各地LGBT權利

Multi tool use

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婚姻法制化 | |
同性伴侶關係及其權利爭取的表達自由受限 |
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实行民事结合或同性伴侣登记 | |
同性性關係违法但实际并未執行 |
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事實上同性伴侣同居关系的法律承認 | |
同性性關係违法且会遭受有期徒刑 |
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承认他国或地区同性婚姻但本国不予登记 | |
同性性關係违法且会遭受终身监禁 |
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同性性關係不違法但同性伴侣关系無法制保障 | |
同性性關係违法且会遭受死刑 |
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LGBT公民權利 | ||||||
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世界各國法律 同性伴侶 同性婚姻 收養 抚养 兵役 移民問題 迫害 反對 |
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亞洲 · 非洲 · 歐洲 美洲 · 大洋洲 |
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系列條目 |
女同性恋、男同性恋、雙性戀和跨性別 (LGBT)人群 |
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性傾向 |
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歷史和文化 |
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法律權利 |
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社会态度和偏見/暴力 |
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學術研究和論述 |
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世界各國女同性戀者、男同性戀者、雙性戀者與跨性別者(LGBT)的法律處境,光譜廣泛而差異極大。部分國家承認同性婚姻或其他形式的同性結合,視LGBT為人類群體多樣性的一部分;亦有國家視同性性行為或性別認同為非法行為,以監禁甚至死刑等刑罰對該群體加以迫害。
目录
1 歷史
2 歷史上的同性戀法律
3 世界各國家或地區關於同性戀的法律規定
3.1 非洲
3.1.1 北部非洲
3.1.2 西部非洲
3.1.3 中部非洲
3.1.4 東南部非洲
3.1.5 非洲之角
3.1.6 印度洋国家
3.1.7 南部非洲
3.1.8 有限承认国家
3.2 亞洲
3.2.1 中亞
3.2.2 北亚
3.2.3 西亞
3.2.4 南亞
3.2.5 東亞
3.2.6 東南亞
3.2.7 有限承认国家
3.3 歐洲
3.3.1 欧盟
3.3.2 北歐
3.3.3 西歐
3.3.4 中歐
3.3.5 東歐
3.3.6 南歐
3.3.7 未被國際普遍承認的國家
3.4 美洲
3.4.1 北美洲
3.4.2 中美洲
3.4.3 加勒比海
3.4.4 南美洲
3.5 大洋洲
3.5.1 澳大拉西亞
3.5.2 美拉尼西亞
3.5.3 密克羅尼西亞
3.5.4 玻里尼西亞
4 GILRHO
5 TvT
6 參見
7 注解
8 参考文獻
9 外部連結
歷史
LGBT權利的人權論述在1990年代左右展開,由國際LGBTI聯合會、OutRight Action International、國際特赦組織以及人權觀察等非政府組織提倡,並逐漸為歐洲、加拿大、美國的司法實體和聯合國吸納運用[1][2]。
LGBT權利的立法範疇包括:
- 政府承認同性關係(同性婚姻或民事结合的形式)
- 政府承认LGBT抚养的親屬關係
- 允许LGBT收養
- 平等取用人工生殖技術
- 增强对LGBT群體仇恨犯罪的刑事处罚,明令禁止LGBT迫害
- 反霸凌立法措施,保護LGBT孩童或學生
- 工作就業和房屋租賃方面的反歧视措施
- 不同性傾向和性別群體 平等從軍服役
移民平權措施
- 廢除對於合意同性性行為的刑事處罰(性悖軌法)
- 取消對同性性行為制訂之較高的同意年齡
- 允许男男性接触人群捐血
- 跨性別者可施行性別重置手術和激素替代療法
- 政府允許性別變更登記(承認其性別身份)
反對LGBT權益的法律包括性悖軌法(sodomy law)的制定:處罰合意的同性性行為,為同性性行為制定較高的性交同意年齡,LGBT相關的言論自由以及集會自由、結社自由受到法律限制等等。
2011年,聯合國通過首份承認LGBT權利的決議案,隨後並提出侵犯LGBT權利的報告,具體調查世界各國境內仇恨罪、同性性行為之刑事定罪以及相關歧視等行為。[3][4]
截至2018年4月,有23個國家[a]承认同性婚姻并赋予其LGBT公民上述列表的全部或大多数权利,2個聯邦制國家[b]則是部份政治實體承認,其中大多数国家位于美洲和西欧[5]。
71个国家[c]和4个地方實體[d]的司法机构有对同性性行為處罰的法律,其中大部分国家位于亚洲和非洲[6]。立陶宛、俄羅斯等國制定了限制LGBT言論自由的法案[7]。
歷史上的同性戀法律
根據學者們的推測,最早有關於亞伯拉罕諸教法律中可能反對同性性行為的紀錄,是出於西元前550年時巴比倫囚虜中的猶太人,在他們的經典利未記中紀載(雖然一些保守的學者認為年代要更早於利未記),規定男男之間的同性性交處以死刑。而在同一個時代,在許多的其他宗教信仰中同性關係是被包容的。
一些人們因此相信亞伯拉罕諸教信仰是法律處罰同性性行為的源頭,不過類似的情形也在印歐語系民族的文化中可以發現,比如古羅馬律法Lex Scantinia以及原始日耳曼民族的神話nith,或者是西元前1075年的亞述法律紀錄。[8].
