscraig Castle and Corsehill House


    • 1.2 Templehouse fortalice


    • 1.3 The Baron-Court book


    • 1.4 King's Kitchen




  • 2 Corsehill Castle and King Malcolm Canmore


  • 3 Micro-history


  • 4 See also


  • 5 References


  • 6 External links





The Lands of Corsehill




William Aiton's 1811 map showing Stewarton, Corsehill and the lands around.


Godfrey de Ross was an early holder of the castle and lands of Corsehill, moving his seat here from the castle at Boarland (also 'Borland') or Dunlop hill. The De Ross family are now represented by the Earls of Glasgow.


Andrew Cunningham, second son of William Cunningham, 4th Earl of Glencairn, was the first of the House of Corsehill in 1532.[1] In 1532 his father had granted to him the lands of Doura, Potterton, Little Robertland, and the two Corsehills. In 1538 he was also granted Cuttiswray, Clarklands, et Hillhouse.[1] He was a great supporter of the reform movement and had his lands forfeited, later returned and died in 1545.[1] Cuthbert Cunningham, son of Andrew, inherited and married Matilda 'Maud' Cunningham of Aiket Castle. He had two sons, Alexander and Patrick, the latter being involved in the murder of Hugh, Earl of Eglinton.[1] Patrick was murdered in revenge by the Montgomeries.[2] The spelling 'Cunningham' will be used throughout for consistency where it stands alone.


Alexander Cunningham inherited and married Marion Porterfield of Duchal.[3] Alexander's son, also Alexander, held the lands of Lambruchton and Thirdpart in 1622[3] and died in 1667, being succeeded by his grandson, another Alexander Cunningham, who was given the dignity of a Baronet in 1672.[3] In 1626 Alexander Cunningham senior of Corsehill is recorded.[4] In 1691 the Hearth Tax records show the 'House of Corsehill' as having ten hearths and suggests that 83 other dwellings were located in the barony.[5] David Cunningham was the last to occupy Corsehill House and he then lived at Doura Hall near Kilwinning where he had proposed building himself a new laird's house.[6]


In 1685, Alexander, the 2nd baronet, married Margaret Boyle, sister of the Earl of Glasgow. Their son David married Penelope Montgomerie, daughter of Sir Walter Montgomerie of Skelmorlie Castle.[7] Their eldest son married the heiress of Sir David Montgomerie of Lainshaw and adopted the patronym Montgomerie-Cuninghame, however he predeceased his father and it was his son Walter, who never married, that inherited in 1770 and died in March 1814.[8] His brother David became the 5th baronet and also died unmarried in 1814. James, the third brother, inherited and married Jessie, daughter of James Cuming of Earnside, Nairnshire.[8] Sir James died in 1837 and Alexander David inherited, however being unmarried his brother Thomas inherited and married Charlotte, daughter of Hugh Hutcheson of Southfield in Renfrewshire.[8]


In 1820 the Corsehill lands included Bonshaw, High and Low Chapeltoun, Lainshaw, Kirkwood, Sandielands, Bankend, Gallowayford and Corsehill. In 1832 Sir Thomas Montgomerie-Cuninghame of Corsehill and Kirton-holme (near Lanark) was the eighth baronet, marrying Charlotte Niven Doig Hutchison, grand-niece of William Niven of Maybole, who left her much of his wealth,[9] this being over £100,000.[2] The Montgomery-Cuninghame of Corsehill Baronets are still extant, with Sir John Montgomery Cuninghame of Corsehill and Kirton-holme, 12th. Baronet now representing the family, but with no male heir.



Old Corsehill Castle, Ravenscraig Castle and Corsehill House


In A.D. 1451 the Registrum Magni Sigilli, records in Stewartoune (sic), Ayrshire, "Le Mote de Casteltoune." [10] Some considerable confusion exists about the sites and naming of these castles in Stewarton. The name 'Ravenscraig' has probably arisen from 'Reuincraig' which is itself derived from 'Ruin Crag', i.e. stone ruins, so it isn't so much a name as a description used in the locality. We know from historical records about Godfrey de Ross and his family of Corsehill Castle, they were Lords of Liddesdale in the Borders and later on the Cunninghams became the holders. The later Corsehill (also Crosshill) House stood on the east side of the Corsehill or Clerkland Burn and only a few remains were said to exist to show its site, however the 1860 OS indicates no ruins of any description and nothing now remains on the site (2015).






