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House of Fraser Limited

Type	Private (subsidiary)
Industry	Retail
Genre	Department store
Founded	Glasgow, Scotland, UK (1849)
Founder	Hugh Fraser James Arthur
Headquarters	London, England, UK
Number of locations	59
Key people	Mike Ashley (Owner)
Products	Fashion clothing, Shoes & boots, Accessories, Cosmetics, Homeware, Electricals, Furniture, Gifts, Toys
Revenue	£1.152 billion (2013)
Owner	Sports Direct International
Number of employees	6,000 direct 11,500 concession
Website	www.houseoffraser.co.uk

House of Fraser is a British department store group with 57 stores and two outlets^{[clarification needed]} across the United Kingdom and Ireland. It was established in Glasgow, Scotland in 1849 as Arthur and Fraser. By 1891, it was known as Fraser & Sons. The company grew steadily during the early 20th century, and after the Second World War a large number of acquisitions transformed the company into a national chain.

From 1936 onwards the company expanded substantially through acquisitions, including Scottish Drapery Corporation (1952), Binns (1953), Barkers of Kensington (1957), and Dickins & Jones and the Harrods group (1959). In 1948, the company was first listed on the London Stock Exchange. Later acquisitions included Howells (1972) and Army & Navy Stores (1973).

Ownership of the group passed to the Al Fayed family in 1985 (£615million), and in 1995 it was listed in the FTSE Index as House of Fraser plc, with Harrods moved into the private ownership of the Al Fayeds. In the 1990s several stores were closed and fifteen stores transferred to a joint venture with British Land Company, which then continued operating under their old name. The former Harrod group store D H Evans on Oxford Street, London was re-branded as House of Fraser in 2001 and became the chain's flagship store.

In 2005, the group acquired Jenners (£46m), and Beatties (£69m). In 2006, group was acquired by a consortium of investors (Highland Group Holdings) including Icelandic based Landsbanki (35%). An online store was launched in 2007. In 2014 the group (as Highland Group Holdings Ltd) was sold to Nanjing Xinjiekou Department Store Co. (Sanpower Group), a leading chain of Chinese department stores for approximately £480 million.

In May 2018, the group entered a company voluntary arrangement, and in June the closure of 31 stores was announced. On 10 August 2018 Mike Ashley's Sports Direct chain agreed to buy the business (stores, stock, brand) for £90 million after the chain went into administration earlier that day.

History

House of Fraser on Briggate in Leeds

House of Fraser in Belfast

The early years

The company was founded by Hugh Fraser and James Arthur in 1849 as a small drapery shop on the corner of Argyle Street and Buchanan Street in Glasgow, Scotland trading as Arthur and Fraser.^[1]

Hugh Fraser had been apprenticed to Stewart & McDonald Ltd, a Glasgow drapery warehouse where he rose to the position of warehouse manager and from where he brought many of initial customers.^[1]

James Arthur also owned a retail drapery business in Paisley, near Glasgow: he appointed a manager to oversee the Paisley business while he focused on his new business.^[1]

The company established a wholesale trade in adjoining premises in Argyle Street. In 1856 the wholesale business moved to a larger site in Miller Street, Glasgow and started to trade under the name Arthur & Co. The retail side of the business expanded into the vacant buildings left by the wholesale side.^[1]

During the late 1850s and early 1860s the retail business was run by a professional manager – first Thomas Kirkpatrick and then Alexander McLaren.^[1] In 1865 the partnership between the partners was dissolved and Fraser assumed control of the retail business leaving Arthur with the wholesale business. In 1865 McLaren joined the retail business and the name was changed to Fraser & McLaren.^[1]

Fraser & Sons

When the first Hugh Fraser died in 1873, his three eldest sons, James, John and Hugh, acquired stakes in the business. James and John Fraser were initially directors in the business and employed Alexander McLaren and later John Towers to manage it for them. In 1891 Hugh also joined the partnership which by then was called Fraser & Sons.^[1]

In 1879, the current flagship store on Oxford Street in London was opened by Dan Harries Evans, a 23-year-old from Whitemill in Carmarthenshire, Wales who had previously been apprenticed to a draper in Forest Hamlet near Merthyr Tydfil, Wales. He moved to London in 1878 to set up his own business in Westminster Bridge Road. The store traded under the D H Evans name until 2001.^[1]