透過傳統猶太教、基督教和伊斯蘭教的闡釋,懲罰同志的法律持續地在歷史上延續。隨著殖民主義的到來,那些亞伯拉罕諸教信仰的國家,將這種價值觀伴隨著帝國主義的政治控制擴張到世界各地。然而在過去的中华人民共和国,同性戀受到迫害(中國大陸並沒有信奉亞伯拉罕諸教也沒有遭到西方殖民統治)而中國大陸的同性戀直到1997年才除罪化。[9]通常法律反對同性性行為和主要支持者時,亞伯拉罕諸教信仰是主要因素。但是事实上中国的同性恋者被判定有罪是被笼统的包括在了一个定义模糊的流氓罪下,而并没有专门针对同性性行為的法律。主要问题来自于执行时的任意性,虽然违反了罪行法定的原则,由于当时社会执法的随意性,这给予了世俗中的反对非婚性行为者惩罚同性恋行为者的借口,而且判例事实上也相对较少。对此,是否能将1997年将流氓罪具体化视为同性性行為的非罪化过程,以及是否存在同性性行為法定有罪的情况目前有争议。[10]
世界各國家或地區關於同性戀的法律規定
這是一份有關世界各地對於同性戀關係的法律列表,各洲及各國以英文字母順序排列。必須注意地是,不應該將這份列表做為橫量各國各地區對待同性戀的標準來看待。一些國家雖然保留了消極反對的法律,但政府本身並沒有強力執行這些法律去壓迫同性戀。相反地,有的國家雖然沒有法律明定同性戀有罪,但在主流文化上對同性戀存在敵意,並對同性戀個體進行壓迫。將同性戀視為違法的國家中,不是將所有同性性交都視為非法犯罪,就是單獨定義男男性交犯罪,沒有國家單獨地定義女女性交違法犯罪。現行依然有超過70國家將同性之間的性行為視非法,一些將異性間的非生殖性行為也包含進去。而未達法定承諾年齡的同性性行為,除非法律上有特別註記不然和其他異性戀情況是一樣。
![]() 世界各地同性性行为除罪化状况 1790–1799 1800–1829 1830–1839 1840–1859 1860–1869 1870–1879 1880–1889 1890–1929 1930–1939 1940–1949 1950–1959 1960–1969 1970–1979 1980–1989 1990–1999 2000–2009 2010-至今 同性性行为合法 男男性行为违法 同性性行为违法 |
![]() 男男性接触人群的献血政策 男男性接触人群可以献血;无延期 男男性接触人群可以献血;暂时延期 男男性接触人群不可以献血;永久延期1 无数据 |
非洲
北部非洲
國家 / 地區 |
同性性行為 |
同性伴侶關係 |
同性婚姻 |
同性領養 |
軍界公開性向? |
反歧視法 (性向) |
性別認同 / 表達 相關法律 |
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![]() +簽訂聯合國宣言[11] |
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![]() (刑罰:罰款或最高17年徒刑或劳役) ![]() |
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![]() +簽訂聯合國宣言[11] |
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西部非洲
國家 / 地區 |
同性性行為 |
同性伴侶關係 |
同性婚姻 |
同性領養 |
軍界公開性向? |
反歧視法 (性向) |
性別認同 / 表達 相關法律 |
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![]() + 簽訂聯合國世界人權宣言 |
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中部非洲
國家 / 地區 |
同性性行為 |
同性伴侶關係 |
同性婚姻 |
同性領養 |
軍界公開性向? |
反歧視法 (性向) |
性別認同 / 表達 相關法律 |
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東南部非洲
國家 / 地區 |
同性性行為 |
同性伴侶關係 |
同性婚姻 |
同性領養 |
軍界公開性向? |
反歧視法 (性向) |
性別認同 / 表達 相關法律 |
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![]() 女性违法(自2000年)(刑罰:最高七年徒刑)[11] |
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非洲之角
國家 / 地區 |
同性性行為 |
同性伴侶關係 |
同性婚姻 |
同性領養 |
軍界公開性向? |
反歧視法 (性向) |
性別認同 / 表達 相關法律 |
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印度洋国家
國家 / 地區 |
同性性行為 |
同性伴侶關係 |
同性婚姻 |
同性領養 |
軍界公開性向? |
反歧視法 (性向) |
性別認同 / 表達 相關法律 |
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南部非洲
國家 / 地區 |
同性性行為 |
同性伴侶關係 |
同性婚姻 |
同性領養 |
軍界公開性向? |
反歧視法 (性向) |
性別認同 / 表達 相關法律 |
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![]() 女性合法[35] |
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有限承认国家
國家 / 地區 |
同性性行為 |
同性伴侶關係 |
同性婚姻 |
同性領養 |
軍界公開性向? |
反歧視法 (性向) |
性別認同 / 表達 相關法律 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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亞洲
中亞
國家 / 地區 |
同性性行為 |
同性伴侶關係 |
同性婚姻 |
同性領養 |
軍界公開性向? |
反歧視法 (性向) |
性別認同 / 表達 相關法律 |
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北亚
國家 / 地區 |
同性性行為 |
同性伴侶關係 |
同性婚姻 |
同性領養 |
軍界公開性向? |
反歧視法 (性向) |
性別認同 / 表達 相關法律 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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![]() 女性一直合法[48][11] |
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西亞
國家 / 地區 |
同性性行為 |
同性伴侶關係 |
同性婚姻 |
同性領養 |
軍界公開性向? |
反歧視法 (性向) |
性別認同 / 表達 相關法律 |
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![]() + 簽訂聯合國宣言[11][52] |
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![]() 根据迪拜酋长国法律违法(刑罰:最高十四年徒刑)根据阿布扎比酋长国法律违法(刑罰:最高十年徒刑)[11] |
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南亞
國家 / 地區 |
同性性行為 |
同性伴侶關係 |
同性婚姻 |
同性領養 |
軍界公開性向? |
反歧視法 (性向) |
性別認同 / 表達 相關法律 |
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東亞
國家 / 地區 |
同性性行為 |
同性伴侶關係 |
同性婚姻 |
同性領養 |
軍界公開性向? |
反歧視法 (性向) |
性別認同 / 表達 相關法律 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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![]() + 簽訂聯合國宣言[11] |
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東南亞
國家 / 地區 |
同性性行為 |
同性伴侶關係 |
同性婚姻 |
同性領養 |
軍界公開性向? |
反歧視法 (性向) |
性別認同 / 表達 相關法律 |
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![]() + 簽訂聯合國世界人權宣言[11] |
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有限承认国家
國家 / 地區 |
同性性行為 |
同性伴侶關係 |
同性婚姻 |
同性領養 |
軍界公開性向? |
反歧視法 (性向) |
性別認同 / 表達 相關法律 |
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歐洲
欧盟
欧盟成员国都标有欧盟标志
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详见: 歐盟LGBT權益 歐盟的成員國不止被要求需廢除反同性戀法案,根據1997年的《阿姆斯特丹條約》,成員國還需立法阻止對同性戀者的歧視。[101][102][103] |
國家 / 地區 |
同性性行為 |
同性伴侶關係 |
同性婚姻 |
同性領養 |
軍界公開性向? |
反歧視法 (性向) |
性別認同 / 表達 相關法律 |
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![]() ![]() 继子女收养在28个成员国中的18个合法 |
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北歐
國家 / 地區 |
同性性行為 |
同性伴侶關係 |
同性婚姻 |
同性領養 |
軍界公開性向? |
反歧視法 (性向) |
性別認同 / 表達 相關法律 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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![]() +簽訂聯合國宣言[11] |