Etymology
The name Corsehill most likely derives from Cross Hill. In the early days of Christian Scotland crosses, usually wooden, were erected in prominent positions and religious observance would take place when the priest visited. Later churches were built and the crosses abandoned.

Corsehill House is shown in one old print of 1789 by Grose[11] with the comment that "At a small distance from this ruin are some small remains of a more ancient building belonging to the same family." referring to the old Corsehill castle whilst drawing Corsehill House, the home of the laird at that time. Substantial remains of Corsehill House existed until the railway was constructed and most of the ruins were used to build the embankment with the course of the burn also being partly altered at this time. Armstrong's 1775 map clearly shows Corsehill as being on the east bank of the Corsehill Burn. The single section of tower wall that remains today (2006) of Ravenscraig / Old Corsehill was extensively repaired to stabilise it and this gives it its unusual appearance, accentuated by the existence of a fireplace on the eastern side. No explanation for the carrying out of these quite extensive and expensive repairs has yet come to light.


A number of authors[12][13] have assumed that the surviving tower remnant equates to a distinctive part of Grose's engraving however the thickness at nearly 3 metres and the other features of this clearly later building together with map evidence suggests otherwise and in addition the OS map evidence suggests a typical square or oblong tower castle shaped[14] building rather than a relatively unfortified laird's house with comparatively thin walls, many doors at ground level akin to buildings such as the Place of Auchinleck. The footprint of Corshill House as shown by the engraving also seems far too large for the knoll on which the surviving remnant of Old Corsehill Castle still stands. Oddly the 1779 map by Crawford does not indisputably show Corsehill as a ruin although by this time the lands of Cocklebie have extended across the once prestigious avenue of trees.[15]


Herman Moll's map of 1745 shows a 'Reuinsk' to the west of the Clerkland Burn and 'Corshill' to the west of it[16] whilst Roy's map of 1747 shows a square shaped 'Old Crosshill' with a 'U' shaped 'Crosshill' to the west of the burn together with a 'mains' farm.[17] Armstrong's 1775 map shows 'Ruins' and 'Corshill' depicted as a house standing to the west of it.[18]


Dobie categorically states that no records in Ayrshire exist of a 'Ravencraig Castle' and goes on to record that the building on the west side of the Corsehill Burn has been a ruin since 1608 and that the area it stands in was once called 'Corsehill Park.[19] It is worth noting that the Scots for a raven (Corvus corax) is 'Raen' or 'Ra'en'.[20] Above Kirkwood near Dunlop is a property called 'Ravenslie'.[21] In 1820 David Cunninghame was the proprietor at a rental of £39 13s. 4d.


The Blaeu map of 1654 based on Timothy Pont's earlier map gives 'Reuinskraig on the west side of the Clerkland Burn and 'Corshill' on the east side. Both are depicted the same without any clear suggestion of 'Reuinskraig' being a ruin.[22] The 1779 estate map of Lainshaw[15] shows Corsehill as a relatively small and apparently intact property on the east bank of the Corsehill/Clerkland Burn, reached by a road branching off at Cocklebie, running across the top of what is now the Cunninghame-Watt Park and turning uphill to reach the house. An avenue of trees ran down to the town, however this was interrupted by some of the Cocklebie lands which are not shown planted up. The ruined castle is shown as just the surviving part of the tower and it is otherwise unnamed. The whole area is called the Corsehill lands. Surprisingly only ten years after the estate map was surveyed Grose shows Corsehill House as an abandoned and much robbed ruin.[11]


The 1828 map of Ayrshire by William Johnson only records Corsehill lying on the east side of the burn.[23] The 1776 map by Taylor & Skinner shows a 'Corsehill' only as a dwelling house held by Sir William Cunynhame (sic).[24]




The remains of the dam on the Corsehill Burn.




A 1789 View of Corsehill House of which nothing now remains.[11]


The so called 'Ravenscraig' or old Corsehill and Corsehill House (NS 416 415) were therefore separate entities and a vague memory may persist of Templehouse and its fortalice at Darlington on the lands of Corsehill Farm causing some extra confusion (see below) Many references can be found to Corsehill/Corshill or even Crosshill in old records, none for 'Ravenscraig', but several for 'Reuincraig', although as stated, this is very unlikely to be anything more than a description of a ruin that was also probably called 'Corsehill', 'ruined Corsehill', 'Reuinedcraig' 'Ravencraig' and finally 'Ravenscraig'.


