States and union territories of India
| States and union territories of India | |
|---|---|
 Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Andaman and Nicobar Islands Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli Daman and Diu Lakshadweep Puducherry Map | |
| Category | Federated states |
| Location | Republic of India |
| Number | 29 States 7 Union territories |
| Populations | States: 610,577 Sikkim – 199,812,341 Uttar Pradesh Union Territories: 64,473 Lakshadweep – 16,787,941 National Capital Territory |
| Areas | States: 3,702 km2 (1,429 sq mi) Goa – 342,269 km2 (132,151 sq mi) Rajasthan Union territories: 32 km2 (12 sq mi) Lakshadweep – 8,249 km2 (3,185 sq mi) Andaman and Nicobar Islands |
| Government | State governments, Union Government (Union territories) |
| Subdivisions | Districts, Divisions |
India is a federal union comprising 29 states and 7 union territories, for a total of 36 entities. The states and union territories are further subdivided into districts and smaller administrative divisions.
States and union territories of India ordered by |
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Contents
1 Responsibilities and authorities
2 History
2.1 Pre-independence
2.2 1947–1950
2.3 States reorganization (1951–1956)
2.4 Post-1956
2.5 Current proposals
3 List
3.1 States
3.2 Union territories
3.3 Former states
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
Responsibilities and authorities
The Constitution of India distributes the sovereign executive and legislative powers exercisable with respect to the territory of any State between the Union and that State.[1]
History
Administrative division of India in 1951
Pre-independence
The Indian subcontinent has been ruled by many different ethnic groups throughout its history, each instituting their own policies of administrative division in the region.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][excessive citations] During the British Raj, the original administrative structure was mostly kept, and India was divided into provinces (also called Presidencies) that were directly governed by the British and princely states which were nominally controlled by a local prince or raja loyal to the British Empire, which held de facto sovereignty (suzerainty) over the princely states.
1947–1950
Between 1947 and 1950 the territories of the princely states were politically integrated into the Indian Union. Most were merged into existing provinces; others were organised into new provinces, such as Rajputana, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Bharat, and Vindhya Pradesh, made up of multiple princely states; a few, including Mysore, Hyderabad, Bhopal, and Bilaspur, became separate provinces. The new Constitution of India, which came into force on 26 January 1950, made India a sovereign democratic republic. The new republic was also declared to be a "Union of States".[12] The constitution of 1950 distinguished between three main types of states:[citation needed]
- Part A states, which were the former governors' provinces of British India, were ruled by an elected governor and state legislature. The nine Part A states were Assam, Bihar, Bombay, Madhya Pradesh (formerly Central Provinces and Berar), Madras, Orissa, Punjab (formerly East Punjab), Uttar Pradesh (formerly the United Provinces), and West Bengal.
- The eight Part B states were former princely states or groups of princely states, governed by a rajpramukh, who was usually the ruler of a constituent state, and an elected legislature. The rajpramukh was appointed by the President of India. The Part B states were Hyderabad, Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Bharat, Mysore, Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU), Rajasthan, Saurashtra, and Travancore-Cochin.
- The ten Part C states included both the former chief commissioners' provinces and some princely states, and each was governed by a chief commissioner appointed by the President of India. The Part C states were Ajmer, Bhopal, Bilaspur, Coorg, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Cutch, Manipur, Tripura, and Vindhya Pradesh.
- The only Part D state was the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, which were administered by a lieutenant governor appointed by the central government.
States reorganization (1951–1956)
The Union Territory of Puducherry was created in 1954 comprising the previous French enclaves of Pondichéry, Karaikal, Yanam and Mahé.[13]Andhra State was created on 1 October 1953 from the Telugu-speaking northern districts of Madras State.[14]
The States Reorganisation Act of 1956 reorganised the states based on linguistic lines resulting in the creation of the new states.[15] As a result of this act, Madras State retained its name with Kanyakumari district added to form Travancore-Cochin. Andhra Pradesh was created with the merger of Andhra State with the Telugu-speaking districts of Hyderabad State in 1956. Kerala was created with the merger of Malabar district and the Kasaragod taluk of South Canara districts of Madras State with Travancore-Cochin. Mysore State was re-organized with the addition of districts of Bellary and South Canara (excluding Kasaragod taluk) and the Kollegal taluk of Coimbatore district from the Madras State, the districts of Belgaum, Bijapur, North Canara and Dharwad from Bombay State, the Kannada-majority districts of Bidar, Raichur and Gulbarga from Hyderabad State and the province of Coorg. The Laccadive Islands which were divided between South Canara and Malabar districts of Madras State were united and organised into the union territory of Lakshadweep.