By 1900, Hugh Fraser II was in charge: he incorporated the business as Fraser & Sons Ltd in 1909 and introduced the famous stag's head motif.^[1]

After Hugh Fraser II died in 1927, his son Hugh Fraser III, an accountant, became Chairman of the business.^[1] He opened new departments, enlarged the tearoom, opened a restaurant and also began to look at possible acquisitions.^[1] In 1936 he purchased Arnott & Co Ltd and its neighbour Robert Simpson & Sons Ltd in nearby Argyle Street, merging the companies to help improve trade.^[1] In 1948 the Company, now named House of Fraser, was first listed on the London Stock Exchange.^[1]

1950s to 1970s

The Art Deco Kendals building on Deansgate, Manchester – a House of Fraser store since 1959

In 1951, the Company purchased McDonald's Ltd, and with it a branch in Harrogate. Fraser then purchased the Scottish Drapery Corporation in 1952, followed by the Sunderland based Binns group of stores in 1953.^[1]

Fraser sold the property sites to insurance companies, leasing them back for long terms at advantageous rates. This enabled the release of capital for the purchase of new premises and the modernisation of existing stores. In 1957 the Kensington store group of John Barker & Co Ltd was acquired and in 1959 Harrods^[1] and Dickins & Jones^[2] also joined the Group.

Sir Hugh Fraser succeeded his father as Chairman of the company when his father died in 1966.^[1] Sir Hugh resumed the expansion of the company in 1969 with the takeover of J. J. Allen Ltd, a Bournemouth based group.^[1]

During the 1970s, the House of Fraser Group acquired more companies including: T. Baird & Sons Ltd of Scotland, Switzer & Co. Ltd of Dublin, Ireland, and E. Dingle & Co. Ltd, Chiesmans Ltd, Hide & Co and the Army & Navy Stores in southern England, as well as a number of independent stores, totaling over fifty stores during the decade.^[1] In 1973 the House of Fraser Group was considering merging with the British pharmacy company Boots, and was even subject to a written answer in the House of Commons.^[3] The government decided to ban the proposed merger in 1974.^[4]

1980-1985

Former House of Fraser logo with jumping stag and "F" shadow

In 1981, Prof. Roland Smith succeeded Sir Hugh Fraser as chairman. A takeover bid by Lonrho was referred to the Monopolies and Mergers Commission and declared to be contrary to the public interest.^[1] Four new stores opened between 1980 and 1984,^[1] including D H Evans in Wood Green, North London in 1980, Dickins & Jones in Milton Keynes in 1981, Frasers in Perth in April 1984, and Dickins & Jones in Epsom, Surrey in May 1984.

The company, by then House of Fraser plc, diversified into sports goods under the name of Astral Sports and Leisure (subsequently sold to Sears plc owned Olympus Sport division) and into funerals with Wylie & Lochhead. It also launched the 'You' range of cosmetics and jewellery shops, and in 1985 acquired Turnbull & Asser Holdings Ltd, shirt makers of Jermyn Street, London and Kurt Geiger Holdings Ltd, shoe retailers.^[1] Other developments during the 1980s included the introduction of "Lifestyle" merchandise ranges and a huge investment in store refurbishment nationwide. In 1983 the Company introduced the Frasercard, valid at all stores and administered from a central computing facility in Swindon.^[1]

1985-2006: Al Fayed ownership

In 1985, the Al Fayed family bought the business for £615 million. The Al Fayeds supported the continuing expansion of the Company and replaced the stag's head logo with a stag leaping from a green triangle with shop signs of this period using a double layered san serif typeface.^[1][5] In 1988, a five-year strategic business plan was announced which saw a rationalisation of stores. Small branches were to be relinquished and replaced with larger units.

In September 1990, two new department stores were opened, a House of Fraser in the Meadowhall Shopping Centre in Sheffield, and Schofields in Leeds. In 1991, a new House of Fraser store was opened at the Lakeside Shopping Centre in West Thurrock, Essex.