Archibald Adamson[25] in his 'Rambles Round Kilmarnock' of 1875 makes no mention of the name Ravenscraig, calling the site he visited Corsehill. Aitken only marks Crosshill Castle in 1829 on the west side of the Corsehill Burn. The first OS maps show only the surviving castle's site.


To sum up, the map in Pont's 'Cuninghame' of 1604 - 8 shows two buildings, "Reuincraige" and "Corshill", at approximately NS 417 467 and NS 422 465 respectively, and Dobie[2] comments that the two have often been confused, but that "Reuincraig" stood on the west side of the Corsehill Burn and "Corsehill Mansion" on its east. "Reuincraig", he says, was ".. so modernised about 1840 that it was difficult to realise that it had been ruined in 1608", while the ruins of 'Corsehill House' were removed about the beginning of the 19th century and only foundations could be traced when he wrote. He also thought that "Reuincraig" (i.e. Ruin Craig) was not an original name. If Dobie[2] is correct, the ruins published as "Corsehill Castle" on the OS 6", must be those of "Reuincraig", both because they are standing remains, and because they are on the west bank of the burn.


MacGibbon and Ross, describe Corsehill Castle at the end of the 19th century as a very ruinous mansion of a late date and apparently of an 'L-plan', belonging to the period 1542-1700 so they must be referring to Corsehill House. Grose, in 1791,[26] published an illustration of 'Corshill House', but does not give its exact location. He mentions that "at a small distance from this ruin are some small remains of a more ancient building belonging to the same family", he is probably therefore referring to 'Old Corsehill Castle'.[26][27]




Auchinleck Place in 1789 as drawn by Francis Grose.


General Roy's Military Survey of Scotland (1745–55) marks 'Ravenscraig' as 'Old Corsehill' and also marks the 'new' Corsehill on the other side of the burn, thereby apparently confirming that they both had the same name and one replaced the other, although only 'Old Corsehill' is still in any way visible, just some foundations of 'new' Corsehill being apparent in 2007, the rest of Corsehill House being removed in the 19th century.[28]


Traces survive of a much silted up ditch that may be the remains of a track which led from the Stewarton to Dunlop road to the castle and then on to the cattle creep that runs under the railway line giving access to the east side where Corsehill House once stood.[13]


The fine old sandstone bridge which carried the road up to Corsehill was demolished in the early 1990s. A local tradition was that the iron 'jougs' on it were for imprisoning witches, although it may be that these were linked to the Barony Court functions of the old Corsehill Barony, the records of which still survive and make reference to the stocks.[29][30]


Adamson on his walking tour in 1875 records that Old Corsehill Castle was never very large and that the surviving portion showed signs of recent repair. A great treasure is said to lie buried beneath the founds in a dark chamber and that a local man had once starting digging in search of it when a voice arose from deep under the ground saying "Dig no more in ruined Ravenscraig".[31]


A tunnel or Ley tunnel is said to run from near Old Corsehill Castle down to the Annick Water just up stream of Lainshaw Castle. The tunnel was supposedly crawled through by the grandfather of a local man.[32] This tunnel may be related to the drainage of the nearby, flooded quarry, the Water Plantation area and other Lainshaw estate lands.



Templehouse fortalice


An area opposite the site of Templehouses was known as 'The Castle'.[33] and this may reflect the existence of the castle or fortalice here (Hewitt 2006). An old road also crossed the river here and ran up to Robertland Castle and Nether Robertland (Lainshaw 1779). Steven[34] states that William Dean held the feu for the area of Templehouse, now more commonly called 'Darlington'. The 1860 OS map does record the site of this Templehouse which may have had a small fortalice associated with it. Its precise site was at Darlington on the road to Kingsford before the East Burn. This area continued to be called Templehouses for many years after the buildings stones were removed by local people for building purposes.