Bombay State was enlarged by the addition of Saurashtra State and Kutch State, the Marathi-speaking districts of Nagpur Division of Madhya Pradesh and Marathwada region of Hyderabad State. Rajasthan and Punjab gained territories from Ajmer and Patiala and East Punjab States Union respectively and certain territories of Bihar was transferred to West Bengal.
Post-1956
Bombay State was split into the linguistic states of Gujarat and Maharashtra on 1 May 1960 by the Bombay Reorganisation Act.[16]Nagaland was formed on 1 December 1963.[17] The Punjab Reorganisation Act of 1966 resulted in the creation of Haryana on 1 November and the transfer of the northern districts of Punjab to Himachal Pradesh.[18] The act also designated Chandigarh as a union territory and the shared capital of Punjab and Haryana.[19][20]
Madras state was renamed Tamil Nadu in 1968. North-eastern states of Manipur, Meghalaya and Tripura were formed on 21 January 1972.[21] Mysore State was renamed as Karnataka in 1973. On 16 May 1975, Sikkim became the 22nd state of the Indian Union and the state's monarchy was abolished.[22] In 1987, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram became states on 20 February, followed by Goa on 30 May, while Goa's northern exclaves of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli became separate union territories.[23]
In November 2000, three new states were created; namely, Chhattisgarh from eastern Madhya Pradesh, Uttaranchal from northwest Uttar Pradesh (renamed Uttarakhand in 2007) and Jharkhand from southern districts of Bihar.[24][25][26][27] Orissa was renamed as Odisha in 2011. Telangana was created on 2 June 2014 as ten former districts of north-western Andhra Pradesh.[28][29]
Current proposals
List
States
| State | ISO 3166-2:IN | Vehicle code | Zone | Capital | Largest city | Statehood | Population[30] | Area (km2) | Official languages[31] | Additional official languages[31] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Andhra Pradesh | IN-AP | AP | Southern | Hyderabad (de jure) Amaravati (de facto) Note 1[32][33] | Visakhapatnam | 1 October 1953 | 49,506,799 | 160,205 | Telugu | — |
Arunachal Pradesh | IN-AR | AR | North-Eastern | Itanagar | 20 February 1987 | 1,383,727 | 83,743 | English | — | |
Assam | IN-AS | AS | North-Eastern | Dispur | Guwahati | 26 January 1950 | 31,205,576 | 78,550 | Assamese | — |
Bihar | IN-BR | BR | Eastern | Patna | 26 January 1950 | 104,099,452 | 94,163 | Hindi | Urdu | |
Chhattisgarh | IN-CT | CG | Central | Atal Nagar | Raipur | 1 November 2000 | 25,545,198 | 135,194 | Hindi | — |
Goa | IN-GA | GA | Western | Panaji | Vasco da Gama | 30 May 1987 | 1,458,545 | 3,702 | Konkani | Marathi |
Gujarat | IN-GJ | GJ | Western | Gandhinagar | Ahmedabad | 1 May 1960 | 60,439,692 | 196,024 | Gujarati | — |
Haryana | IN-HR | HR | Northern | Chandigarh | Faridabad | 1 November 1966 | 25,351,462 | 44,212 | Hindi | Punjabi[34][35] |
Himachal Pradesh | IN-HP | HP | Northern | Shimla (Summer) Dharamshala (Winter) | Shimla | 25 January 1971 | 6,864,602 | 55,673 | Hindi | English |