In 1994, before House of Fraser PLC was relisted on the London Stock Exchange, Harrods was moved out of the Group so that it could remain under the private ownership of the Al Fayed family.^[1] John Coleman, who was appointed chief executive of the House of Fraser Group in 1996, launched the Linea brand in 1997, along with Platinum and Fraser the following year.^[1] The House of Fraser logo was revised in 1996 with the leaping stag now going over an "F" shadow and shop signs using a serif typeface.^[5] There were many store closures in this period which included the closure or selling off of branches in locations including Sheffield (House of Fraser), Newcastle (Binns), Sunderland (Binns), Bradford (Rackhams) and Leeds (Schofields which had closed only six years after opening although House of Fraser continued to have a presence with their Rackhams (now House of Fraser store) in the city) with the loss of around 1,000 jobs.^[6]

House of Fraser set up BL Fraser, a 50–50 joint venture with the British Land Company, in 1999 to buy 15 House of Fraser stores that would continue to be operated by House of Fraser.^[7] The Company added to its private-label brands in 2000 with House of Fraser womenswear, The Collection menswear, and a Linea Home line.^[1]

In 2003, Tom Hunter put forward a hostile bid for the Group, with the possible intention to merge with Allders, another department store he had shareholdings in.^[8] In addition there was a large reduction in the number of House of Fraser stores in Scotland which included the sell off or closure of branches in Aberdeen (Frasers), Dundee (Arnotts), Inverness (Frasers), Paisley (Arnotts) and Perth (Frasers).

2005 was a significant year of growth for House of Fraser with the acquisition of the four Jenners department stores in April for £46m,^[9] and Beatties, a mainly Midlands based department store chain of 12 sites, for £69.3m in the summer of 2005.^[10] In addition to buying companies, House of Fraser continued its own development programme and opened several more stores including its first store outside the UK in Dundrum Town Centre, Dublin, Ireland.^[11] as well as stores in Maidstone and Norwich.

In 2006, the Company consolidated its portfolio by closing the 135-year-old Barkers business in Kensington High Street on 2 January 2006.^[12] and on 14 January 2006, closed its Dickins & Jones store in London's Regent Street following a substantial rent increase.^[13] In addition, the Company closed its Birmingham Beatties store in January 2006 (although retained the House of Fraser store in Birmingham).^[14]

2006-2014: Highland Group Holdings

In February 2006, the Group announced that it had received a preliminary bid approach valuing it at £300 million, and in August 2006 House of Fraser confirmed a takeover approach from the Highland consortium who acquired the Company for £351.4 million in November 2006.^[15] Highland Group Holdings Limited was 35% owned by Landsbanki.^[16]As part of the Highland takeover all brand names for their stores, including most of the Beatties branches, will be replaced with the House of Fraser name (with the exception of Jenners) with the stag logo axed and a new san serif typeface used on shop signs.^[17]

In September 2007, House of Fraser launched its online store.^[18]

The Company had four major openings in 2008, including its first store in Northern Ireland in the newly built Victoria Square Shopping Centre, Belfast in March. At 120,000 sq ft (11,000 m²) it was the largest store that House of Fraser had opened (as opposed to taken over) in the UK.^[19] Also in March 2008, the Company opened a 95,000 sq ft (8,800 m²) store in High Wycombe. On 25 September 2008 the Company opened a 100,000 sq ft (9,300 m²) store in the Cabot Circus development in Bristol,^[20] and a branch in Westfield London, a new 70,000 sq ft (6,500 m²) store, on 30 October 2008.^[21]

House of Fraser launched the HouseofFraser.com "Buy & Collect" concept shop in October 2011 with its first location in Aberdeen. A further site, in Liverpool, opened in 2012.^[22] These small shops were equipped with computer terminals to allow customers to order from the House of Fraser website. Both shops had closed by the summer of 2016.

In December 2013, talks to takeover House of Fraser were held by French department store Galeries Lafayette with House of Fraser also exploring a floating on the London Stock Exchange once more in the summer of 2014 if the takeover was to be abandoned.^[23]

2014-2018: Nanjing Xinjiekou ownership

In April 2014, it was reported by the BBC that House of Fraser would be sold to Chinese conglomerate Sanpower Group, who would obtain 89% share in the company which would value the business at about £450 million.^[24] Nanjing Xinjiekou Department Store Co will buy an 89% stake in Highland Group Holdings Ltd, which owns House of Fraser.^[25] The purchase is worth £450 million.^[25] Sanpower Group is a 22 percent shareholder of the Nanjing Xinjiekou Department Store Co.^[25] On 2 September 2014 Don McCarthy, retiring Executive Chairman of House of Fraser, announced the completion of the sale of 100% of the preferred ordinary shares and B ordinary shares, and approximately 89% of the A ordinary shares and preference shares of Highland Group Holdings Ltd, to Nanjing Xinjiekou Department Store Co, a leading chain of Chinese department stores and part of the Sanpower Group, for an enterprise value of approximately £480 million.^[26]