The Baron-Court book


A remarkable and fortuitous survival is the 'Baron-Court book of the Baron-Court of Corshill', having been in the possession of Mr John Brown of Stewarton and published by the Ayr & Wigton Archaeological Association in 1884. The records start in 1666 and ends in 1719.[35] In 1667 Hew Harper was fined and sentenced to be placed in the stocks at the 'Laird's pleasure'.[36]



King's Kitchen


An old thatched cottage at the top end of Stewarton, on the road to Glasgow, had the name of "King's Kitchen Head", more recently called Braehead. It was nearly adjacent to the old baronial residence of Corsehill and was part of that barony. Further along the road is Kingsford and further along still is King's Well and the King's Stable. The story is told of a King who whilst on his progress of administering justice was given hospitality, for some long forgotten reason, at this cottage. The wife of the house begged the King for the life of her husband who was one of those to be tried by the King. The others were hanged, but the King dismissed the husband with the admonition "to be a better bairn.".[2]



Corsehill Castle and King Malcolm Canmore


This is a well known local story and one version given by Robert Cunningham in 1740 in his manuscript, entitled the Right Honorable the Earl of Glencairn's family, is that MacBeth murders his cousin, King Duncan I. The king's son, Malcolm Canmore (big head in Gaelic) tries to reach temporary safe refuge in his castle of Corsehill (also Crosshill). MacBeth's men were almost upon Malcolm when he sees a peasant, Friskin (or Friskine), turning hay in a barn (or pasture) nearby. Friskin hides Malcolm who then escapes to England with Friskin as a retainer. King Harthacanute of England and Norway gave them protection. When Harthacanute died his successor King Edward the Confessor gave Malcolm an army which permitted him to conquer Scotland and kill King MacBeth. The grateful King Malcolm III (1031 to 1093) gave Friskine the thanedom or Baillery of Cunninghame and the family took this name, together with the motto of 'Over Fork Over' which they retain to this day.[37] It is also said that the Cunninghams were 'Masters of the king's horses' and that they took their motto from this position in the 'punning way' which is typical of the armorial bearings and mottos of many an aristocratic family.


In another version of the story, it is stated by Frederick van Bassen[38] who was a Norwegian historian, that the saviour of King Malcolm III was actually a Malcolm, son of Friskin, however in other respects the story is the same. This story does not fit with the historical record, however it is of ancient origin and a grain of truth must in some way relate it to real events. A Magbie or MacBeth Hill curiously or coincidentally exists above Stewarton near Old Coreshill Castle. Sir William Montgomery of Giffin acquired these lands, his father being Troilus Montgomery.[39]



Micro-history


The holder of the lands of Cocklebie had the 'right and privilege' of holding a weekly market and four yearly fairs.[40]


Andrew Cunninghame was concerned in the murder of David Rizzio.[1]


Sir A. Cunningham of Corsehill attended the famous 1839 Eglinton Tournament in what is now Eglinton Country Park and he was allotted a seat in the Grand Stand.[41]


Robertson[21] in 1820 refers to Macbeth Hill (Magbie) as being part of the Corsehill lands. Troilus Montgomery became Laird of MacBeth-hill or Magbie hill in Peeblesshire.


Timothy Pont in 1604 - 08 records that so thickly was the district about Stewarton and along the banks of the Irvine populated for a space of three or four miles (6 km) "that well travelled men in divers parts of Europe (affirm) that they have seen walled cities not so well or near planted with houses so near each other as they are here, wherethrough it is so populous that, at the ringing of a bell in the night for a few hours, there have seen convene 3000 able men, well-horsed and armed."[37]


In the 1600s Stuartoune had fairs on the first Thursday of January, the first Monday of May, and the last Wednesday of October. A weekly market on Thursdays is recorded as being not well attended.[2]


In 1820 only six people were qualified to vote as freeholders in Stewarton Parish, being proprietors of Robertland (Hunter Blair), Kirkhill (Col. J. S. Barns), Kennox (McAlester), Lainshaw (Cunninghame), Lochridge (Stewart) and Corsehill (Montgomery-Cunninghame).




The Draffen Stone outside Draffen House (previously Upper Lochridge in Stewarton)


The Draffen Stone used to be located in a field near the house of the same name. Due to a housing development it has been moved to a site in front of Draffen House. It is not known whether this stone is merely a 'rubbing stone' for cattle or a menhir. It is not recorded by Historic Scotland.