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![]() (丹麥王國的構成國家) |
![]() +簽訂聯合國宣言[11] |
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![]() (丹麥王國的構成國家) |
![]() +簽訂聯合國宣言[11] |
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![]() +簽訂聯合國宣言[11] |
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没有军队 |
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![]() +簽訂聯合國宣言[11] |
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西歐
國家 / 地區 |
同性性行為 |
同性伴侶關係 |
同性婚姻 |
同性領養 |
軍界公開性向? |
反歧視法 (性向) |
性別認同 / 表達 相關法律 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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![]() +簽訂聯合國宣言[11] |
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![]() +簽訂聯合國宣言[148][149][11] |
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![]() +簽訂聯合國宣言[11] |
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![]() (英國海外屬地) |
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![]() (英國海外屬地) |
![]() +簽訂聯合國宣言[11] |
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中歐
國家 / 地區 |
同性性行為 |
同性伴侶關係 |
同性婚姻 |
同性領養 |
軍界公開性向? |
反歧視法 (性向) |
性別認同 / 表達 相關法律 |
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![]() 東德(自1968年) 西柏林和西德(自1969年)+簽訂聯合國宣言[11][199] |
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没有军队 |
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東歐
國家 / 地區 |
同性性行為 |
同性伴侶關係 |
同性婚姻 |
同性領養 |
軍界公開性向? |
反歧視法 (性向) |
性別認同 / 表達 相關法律 |
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![]() +簽訂聯合國宣言[11] |
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南歐
國家 / 地區 |
同性性行為 |
同性伴侶關係 |
同性婚姻 |
同性領養 |
軍界公開性向? |
反歧視法 (性向) |
性別認同 / 表達 相關法律 |
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没有军队 |
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![]() 波士尼亞與赫塞哥維納聯邦(自1998年)塞族共和國(自2000年)布爾奇科特區(自2001年) +簽訂聯合國宣言[11] |
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![]() ![]() (英國海外屬地) |
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没有军队 |
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未被國際普遍承認的國家
國家 / 地區 |
同性性行為 |
同性伴侶關係 |
同性婚姻 |
同性領養 |
軍界公開性向? |
反歧視法 (性向) |
性別認同 / 表達 相關法律 |
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美洲
北美洲
國家 / 地區 |
同性性行為 |
同性伴侶關係 |
同性婚姻 |
同性領養 |
軍界公開性向? |
反歧視法 (性向) |
性別認同 / 表達 相關法律 |
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![]() + 簽訂聯合國宣言[11] |
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![]() + 簽訂聯合國宣言[11][308] |
![]() 魁北克民事结合(2002年)[310] 艾伯塔成人依存关系(2003年)[311] 曼尼托巴同居关系(2004年)[312] |
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![]() (丹麥王國的構成國家) |
![]() +簽訂聯合國宣言[11] |
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![]() + 簽訂聯合國宣言[11] |
![]() ![]() 國內強制承認但不執行同性婚姻 [328] |
![]() ![]() 國內強制承認但不執行同性婚姻 [328] (全国范围申请中)[330][331] |
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![]() 全國(自2003年)[334] |
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![]() + 簽訂聯合國宣言[11] |
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![]() + 簽訂聯合國宣言[11] |
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![]() 全国合法(自2015年),除密西西比州和美属萨摩亚以外[358] |
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![]() ![]() 仇恨罪聯邦法律自2009年立法。見馬修·謝巴德案 |
![]() ![]() 仇恨罪聯邦法律自2009年立法。見馬修·謝巴德案 |
中美洲
國家 / 地區 |
同性性行為 |
同性伴侶關係 |
同性婚姻 |
同性領養 |
軍界公開性向? |
反歧視法 (性向) |
性別認同 / 表達 相關法律 |
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加勒比海
國家 / 地區 |
同性性行為 |
同性伴侶關係 |
同性婚姻 |
同性領養 |
軍界公開性向? |
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性別認同 / 表達 相關法律 |
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![]() (博奈尔,圣尤斯特歇斯,薩巴;荷兰直辖市) |
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![]() (荷蘭王國的自治國) |
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![]() (法國海外领土,自2007年) |
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![]() (法國海外领土,自2007年) |
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没有军队 |
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![]() (荷蘭王國的自治國) |
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南美洲
國家 / 地區 |
同性性行為 |
同性伴侶關係 |
同性婚姻 |
同性領養 |
軍界公開性向? |
反歧視法 (性向) |
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![]() + 簽訂聯合國宣言[11] |
![]() 全国(自2015年)[397] |
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大洋洲
澳大拉西亞
國家 / 地區 |
同性性行為 |
同性伴侶關係 |
同性婚姻 |
同性領養 |
軍界公開性向? |
反歧視法 (性向) |
性別認同 / 表達 相關法律 |
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![]() 同居伴侣:塔斯馬尼亞州(2004年)[467],南澳大利亚州(2007年)[468],維多利亞州(2008年)[469],新南威爾斯州(2010年)[470]和昆士蘭州(2012年)[471]; 民事結合:首都特區[472] |
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![]() ![]() 收養繼子女合法:維多利亞州(2007年) 南澳大利亚州、昆士蘭州和北領地禁止领养 |
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![]() + 簽訂聯合國世界人權宣言[11] |
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美拉尼西亞
國家 / 地區 |
同性性行為 |