In 2017, a new department store opened at the Rushden Lakes development in Rushden, Northamptonshire. The closure of House of Fraser Outlet in Leicester also took place during the year and a further closure, in Aylesbury, was announced for 2018. A new store in Chester was announced in February 2017 with construction due to start in mid-2018.^{[citation needed]}

2018: Administration

On 2 May 2018, the company announced that it was to be entering into a conditional sale of a controlling stake in the firm to Nanjing Cenbest (a Sanpower Group subsidiary) to Hamleys owner C.banner, another Chinese firm. A condition of the sale is that the company streamline its existing store portfolio and cost base. The intention to launch a company voluntary arrangement (CVA) was announced on the same day.^[27] However, C.banner later pulled out.^[28]

Location of House of Fraser UK Store Estate and those planned for closure in the announcement on 7 June 2018

On 7 June 2018 the company announced that it would close 31 of its 58 UK stores:^[29]

Altrincham • Aylesbury • Birkenhead • Birmingham • Bournemouth • Camberley • Cardiff • Carlisle • Chichester • Cirencester • Cwmbran • Darlington • Doncaster • Edinburgh Frasers • Epsom • Grimsby • High Wycombe • Hull • Leamington Spa • Lincoln • London Oxford Street • London King William Street • Middlesbrough • Milton Keynes • Plymouth • Shrewsbury • Skipton • Swindon • Telford • Wolverhampton • Worcester

This includes the flagship Oxford Street branch and the large Birmingham store in January 2019.^[30] Richard Lim of Retail Economics said that it remained "hard to know with any certainty just what will happen next at House of Fraser" but that without any external funding within a matter of weeks it would inevitably fall into administration.^[28] Before the closures the company employed 6,000 people directly, and another 11,500 concession staff.^[28]

Minority shareholder Sports Direct announced on 6 May 2018 that it was to launch legal action against the company and its leadership team. Sports Direct's representative stating that "We have been frozen out by House of Fraser. Their dealings in China are opaque, and it is blatant that we have been unfairly prejudiced. We have no option other than litigation to protect the interests of Sports Direct and its shareholders."^[31]

2018-present: Sports Direct

On 10 August 2018, House of Fraser entered administration. Later that day Sports Direct agreed to buy the assets of the business – the House of Fraser stores, brand and the stock – for £90 million in cash.^[32]
As of 22 September 2018, at least 20 stores have been spared closure due to rent reductions.

Secure stores

These stores will remain open after the winter of 2019^[ambiguous]:

• 
  Altrincham, Rackhams (formerly Brown Muff; opened 1978)


• 
  Aylesbury (formerly Beatties; acquired 2005)


• 
  Birmingham (formerly Rackhams; acquired 1959)


• 
  Birkenhead (formerly Beatties, and originally Allansons; acquired 2005)


• 
  Camberley (formerly Army & Navy, and originally William Harvey; acquired 1973) .


• 
  Cardiff (formerly Howells / James Howell & Co.; acquired 1972)


• 
  Carlisle (formerly Binns, and originally Robinson Brothers; acquired 1953)


• 
  Cheltenham, Cavendish House (acquired 1969)


• 
  Darlington, Binns (formerly Arthur Sanders; acquired 1953)


• 
  Doncaster (formerly Binns, prior to that the Doncaster branch of Owen Owen, and originally Verity & Sons; acquired 1975) (outlet store)


• 
  Dundrum (opened 2005)


• 
  Glasgow, Frasers (formerly McDonald's Wylie & Lochhead, and originally McDonald's and Wylie & Lochhead; acquired in 1951 and 1957 respectively) (bought by Mike Ashley)


• 
  Grimsby (formerly Binns, and originally Guy & Smith; acquired in 1969)


• 
  High Wycombe (opened in 2008)


• 
  Huddersfield (formerly Beatties; acquired in 2005)


• 
  Leamington Spa (formerly Rackhams, prior to that Army & Navy, and originally Burgis & Colbourne; acquired in 1973)


• 
  Leeds (formerly Rackhams, prior to that the temporary premises of Schofields, and originally the Leeds branch of Woolworths; acquired in 1988)


