氣門





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氣門（Spiracle；/ˈspɪrəkəl/ or /ˈspaɪərəkəl/[1][2]，亦作Stigma）是動物是一個位於表面的細孔，通常通往其呼吸系統。




目录






  • 1 脊椎動物


  • 2 節肢動物


  • 3 註釋


  • 4 參考文獻





脊椎動物




Spiracle of a shark (bighead spurdog, Squalus bucephalus)




Spiracle of a bluespotted ribbontail ray, Taeniura lymma


在脊椎動物，其氣門一般位於眼睛之後，有些魚類還會通到其口部。
在原始的無頜總綱物種（Agnatha），其鰓位於口部之後的第一個開口跟其他開口基本上一樣；但隨着下頷的演化，這個開口在初期的有颔下门物種變成了在下頷和頭骨之間。這個開口隨着鰓的縮小隱藏，變成只剩下一個小孔。



節肢動物





Indian moon moth (Actias selene) larva with some of the spiracles identified


在某些節肢動物物種，例如昆蟲及部分演化度較高的蜘蛛在其外骨骼有氣門，讓空氣可以進入其氣管[3]。在昆蟲的呼吸系統，氣管的主要功用是把氧氣直接輸送到身體組織。所以氣門的郁效開合，能夠防止水份流失[4]。而透過控制一組由中央神經系統控制，環繞其氣門的肌肉，以及對外間化學刺激的反應，動物可以控制其氣門的開合。某些水生昆蟲利用類似的機制，可防止水份從其氣門侵入氣管。有些物種的氣門周圍還有細毛，以減少空氣流動從氣門抽走水份。


部份物種的分類以其氣門的所在而命名。例如：甲蟎亞目又名隱氣門亞目。



註釋





  1. ^ Entry "spiracle" in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.


  2. ^ OED 2nd edition, 1989 as .mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:"Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Linux Libertine","Segoe UI","Lucida Sans Unicode","Code2000","Gentium","Gentium Alternative","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Arial Unicode MS","IPAPANNEW","Chrysanthi Unicode","GentiumAlt","Bitstream Vera","Bitstream Cyberbit","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro","Lucida Grande",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}
    /ˈspaɪərək(ə)l/.


  3. ^ Solomon, Eldra; Berg, Linda; Martin, Diana. Biology. Brooks/Cole. 2002 （英语）. 


  4. ^ Chapman, R. F. The Insects. Cambridge University Press. 1998 （英语）. 




參考文獻


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  • Chapman, R. F. The Insects. 1998. Cambridge University Press








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