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同性婚姻 |
同性領養 |
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没有军队 |
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![]() + 簽訂聯合國世界人權宣言[11] |
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密克羅尼西亞
國家 / 地區 |
同性性行為 |
同性伴侶關係 |
同性婚姻 |
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玻里尼西亞
國家 / 地區 |
同性性行為 |
同性伴侶關係 |
同性婚姻 |
同性領養 |
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GILRHO
法律認可同性傾向之全球指數(GILRHO,Global Index on Legal Recognition of Homosexual Orientation)
- A. 成人間的合意同性性行為合法與否。
- B. 合意的同性性行為和異性性行為相比,其合法性是否有相同年齡限制。
- C. 立法明確禁止聘雇員工時的性傾向歧視。
- D. 立法明確禁止提供財貨或勞務的性傾向歧視。
- E. 對未登記的同居同性伴侶有無任何法律認可。
- F. 同性伴侶是否可以登記伴侶關係。
- G. 同性伴侶是否可能共同領養小孩或成為另一雙親。
- H. 同性伴侶是否可以結婚。
[487]
TvT
TRANSREPECT VERSUS TRANSPHOBIA WORLDWIDE
[8]
參見
- 民權運動
- 異性戀主義
- 同性恋恐惧症
- 跨性別恐懼症
- 宗教和同性戀
- 民事結合
- 同性婚姻
- LGBT領養
- 性革命
- 同意年齡
- 性悖軌法
- 反就業歧視法
- 社會主義與LGBT權益
注解
^ 阿根廷、比利時、巴西、加拿大、丹麥(包括格陵蘭)、芬蘭、法國、冰島、愛爾蘭、盧森堡、荷蘭(包括荷蘭加勒比區)紐西蘭、挪威、葡萄牙、西班牙、南非、瑞典、美國、烏拉圭、哥倫比亞、馬爾他、德國、澳洲
^
墨西哥(契瓦瓦州、科阿韋拉州、格雷羅州、哈利斯科州、納亞里特州、墨西哥城、金塔納羅奧州)
英國(英格蘭、蘇格蘭、威爾斯、皮特凱恩群島)
^
- 非洲:阿爾及利亞、安哥拉、波札那、蒲隆地、喀麥隆、查德、葛摩、埃及、厄利垂亞、衣索比亞、甘比亞、迦納、幾內亞、肯亞、賴比瑞亞、利比亞、馬拉威、茅利塔尼亞、模里西斯、摩洛哥、納米比亞、奈及利亞、塞內加爾、獅子山共和國、索馬利亞、南蘇丹、蘇丹共和國、史瓦濟蘭、坦尚尼亞、多哥、突尼西亞、烏干達、尚比亞、辛巴威。
- 亞洲:阿富汗、孟加拉、不丹、汶萊、伊朗、伊拉克、科威特、黎巴嫩、馬來西亞、馬爾地夫、緬甸、阿曼、巴基斯坦、卡達、沙烏地阿拉伯、新加坡、斯里蘭卡、敘利亞、土庫曼、阿拉伯聯合大公國、烏茲別克、葉門。
- 美洲:安地卡及巴布達、巴貝多、多米尼克、格瑞那達、蓋亞那、牙買加、聖克里斯多福及尼維斯、聖露西亞、聖文森及格瑞那丁。
- 大洋洲:吉里巴斯、巴布亞紐幾內亞、薩摩亞、索羅門群島、東加、吐瓦魯。
^ 南蘇門答臘省(印尼)、亞齊省(印尼)、庫克群島、加薩走廊
^ 在法國,同性性行為自1972年起於薩伏依合法、自1793年起於滨海阿尔卑斯省、下莱茵省、上索恩省、摩泽尔省和孚日省的部分領地合法、自1798年於上莱茵省的部分領地合法、自1890年於滨海阿尔卑斯省、上阿尔卑斯省和萨瓦省的部分領地合法(意大利王國時期);此外,同性性行為於1794年至1796年間的科西嘉島、1814年到1860年間的滨海阿尔卑斯省(薩丁尼亞王國行省時期)、1871年至1918年(德意志帝國統治時期)及1940年1945年(納粹統治時期)的阿爾薩斯-洛林和1944年至1945年間的诺尔省和加来海峡省(納粹統治時期)為違法行為。
参考文獻
^ Ronald Holzhacker. ‘Gay Rights are Human Rights: The framing of new interpretations of international human rights norms’ (PDF).
^ Juneau Gary; Neal S. Rubin. Are LGBT rights human rights? Recent developments at the United Nations.
^ Jordans, Frank. U.N. Gay Rights Protection Resolution Passes, Hailed As 'Historic Moment'. Associated Press. 2011-06-17.
^ UN issues first report on human rights of gay and lesbian people. United Nations. 2011-12-15.
^ Human Rights Campaign. MARRIAGE EQUALITY AROUND THE WORLD (PDF).
^ 78 countries where homosexuality is illegal.
^ State- Sponsored Homophobia (PDF): 32. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-06-29).
^ The Middle Assyrian Law Codes (1075 BC) states: "If a man have intercourse with his brother-in-arms, they shall turn him into a eunuch", see Sodomy law#History
^ "Quiet pink revolution in dark before dawn?"
^ 晓飞, 郭. 中国法视野下的同性恋. 知识产权出版社. 2007-05-01. ISBN 978-7801986979.
^ 11.00011.00111.00211.00311.00411.00511.00611.00711.00811.00911.01011.01111.01211.01311.01411.01511.01611.01711.01811.01911.02011.02111.02211.02311.02411.02511.02611.02711.02811.02911.03011.03111.03211.03311.03411.03511.03611.03711.03811.03911.04011.04111.04211.04311.04411.04511.04611.04711.04811.04911.05011.05111.05211.05311.05411.05511.05611.05711.05811.05911.06011.06111.06211.06311.06411.06511.06611.06711.06811.06911.07011.07111.07211.07311.07411.07511.07611.07711.07811.07911.08011.08111.08211.08311.08411.08511.08611.08711.08811.08911.09011.09111.09211.09311.09411.09511.09611.09711.09811.09911.10011.10111.10211.10311.10411.10511.10611.10711.10811.10911.11011.11111.11211.11311.11411.11511.11611.11711.11811.11911.12011.12111.12211.12311.12411.12511.12611.12711.12811.12911.13011.13111.13211.13311.13411.13511.13611.13711.13811.13911.14011.14111.14211.14311.14411.14511.14611.14711.14811.14911.15011.15111.15211.15311.15411.15511.15611.15711.15811.15911.16011.16111.16211.16311.16411.16511.16611.16711.16811.16911.17011.17111.17211.17311.17411.17511.17611.17711.17811.17911.18011.18111.18211.18311.18411.18511.18611.18711.18811.18911.19011.19111.19211.19311.19411.19511.19611.19711.19811.19911.20011.20111.20211.20311.20411.20511.20611.20711.20811.20911.21011.21111.21211.21311.21411.21511.21611.21711.21811.21911.22011.22111.22211.22311.22411.22511.22611.22711.22811.22911.23011.23111.23211.23311.23411.23511.23611.23711.23811.23911.24011.24111.24211.24311.24411.24511.24611.24711.24811.24911.25011.25111.25211.25311.25411.25511.25611.25711.25811.25911.26011.26111.26211.26311.26411.26511.26611.26711.268 State-sponsored Homophobia: A world survey of laws prohibiting same sex activity between consenting adults The International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association, authored by Lucas Paoli Itaborahy, May 2014
^ (西班牙文) Reglamento regulador del Registro de Uniones de Hecho
^ 13.013.1 Spain approves liberal gay marriage law. St. Petersburg Times. 2005-07-01 [2007-01-08].