• 
  Lincoln (formerly Binns, and originally Mawer & Collingham; acquired in 1980)


• 
  Maidstone (opened in 2005)


• 
  Manchester (formerly Kendals / Kendal Milne & Co.; acquired 1959)


• 
  Middlesbrough (formerly Binns, and originally Thomas Jones; acquired in 1953)


• 
  Oxford Street, London (formerly D H Evans; acquired in 1959)


• 
  Plymouth (formerly Dingles / E Dingle & Co.; acquired in 1971)


• 
  Skipton, Rackhams (formerly Brown Muff, and originally Amblers; acquired in 1977)


• 
  Solihull (formerly Beatties; acquired in 2005)


• 
  Sutton Coldfield (formerly Beatties; acquired in 2005)


• 
  Swindon (opened in 1996) (outlet store)


• 
  Telford (formerly Beatties; acquired in2005)


• 
  Wolverhampton, Beatties (acquired in 2005)

Insecure stores

• 
  Balloch, Loch Lomond Shores, Jenners (acquired 2005)


• 
  Bath, Jollys (acquired 1971)


• 
  Belfast (opened 2008)


• 
  Bournemouth (formerly Dingles, and originally Brights; acquired 1969)


• 
  Bristol (opened 2008)


• 
  Croydon (opened 2004)


• 
  Cwmbran (formerly David Evans; acquired 1978)


• 
  Edinburgh, Jenners (acquired 2005)


• 
  Epsom (formerly Dickins & Jones; opened 1984)


• 
  Greenhithe, Bluewater (opened 1999)


• 
  Guildford (formerly Army & Navy, and originally William Harvey; acquired 1973)


• 
  Milton Keynes (formerly Dickins & Jones; opened 1981)


• 
  Reading (opened 1999)


• 
  Richmond upon Thames (formerly Dickins & Jones, opened 1970 on site of Gosling & SonsSon, acquired 1957)


• 
  Rushden, Rushden Lakes (opened 2017)


• 
  Victoria Street, London (formerly Army & Navy / Army & Navy Stores; acquired 1973)


• 
  Sheffield, Meadowhall (opened 1990)


• 
  White City, Westfield London (opened 2008)


• 
  Worcester (formerly Beatties) (acquired 2005)

Looming closures

These stores have been announced to be closing in the winter of 2019.

• 
  Chichester (formerly Army & Navy, and originally J D Morant; acquired 1973) (closing 27 January)


• 
  Cirencester (formerly Rackhams, and originally Frederick Boulton; acquired 1975)


• 
  Exeter (formerly Dingles, and originally Colsons; acquired 1969; closing 28 January)


• 
  Gateshead, Metro Centre (opened 1986)


• 
  Hull (formerly Hammonds; acquired 1972) (closing 29 December 2018)


• 
  King William Street, London (opened 2003)


• 
  Norwich (opened 2005)


• 
  Nottingham (opened 1997)


• 
  Shrewsbury (formerly Rackhams, and originally Joseph Della Porta; acquired 1975) (closing 12 January)


• 
  West Thurrock, Lakeside (opened 1991)

Defunct brands

House of Fraser previously traded under many different long established brand names. A number of regional groups of stores were acquired and subsequently extended or amalgamated. The Arnotts and Frasers groups were created by House of Fraser from scratch. These key groups, together with the flagship store of each one, and the regions to which they are largely associated are:^{[citation needed]}

• 
  Army & Navy, Victoria Street, London and south-east England


• 
  Arnotts, mid-market stores in Glasgow and across Scotland


• 
  Binns, Sunderland, the north and east of England


• 
  Dickins & Jones, Regent Street, London and the home counties


• 
  Dingles, Plymouth and south-west England


• David Evans, Swansea and south Wales


• Frasers, up-market stores in Glasgow and other principal Scottish cities


• Rackhams, Birmingham, the midlands and the north of England. Branches in Altrincham and Skipton still bear the Rackhams name.

Former branches

Over the years, the following department stores have closed and no longer trade as part of the company.^{[citation needed]}

The following department stores were demerged or sold as going concerns:

See also

• 
  Debenhams, John Lewis, Arcadia Group, Marks & Spencer, Next plc - contemporary UK competitors

References

External links

• Official website


• House of Fraser archive project, University of Glasgow


• House of Fraser Archive