活性氧类
Multi tool use
非光合细胞中
ROS的主要来源。From a review by Novo and Parola, 2008.
活性氧类（英语：Reactive oxygen species，ROS），是生物有氧代谢过程中的一种副产品，包括氧离子、过氧化物和含氧自由基等。[1]这些粒子相当微小，由于存在未配对的自由电子，而十分活跃。过高的活性氧水平会对细胞和基因结构造成损坏。活性氧，为含氧的，具有化学活性的分子，包括氧离子（oxygen ion）及过氧化氢（peroxide）。因为核外的未配对电子的存在，具有很强的化学反应活性。ROS是正常氧代谢的副产物，并且在细胞信号传导，和保持机体恒常性起很大作用。然而，在时间以及外界环境影响下（例，暴露于紫外线(UV exposure)或热源(heat exposure)下等），ROS的量会急剧增多。引起这种改变的原因有可能是由于明显的细胞结构的损坏。这种显现，被称为氧化应激。ROS也可能由外界的因素生成，如致电离辐射。
损伤防御机制
通常，细胞都会通过酶（如，过氧化歧化酶superoxide dismutase等）的作用来减少ROS对细胞的损伤作用。某些小分子，如维生素C
维生素E，尿酸及谷胱甘肽也作为细胞抗氧化物质发挥着重要作用。与之相对，细胞外的抗氧化物质的作用小的多，在血浆中的最重要的抗氧化物质为
尿酸uric acid。
参考资料
^ Devasagayam, TPA; Tilak JC, Boloor KK, Sane Ketaki S, Ghaskadbi Saroj S, Lele RD. Free Radicals and Antioxidants in Human Health: Current Status and Future Prospects. Journal of Association of Physicians of India (JAPI). October 2004, 52: 796.
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