^ 14.014.1 Adoption in Spain. Intercountry Adoption. [2015-10-18].
^ 15.0015.0115.0215.0315.0415.0515.0615.0715.0815.0915.1015.1115.1215.1315.1415.1515.1615.1715.1815.1915.2015.2115.2215.2315.2415.2515.2615.2715.2815.2915.3015.3115.3215.3315.3415.3515.3615.3715.3815.3915.4015.41 Rainbow Europe Country Index (pdf). [2010-09-30] (英语).
^ 16.016.1 (西班牙文) Ley 3/2007, de 15 de marzo, reguladora de la rectificación registral de la mención relativa al sexo de las personas
^ Egypt (Law) - ILGA. ilga.org. ILGA. [2015-10-18]. (原始内容存档于2014-07-11).
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^ (西班牙文) REGLAMENTO REGULADOR DEL REGISTRO DE PAREJAS DE HECHO DE LA CIUDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MELILLA
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^ (意大利文) Legge 14 Aprile 1982, n. 164 (GU n. 106 del 19/04/1982) Norme in Materia di Rettificazione di Attribuzione di Sesso. (原始内容存档于2007-05-23).
^ Court of Cassation judgment of 21 May 2015
^ Macedonia Moves to Rule Out Same-Sex Marriage. Balkan Insight. 2014-07-01.
^ 272.0272.1 AN ACT to regulate civil unions and to provide for matters connected therewith or ancillary thereto
^ MARRIAGE ACT
^ Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics Bill
^ THE CONSTITUTION OF MONTENEGRO and THE CONSTITUTIONAL LAW FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONSTITUTION OF MONTENEGRO ADOPTED ON 19 OCTOBER 2007 (PDF). [2014-01-05].
^ Information on the rights of minority groups in Montenegro (PDF). [2014-01-05].
^ Montenegro fulfils EU membership requirement and protects LGBT people from discrimination. 國際男女同性戀聯合會. [2010-10-19] (英语).
^ (葡萄牙文) Law no. 7/2001, from 11 May (specifically Article 1, no. 1).
^ (葡萄牙文) AR altera lei das uniões de facto
^ Law no. 9/2010, from 30th May.
^ Mudança de identidade já não precisa dos tribunais. dezanove. [2010-10-19] (葡萄牙语).
^ http://www.lgbt-ep.eu/press-releases/meps-welcome-new-gender-change-law-in-portugal-concerned-about-lithuania/
^ Gessa, Daniele Guido. San Marino axes medieval law to let gay couples live together. GayStarNews. 2012-06-27 [2012-09-10].
^ http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf
^ First post-Mediaeval criminal code in the Principality of Serbia, named "Kaznitelni zakon" (Law of Penalties), adopted in 1860, punishes sexual intercourse "against the order of nature" between males with 6 months to 4 years inprisonment. V. Para # 206, p. 82 of the "Kaznitelni zakon 1860" in Slavo-Serbian orthography [3]
^ Constitution of Serbia. Serbian Government. [2006-11-08].
^ http://www.parlament.gov.rs/akti/doneti-zakoni/doneti-zakoni.1033.html
^ http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2012&mm=12&dd=24&nav_category=11&nav_id=671737
^ (西班牙文) Decreto 124/2000, de 11 de julio, por el que se regula la creación y el régimen de funcionamiento del Registro de parejas de hecho de la comunidad autónoma de Castilla-La Mancha
^ (西班牙文) DECRETO 117/2002, de 24 de octubre, por el que se crea el Registro de Uniones de Hecho en Castilla y León y se regula su funcionamiento
^ Spain approves liberal gay marriage law. St. Petersburg Times. 2005-07-01 [2007-01-08].
^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/spain.html
^ (西班牙文) Ley 3/2007, de 15 de marzo, reguladora de la rectificación registral de la mención relativa al sexo de las personas
^ 294.0294.1 Turkey’s main opposition proposed labor bill for LGBT people. kaosgl.com.
^ Discrimination will be banned, draft law says. Hürriyet Daily News and Economic Review. [2010-10-19] (英语).
^ http://ijg.sagepub.com/content/18/1/77.abstract
^ Is the self-proclaimed LPR introduced "criminal liability for homosexuality"?. [2015-03-25].
^ FAMILY LAW OF KOSOVO - Law Nr.2004/32. childhub.org.
^ Adoption Laws in Kosovo: Unmarried persons. State portal of the Republic of Kosovo. Constitution of Kosovo.
^ Adoption in Kosovo (Report) - Page 6. OSCE Mission in Kosovo.
^ Constitution of Kosovo; discrimination.
^ Constitution of Donetsk People's Republic: Russian nationalism, clericalism and capitalism. Nihilist.li. 2014-05-22 [2015-03-22].
^ http://pravo.pmr-online.com/View.aspx?id=dMQ8CSXQu3QAok4djqV2MQ%3D%3D
^ В Приднестровье, как и в Молдове защитят права геев и лесбиянок. Новости Приднестровья:: ИА «Тирас».
^ 305.0305.1 可發生性關係的法定年齡
^ [4]
^ Johnson, Ayo. MPs approve historic Human Rights Act changes. The Royal Gazette. 2013-06-15 [2013-06-15].
^ "Criminal Code (R.S., 1985, c. C-46), Section 159, Subsection (1)". Department of Justice Canada. 21 May 2010.
^ Law Reform (2000) Act
^ An Act instituting civil unions and establishing new rules of filiation
^ Alberta: Adult Interdependent Relationships. Legal Resource Center of Alberta. 2006 [2007-07-28].
^ THE COMMON-LAW PARTNERS' PROPERTY AND RELATED AMENDMENTS ACT
^ LOI CONCERNANT CERTAINES CONDITIONS DE FOND DU MARIAGE CIVIL
^ Sexual Orientation and Legal Rights (92-1E). 加拿大國會. [2011-04-23] (英语).
^ Same Sex Couple Adoption: The Situation in Canada and Australia (Research Note 29 1999-2000). 澳洲國會. [2011-04-23] (英语).
^ Status differs in provinces and territories:
Mary C. Hurley. Sexual Orientation and Legal Rights. Parliament of Canada. 2007-05-31 [2010-01-21].
Jennifer A. Cooper. Opinion on Common-Law Relationships. Government of Manitoba. 2001-12-31 [2010-01-21].
Gay couple leaps 'walls' to adopt son. Edmonton Journal. 2007-02-19.
Legal Information for Same Sex Couples (PDF). Legal Information for Same Sex Couples. [2010-09-03].