Jammu and Kashmir | IN-JK | JK | Northern | Srinagar (Summer) Jammu (Winter) | Srinagar | 26 January 1950 | 12,541,302 | 222,236 101,387Note 2 | Urdu | — |
Jharkhand | IN-JH | JH | Eastern | Ranchi | Jamshedpur | 15 November 2000 | 32,988,134 | 74,677 | Hindi | Urdu[36] |
Karnataka | IN-KA | KA | Southern | Bangalore | 1 November 1956 | 61,095,297 | 191,791 | Kannada | English | |
Kerala | IN-KL | KL | Southern | Thiruvananthapuram | Kochi | 1 November 1956 | 33,406,061 | 38,863 | Malayalam | English |
Madhya Pradesh | IN-MP | MP | Central | Bhopal | Indore | 1 November 1956 | 72,626,809 | 308,252 | Hindi | — |
Maharashtra | IN-MH | MH | Western | Mumbai (Summer) Nagpur (Winter)[37] | Mumbai | 1 May 1960 | 112,374,333 | 307,713 | Marathi | — |
Manipur | IN-MN | MN | North-Eastern | Imphal | 21 January 1972 | 2,855,794 | 22,347 | Meitei | English | |
Meghalaya | IN-ML | ML | North-Eastern | Shillong | 21 January 1972 | 2,966,889 | 22,720 | English | Khasi[a] | |
Mizoram | IN-MZ | MZ | North-Eastern | Aizawl | 20 February 1987 | 1,097,206 | 21,081 | English, Hindi, Mizo | — | |
Nagaland | IN-NL | NL | North-Eastern | Kohima | Dimapur | 1 December 1963 | 1,978,502 | 16,579 | English | — |
Odisha | IN-OR | OD | Eastern | Bhubaneswar | 26 January 1950 | 41,974,218 | 155,820 | Odia | — | |
Punjab | IN-PB | PB | Northern | Chandigarh | Ludhiana | 1 November 1966 | 27,743,338 | 50,362 | Punjabi | — |
Rajasthan | IN-RJ | RJ | Northern | Jaipur | 1 November 1956 | 68,548,437 | 342,269 | Hindi | English | |
Sikkim | IN-SK | SK | North-Eastern | Gangtok | 16 May 1975 | 610,577 | 7,096 | English | Bhutia, Gurung, Lepcha, Limbu, Manggar, Mukhia, Newari, Rai, Sherpa, Tamang | |
Tamil Nadu | IN-TN | TN | Southern | Chennai | 26 January 1950 | 72,147,030 | 130,058 | Tamil | English | |
Telangana | IN-TG | TS | Southern | HyderabadNote 1 | 2 June 2014 | 35,193,978[38] | 114,840[38] | Telugu, Urdu[39] | — | |
Tripura | IN-TR | TR | North-Eastern | Agartala | 21 January 1972 | 3,673,917 | 10,492 | Bengali, Kokborok, English | — | |
Uttar Pradesh | IN-UP | UP | Central | Lucknow | Kanpur | 26 January 1950 | 199,812,341 | 243,286 | Hindi | Urdu |
Uttarakhand | IN-UT | UK | Central | DehradunNote 3 | 9 November 2000 | 10,086,292 | 53,483 | Hindi | Sanskrit[40] | |
West Bengal | IN-WB | WB | Eastern | Kolkata | 26 January 1950 | 91,276,115 | 88,752 | Bengali, Nepali[b] | Hindi, Urdu, Santali, Odia and Punjabi | |
^Note 1 Andhra Pradesh was divided into two states, Telangana and a residual Andhra Pradesh on 2 June 2014.[41][42][43]Hyderabad, located entirely within the borders of Telangana, is to serve as the capital for both states for a period of time not exceeding ten years.[44] The Government of Andhra Pradesh and the Andhra Pradesh Legislature completed the process of relocating to temporary facilities in the envisaged new capital city Amaravati in early 2017.[32]
^Note 2 The area of Jammu and Kashmir is 222,236 km2 according to Indian claims; thereof 101,387 km2 are under Indian administration
^Note 3 Dehradun is the interim capital of Uttarakhand. The town of Gairsain is envisaged as the state's new capital.