The Lairds of Corsehill were the Deacons Heritable of the Bonnet Court of Corsehill which regulated the activities of the Stewarton bonnet makers.




Old Hillhouse quarry and the Water plantation.


The first Corsehill Queen is jocularly said to be King Malcolm III second wife, Queen Margaret, niece of Edward the Confessor of England. This Malcolm III, also known as Malcolm Canmore, was also Lord of Corsehill.[42] She was canonised and St.Margaret's Chapel is the oldest surviving building at Edinburgh Castle, Highlanders however called her the 'Accursed Margaret.'[43]


In 1797 Magbie Hill above Stewarton has a field called 'Stone Field' which may record a standing stone now long destroyed or possibly moved as the nearby farm has two large boulders in front of it. Coal pits are marked in the vicinity of Magbie (MacBeth) Hill, possibly explaining the name, as 'mag' was a term used for poor quality coal. The nearby 'Water Plantation' was known as 'Magbie-hill Plantation'.[44]


Dunlop and Stewarton both stand on the old turnpike, completed from Glasgow by Lugton, to Kilmarnock, Irvine and Ayr in 1820 at the cost of £18,000.[45]



See also




  • Dunlop, East Ayrshire

  • Cunninghamhead

  • Chapeltoun

  • Lambroughton

  • John Montgomery-Cuninghame of Corsehill

  • Stones of Scotland

  • House of Stuart

  • Cunninghamhead, Perceton and Annick Lodge

  • Thorntoun Estate

  • Kilmaurs

  • Barbara Gilmour

  • Kirkwood Estate, East Ayrshire



References


Notes;





  1. ^ abcde Paterson, Page 590


  2. ^ abcdef Dobie


  3. ^ abc Paterson, Page 591


  4. ^ Robertson, p.350)


  5. ^ Urquhart, Page 106


  6. ^ Love (2005), Page 9.


  7. ^ Paterson, Page 592


  8. ^ abc Paterson, Page 593


  9. ^ William Niven. Accessed : 2010-08-28


  10. ^ Moot hills.


  11. ^ abc Grose, p.215


  12. ^ Cuthbertson p.178


  13. ^ ab Canmore Site - Corsehill Castle


  14. ^ Ayr Sheet XIII.5 (Stewarton) Survey date: 1856. Publication date: 1858


  15. ^ ab Crawford (1779)


  16. ^ Moll (1745)


  17. ^ Roy (1747)


  18. ^ Armstrong (1775)


  19. ^ Dobie, p.367


  20. ^ The Online Scots Dictionary — Translate English to Scots


  21. ^ ab Robertson (1820)


  22. ^ 1654 - Joan Blaeu - CVNINGHAMIA - Cunningham.


  23. ^ Johnson (1828)


  24. ^ G Taylor and A Skinner's Survey and maps of the roads of North Britain or Scotland, 1776


  25. ^ Adamson, Page 156.


  26. ^ ab Grose, Page 215


  27. ^ MacGibbon, Page 495.


  28. ^ RCAHMS Retrieved : 2010-11-29


  29. ^ Corsehill Baron-Court Book


  30. ^ Brown, George (2006). Oral communication to Griffith, Roger S.Ll.


  31. ^ Adamson, p.156


  32. ^ Hewitt, Davie (2006). Oral communication to Roger Griffith.


  33. ^ Milligan, Page 8.


  34. ^ Steven.


  35. ^ Corshill Baron-Court Book, Pages 65-67


  36. ^ Corshill Baron-Court Book, Pages 77


  37. ^ ab Robertson, Page 303


  38. ^ Douglas, Page 289


  39. ^ Reilly


  40. ^ Search over Lainshaw, Page 252


  41. ^ Aikman, Page 8.


  42. ^ Kerr


  43. ^ Best


  44. ^ Lainshaw Estate map of 1779. Scottish National Archives.


  45. ^ Pride, Page 109.



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External links



  • History and photographic record of Corsehill Castle.

  • Corsehill Castle and House

  • Corsehill Mills video footage

  • The Legend of Friskin and King Malcolm Canmore.

  • Video on the origins of the 'Over Fork Over' motto.

  • General Roy's Military map of Scotland.

  • Details of the De Soulis, De Morville and other Cunninghame families.

  • Thurgatstane Photo

  • A Researcher's Guide to Local History terminology




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