Yukon Adoption: Important Adoption Issues. Adoptiveparents.ca. [2013-03-16].
^ Canadian Armed Forces. The Canadian Lesbian & Gay Archives. [2010-09-30].
^ Northwest Territories Human Rights Act, S.N.W.T. 2002, c.18. Section 5.
^ Ontario passes law to protect transgender people. CBC News. 2012-06-13 [2012-06-13].
^ http://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/topic.page?id=C53953157EE344A681EFD28325B526F4
^ http://vitalstats.gov.mb.ca/change_of_sex_designation.html
^ 1995-96 - L 162 (oversigt): Forslag til lov om ændring af kriminalloven og arveloven for Grønland. (Ændringer som følge af indførelse af registreret partnerskab). Webarkiv.dk. [2012-09-14] (丹麦语).
^ (西班牙文) Leopoldo Ramos. Aprueba Coahuila la figura del pacto civil de solidaridad. La Jornada. 2007-01-11 [2014-02-15].
^ (西班牙文) Pedro Zamora Briseño. Aprueba Colima "enlace conyugal" entre parejas del mismo sexo. Proceso. 2013-07-29 [2014-02-15].
^ http://www.sdpnoticias.com/gay/2013/12/23/legalizan-bodas-gays-en-campeche
^ (西班牙文) Jalisco avala Ley de Libre Convivencia para regular parejas del mismo sexo. CNN México. 2013-10-31 [2014-02-15].
^ https://www.quadratin.com.mx/politica/Aprueban-Codigo-Familiar-en-Michoacan-no-incluye-matrimonios-gay
^ 328.0328.1328.2 David Agren. Mexican States Ordered to Honor Gay Marriages. New York Times. 2010-08-10 [2010-08-11].
^ (西班牙文) Varillas, Adriana. Revocan anulación de bodas gay en QRoo. El Universal. 2012-05-03 [2014-02-15].
^ (西班牙文) Mauricio Torres. Senadores proponen legalizar el matrimonio gay en todo México. CNN México. 2013-11-14 [2014-02-15].
^ (西班牙文) Propone Fernando Mayans Canabal reconocer el matrimonio sin distinción de preferencia sexual. Senado de México. 2013-11-20 [2014-02-15].
^ http://www.hrc.org/blog/entry/supreme-court-of-mexico-rules-states-ban-on-same-sex-adoption-unconstitutio
^ (西班牙文) Milenio Semanal. Homosexualidad y Ejército. 2010-10-17 [2010-10-31].
^ International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission (IGLHRC). Mexico protects its gay and lesbian citizens with new law. 2003-04-23 [2009-11-27].
^ International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA) Trans. Mexico City extends official rights to transgender individuals. 國際男女同性戀聯合會. 2008-08-29 [2009-11-27] (英语).
^ Mexico, Protocol of Action for Those Who Impart Justice in Cases that Involve Sexual Orientation or Gender Identity (PDF). Mexico City: Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation. August 2014 [2015-06-17]. ISBN 978-607-96207-3-8 (Spanish). 引文格式1维护:未识别语文类型 (link)
^ 337.0337.1337.2337.3337.4337.5 (法文) Loi n° 99-944 du 15 novembre 1999 relative au pacte civil de solidarité
^ 338.0338.1338.2338.3338.4338.5 Vignal, Francois. Mariage pour tous : le détail du vote au Sénat. Public Senat. 2013-04-15 [2013-10-27] (法语).
^ 339.0339.1339.2339.3339.4339.5 http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/france.html
^ California Family Code Section 299.2. Onecle.
^ [http://www.citizenlink.org/CLNews/A000004948.cfm CitizenLink: Amendment Would Mean No Money to D.C. Domestic-Partner Registry
^ Summary of LD 1579
^ Garber, Andrew. Domestic partnership bill passes state Senate. Seattle Times. 2007-03-01 [2010-03-19].
^ Oregon Registered Domestic Partners (PDF). State of Oregon. [2012-12-11].
^ Senate Bill 566.
^ Burroway, Jim. Wisconsin Senate Approves Domestic Partnerships. Box Turtle Bulletin. 2009-06-17 [2009-11-04].
^ Nevada legalizing domestic partnerships. CNN. 2009-05-31 [2009-11-04].
^ Higgins, Richard. Vermont Licenses First Civil Unions. Boston Globe. 2000-07-02 [2013-07-26].
^ New York Times: William Yardley, "Connecticut Approves Civil Unions for Gays," April 21, 2005, accessed June 26, 2011
^ New Jersey Public Law 2006, c.103 (PDF). New Jersey Legislature. 2006 [2007-07-31].
^ Belluck, Pam. New Hampshire Senate Votes to Allow Same-Sex Civil Unions. New York Times. 2007-04-27 [2014-07-14].
^ Illinois House passes civil unions legislation in historic vote
^ Breaking News: House Passes Controversial Civil Unions Bill
^ Huffington Post: Mark Niesse, "Hawaii Governor Neil Abercrombie Signs Same-Sex Civil Unions Into Law," February 23, 2011, accessed April 13, 2011
^ Status of Senate Bill 30
^ Votes for SB13-011
^ Wolf, Richard. Supreme Court strikes down bans on same-sex marriage. USA Today. 2015-06-26 [2015-06-26].
^ 358.0358.1358.2358.3358.4 Liptak, Adam. Gay Marriage Backers Win Supreme Court Victory. nytimes.com. 2015-06-26 [2015-06-26].
^ 359.0359.1359.2 In 60 days, gays will be allowed to serve openly in the military. CNN. 2011-07-23.
^ Geidner, Chris. Transgender Breakthrough. Metro Weekly. 2012-04-23 [2012-08-04].
^ HHS: Health Reform Law Prohibits Antitransgender Bias in Care
^ Belize’s Supreme Court Struck Down The Country’s Anti-Gay Law From Colonial Days.
^ http://www.nacion.com/nacional/salud-publica/CCSS-aprobo-extender-seguro-parejas_0_1416058622.html
^ Costa Rica Government To Prioritize Bill Legalizing Gay Civil Unions
^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/costa-rica.html
^ http://www.lgbtqnation.com/2015/04/el-salvador-approves-measures-banning-same-sex-marriage-gay-couple-adoption/
^ 367.0367.1 Asociación Salvadoreña de Derechos Humanos “Entre Amigos”. HUMAN RIGHTS SITUATION OF LESBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL AND TRANSGENDER PERSONS IN EL SALVADOR: Shadow Report submitted to the United Nations Human Rights Committee (PDF). San Salvador. 2010.