Union territories
| Union territory | ISO 3166-2:IN | Vehicle code | Capital | Largest city | Population[30] | Area (km2) | Official languages[31] | Additional official languages[31] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Andaman and Nicobar Islands | IN-AN | AN | Port Blair | 380,581 | 8,249 | Hindi, English | — | |
Chandigarh | IN-CH | CH | Chandigarh | —[c] | 1,055,450 | 114 | English | — |
Dadra and Nagar Haveli | IN-DN | DN | Silvassa | 343,709 | 491 | Gujarati, Hindi | Marathi | |
Daman and Diu | IN-DD | DD | Daman | 243,247 | 112 | English, Gujarati, Hindi, Konkani[d] | — | |
Delhi | IN-DL | DL | New Delhi | —[e] | 16,787,941 | 1,490 | Hindi | Punjabi, Urdu[45] |
Lakshadweep | IN-LD | LD | Kavaratti | 64,473 | 32 | English | Malayalam | |
Puducherry | IN-PY | PY | Pondicherry | 1,247,953 | 492 | English,[46]Tamil | Malayalam, Telugu | |
Former states
| Map | State | Capital | Years | Successor state(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Madhya Bharat | Gwalior (winter) Indore (summer) | 1947–1956 | Madhya Pradesh |
Eastern States Union | Raipur | 1947–1948 | Bihar, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh | |
 | Madras State | Madras | 1950–1969 | Tamil Nadu |
 | Mysore State | Mysore | 1947–1973 | Karnataka |
 | Patiala and East Punjab States Union | Patiala | 1948–1956 | Punjab |
 | Bombay State | Bombay | 1947–1960 | Maharashtra, Gujarat |
 | Bhopal State | Bhopal | 1949–1956 | Madhya Pradesh |
 | Saurashtra | Rajkot | 1948–1956 | Bombay State |
 | Coorg State | Madikeri | 1950–1956 | Mysore State |
 | Travancore-Cochin | Trivandrum | 1949–1956 | Kerala, Madras State |
 | Hyderabad State | Hyderabad | 1948–1956 | Andhra Pradesh |
 | Vindhya Pradesh | Rewa | 1948–1956 | Madhya Pradesh |
 | Kutch State | Bhuj | 1947–1956 | Bombay State |
 | Bilaspur State | Bilaspur | 1948–1954 | Himachal Pradesh |
 | Cooch Behar State | Cooch Behar | 1949 | West Bengal |
 | Ajmer State | Ajmer | 1947–1956 | Rajasthan |
See also
- Autonomous regions of India
- Emblems of Indian States
- ISO 3166-2:IN
- List of adjectives and demonyms for states and territories of India
- List of states and union territories of India by population
- List of states in India by past population
- List of states of India by wildlife population
- List of Indian state and union territory name etymologies
- Subdivisions of India
- List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)
Notes
^ Khasi language has been declared as the Additional Official Language for all purposes in the District, Sub-Division and Block level offices of the State Government located in the Districts of Khasi-Jaintia Hills of Meghalaya.
^ Bengali and Nepali are the Official Languages in Darjeeling and Kurseong sub-divisions of Darjeeling district.
^ Chandigarh is both a city and a union territory.
^ It has also been informed that the
communication with States/Centre has to be made in Hindi/English.
^ Delhi is both a city and a union territory.
References
^ "Article 73 broadly stated, provides that the executive power of the Union shall extend to the matters with respect to which Parliament has power to make laws. Article 162 similarly provides that the executive power of a State shall extend to the matters with respect to which the Legislature of a State has power to make laws. The Supreme Court has reiterated this position when it ruled in the Ramanaiah case that the executive power of the Union or of the State broadly speaking, is coextensive and coterminous with its respective legislative power." Territoriality of executive powers of states in India, Balwant Singh Malik, Constitutional Law, 1998
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External links
- Official Government of India website: States and Union Territories