^ http://www.telesurtv.net/english/news/Gender-Hate-Crimes-in-El-Salvador-to-Receive-Tougher-Sentencing-20150904-0028.html
^ http://www.lapagina.com.sv/nacionales/109929/2015/09/03/Homicidios-a-comunidad-LGTBI-tendran-penas-de-hasta-60-anos
^ (西班牙文) CONSTITUCION POLITICA DE LA REPUBLICA DE HONDURAS DE 1982
^ Honduras Bans Gay Marriage & Adoption. Global Gayz. 2005-03-30 [2009-08-12].
^ http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/internacionales/368103-buscan-que-orientacion-sexual-e-identidad-genero-s/
^ http://impresa.prensa.com/panorama/Transexuales-panamenos-tramitan-cedulas-mujer_0_3518648160.html
^ http://www.dutchcaribbeanlegalportal.com/news/latest-news/5093-wetsvoorstel-geregistreerd-partnerschap-op-aruba-ook-voor-gelijke-seksen
^ 375.0375.1375.2 Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Government of the Netherlands. 2010-10-10 [2010-12-29] (Dutch). 引文格式1维护:未识别语文类型 (link)
^ The Virgin Islands Constitution Order 2007, sections 9 and 26.
^ Waaldijk, Kees. Major legal consequences of marriage, cohabitation and registered partnership for different-sex and same-sex partners in the Netherlands (PDF). INED. [2013-10-27].
^ Gay Marriage Goes Dutch. CBS News. Associated Press. 2001-04-01 [2010-01-21].
^ Burgerlijk Wetboek, Boek 1 (Civil Code, Book 1). Government of the Netherlands. [2013-04-19].
^ https://www.government.nl/topics/discrimination/contents/prohibition-of-discrimination
^ http://www.buzzfeed.com/lesterfeder/the-netherlands-passes-landmark-gender-identity-law
^ http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf
^ The Cayman Islands Constitution Order 2009 (PDF). Cayman Constitution. [2012-09-15].
^ (西班牙文) Gaceta Oficial No. 29 Extraordinaria de 17 de junio de 2014
^ (西班牙文) Entra en vigor nuevo Código de Trabajo
^ "Cuba approves sex change operations", Reuters, 6 June 2008
^ (西班牙文) Constitución Política de la República Dominicana, proclamada el 26 de enero 2010, Publicada en la Gaceta Oficial No. 10561, del 26 de enero de 2010.
^ Dominican Republic reiterates ban on gay cops and soldiers
^ The Montserrat Constitution Order 2010. Government of Montserrat. [2014-07-15].
^ Constitution of Montserrat Part I: Fundamental Rights & Freedoms. Government of Montserrat. [2014-07-15].
^ Puerto Rico to amend laws after US ruling on gay marriage
^ Trinidad and Tobago court says laws barring gay sex are unconstitutional. reuters.
^ The Turks and Caicos Islands Constitution Order 2011 (PDF). Government of the Turks and Caicos Islands. [2014-07-15].
^ Ley 1004
^ (西班牙文) LEY Nº 3736 CONVIVENCIA HOMOSEXUAL
^ Argentina grants gay couples partner pensions
^ Ley 26.994 CODIGO CIVIL Y COMERCIAL DE LA NACION
^ Argentina Passes Gay Marriage Bill. The Advocate. [2011-04-23] (英语).
^ Ley 26.618
^ AG magazine. A New Argentina Overturns Gay Military Ban. Queerty. 2009-03-02 [2010-01-01].
^ Buscan replicar Ley de la Ciudad en la Nación
^ Página12, 10 May 2012. Pagina 12 (西班牙语).
^ CONSTITUCIÓN POLÍTICA DEL ESTADO PLURINACIONAL DE BOLIVIA
^ [5]
^ Constitución Política del Estado (CPE) (7-Febrero-2009). Infoleyes. [2012-09-15] (西班牙语).
^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/bolivia.html
^ http://www.lanacion.cl/noticias/reportajes/mundo/militares-y-homosexualidad-los-avances-y-tabus-en-los-otros-paises-de-latinoamerica/2014-08-27/195542.html/
^ http://www.confluenciafm.com.ar/vernota.asp?id_noticia=14939
^ Constitución Política del Estado VIGENTE Bolivia
^ http://www.la-razon.com/sociedad/primero-Latinoamerica-cambiar-nombre-sexo_0_1556844361.html
^ http://www.paginasiete.bo/sociedad/2014/8/10/bolivia-seis-transexuales-lograron-cambiar-identidad-28989.html
^ [6]
^ http://www.stf.jus.br/portal/cms/verNoticiaDetalhe.asp?idConteudo=178931
^ CNJ obriga cartórios de todo o país a celebrar casamento entre gays
^ CNJ obriga cartórios a celebrar casamento entre homossexuais
^ Homosexual couples can adopt children, decides to Supreme Court of Justice Decisões judiciais favoráveis a adoção por gays 请检查|url=
值 (帮助). Athos GLS. 2010-04-27 [2010-05-12] (葡萄牙语).
^ (葡萄牙文) Patricia Silva Gadelha. A prática da pederastia é crime militar. Jus Navigandi. March 2006 [2013-09-10].
^ (葡萄牙文) Iara Bernardi. Projeto de Lei 122/2006. December 2010 [2010-12-31].
^ JusBrasil Notícias. Constituição Federal garante os direitos do público LGTB. Jus Brasil. 2009-08-20 [2010-05-14] (葡萄牙语).
^ Homosexuality is not deviant - Federal Council of Psychologists of Brazil (葡萄牙文)
^ Psychiatrist Jairo Bouer talks about the "collateral effects" of "gay cure" bill (葡萄牙文)
^ (葡萄牙文)Expresso da Notícia. Justiça autoriza alteração no registro de transexual que trocou de sexo. Jus Brasil. 2006-01-13 [2010-01-01].
^ (葡萄牙文) Expresso da Notícia. Justica autoriza mudança de sexo em documentos. Jus Brasil. 2005-12-25 [2010-01-01].
^ Changing name and sex in documentation – Brazilian Association of Trans Men (葡萄牙文)
^ http://www.washingtonblade.com/2015/01/28/chilean-civil-unions-bill-receives-final-approval/
^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/reuters/article-2930343/Socially-conservative-Chile-approves-civil-unions.html
^ Ley 20830 CREA EL ACUERDO DE UNIÓN CIVIL
^ 428.0428.1 El proyecto de ley de matrimonio igualitario llega al parlamento de Chile
^ (西班牙文) Claudio Ortiz Lazo. Reflexiones en torno a la homosexualidad y fuerzas armadas. Revista Fuerzas Armadas y Sociedad. [2012-04-21].
^ 430.0430.1 Chile Passes Anti-Discrimination Law Following Daniel Zamudio's Death. Huff Post. 2012-04-15.
^ Chile Congress passes anti-discrimination law. Jurist.org. 2012-04-05 [2012-06-29].
^ http://www.cooperativa.cl/noticias/pais/judicial/justicia-autorizo-primer-cambio-de-sexo-sin-necesidad-de-operacion-previa/2015-04-08/165825.html
^ http://www.biobiochile.cl/2014/01/21/senado-aprueba-idea-de-legislar-proyecto-de-ley-de-identidad-de-genero.shtml
^ http://noticias.terra.cl/nacional/,08dc7e10cb6b3410VgnVCM20000099cceb0aRCRD.html
^ SENTENCIA C-075/07
^ Este miércoles el presidente Santos sanciona ley antidiscriminación. ElTiempo.com. 2011-11-29 [2011-11-29]. (西班牙文)
^ Mora, Manuel Velandia. Cambio de nombre es posible en Colombia. Manuel Antonio Velandia Mora Autobiografía y artículos. [2010-09-30]. (西班牙文)
^ http://www.elespectador.com/entrevista-de-cecilia-orozco/cambio-de-genero-cedula-sera-agil-y-simple-minjusticia-articulo-564988
^ CONSTITUCIÓN DEL ECUADOR
^ LEY REFORMATORIA AL CÓDIGO CIVIL
^ (西班牙文) Constituciones de 2008
^ http://travel.state.gov/content/adoptionsabroad/en/country-information/learn-about-a-country/ecuador.html
^ Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador, Political Database of the Americas, 31 January 2011
^ http://ebar.com/news/article.php?sec=news&article=69480
^ http://sartma.com/art.php?artid=12244&yr=2015&mo=01&os=10
^ 446.0446.1 Family Law Review 2015 – Proposals for new policy development and legislation
^ The Falkland Islands Constitution Order 2008
^ http://www.thedailyherald.com/regional/2-news/33563-army-wont-discriminate-against-its-gay-soldiers-.html
^ Constitución Nacional
^ Paraguay – Constitution. [2010-10-15].
^ Proyecto de Ley 03273/2013-CR
^ El Tribunal Constitucional de Perú considera que no se puede excluir de la Polícia o el Ejército a las personas homosexuales. Dos Manzanas. 2009-12-13 [2010-09-30].
^ (西班牙文)Peruvian Penal Code (PDF). [2015-10-08].
^ http://www.as-coa.org/articles/explainer-lgbt-rights-latin-america-and-caribbean
^ http://www.washingtonblade.com/2014/09/18/peru-uganda-lgbt-rights/#sthash.qiX6hWy8.dpuf
^ Sex reassignment surgery in Peru. Streets of Lima. [2015-10-15].
^ Hilary Burke. Uruguay OKs gay unions in Latin American first. Reuters. 2007-12-18 [2010-01-01].
^ Ley Nº 18.246 UNIÓN CONCUBINARIA
^ http://archivo.presidencia.gub.uy/sci/leyes/2013/05/mec_913.pdf
^ Reuters. Lawmakers in Uruguay Vote to Allow Gay Couples to Adopt. New York Times. 2009-09-09 [2010-01-01].
^ Rachel Weiner. Uruguay Lifts Ban On Gays In The Military. Huffington Post. 2009-05-15 [2010-01-01].
^ (西班牙文) Congress of Uruguay. Ley N° 17.817. 2004-08-18 [2010-01-01].
^ Free Speech Radio News. Uruguay passes bill to allow citizens to choose gender identity. 2009-12-11 [2010-01-01].
^ http://venezuelanalysis.com/analysis/1673
^ Venezuela activists petition for same-sex marriage. 2014-01-31 [2014-02-01].
^ Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela (PDF). [2011-03-10] (西班牙语).
^ Relationships Act 2003. Tasmanian Legislation. [2012-09-14].
^ South Australia gays get new rights by Tony Grew (7 December 2006). pinknews.com.au. [2007-09-03].
^ Relationships Act 2008. austlii.edu.au.
^ Massive support for register. Star Observer. 2010-05-13 [2012-09-14].
^ Agius, Kym. Bligh asks ALP to support gay marriage. 2011-12-01 [2012-09-14].
^ Civil Unions Bill 2011. ACT Government. [2012-09-14].
^ https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/dec/07/marriage-equality-law-passes-australias-parliament-in-landslide-vote
^ 474.0474.1 Sex Discrimination Amendment (Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Intersex Status) Bill 2013
^ 475.0475.1 Marriage equality Bill officially signed into law, GayNZ.com, Retrieved 19 April 2013
^ Chand, Shalveen. Same sex law decriminalised. Fiji Times. 2010-02-26 [2011-10-06].
^ http://www.starobserver.com.au/soap-box/2009/06/09/new-caledonia-catches-up-to-france/13739
^ Republic of Nauru Legalizes Homosexuality, Bans Slavery and Marital Rape.
^ Sodomy Laws American Samoa. Sodomylaws.org. 2004-03-28 [2008-12-21]. (原始内容存档于2012-02-19).
^ Sagapolutele, Fili. gay marriage illegal in American Samoa. USNews. [2015-07-10].
^ Employment Relations Act 2012
^ http://www.starobserver.com.au/soap-box/2009/06/09/new-caledonia-catches-up-to-france/13739
^ Pitcairn Island: Same Sex Marriage and Civil Partnership Ordinance 2015
^ [7]
^ The Pitcairn Constitution Order 2010
^ Labour and Employment Relations Act 2013
^ http://lgbtsciencedigest.blogspot.hk/2017/05/blog-post.html]
外部連結
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维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源:各地LGBT權利 |
国际男女同性恋协会
- 国家支持的恐同报告(2012年版)
- 世界同性恋权利地图(2012年版)
开放式目录计划中和男同性恋,女同性恋和双性恋:法律相关的内容
美国大赦国际:世界各地LGBT合法地位 — 互动式地图- GayLawNet: 法律
国际同性恋者人权委员会
- 法律信息研究资源链接
国际法律家委员会:性倾向,性别认同与正义 - 比较法案例汇编
联合国人权理事会:基于性取向和性别认同的歧视性法律和对个人的暴力行为年度报告C
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