父系制度




父系制度(Patrilineality), 父系社会或男系社会的氏族制度，是按父系（男系）计算世系血统和继承财产的制度，是氏族社会的第二阶段。男性在生存活动中占据主导地位后，由母系制度过渡而来的社会制度。中国古代封建制度中的世袭制就是以父系氏族制度为基础的。




目录






  • 1 氏族制度及特点


  • 2 姓氏的演变


  • 3 父系氏族文化遗址


  • 4 其他


  • 5 参考文献


  • 6 参见





氏族制度及特点


以男子为主导，男子娶妻子入家門。子女随父姓，并嫁出女儿，儿子继续娶妻。即男性继承家族的主要财产，文化等。



  • 以父亲血统确立氏族。

  • 由男子主导經濟生活。

  • 出现贫富分化和私有财产。



姓氏的演变


主条目：姓氏

参见：上古八大姓

姓的本意是女子生的子女。在上古时代，人类处于母系社会，“只知其母而不知其父”，子女的“姓”其母，是母系血缘的传承标志。上古八大姓“姬”、“姒”、“妫”、“姜”和“嬴”等字的部首，都是从女字部，由此可见一斑。随历史演进，进入父系社会，男性成为了社会经济和部落政治的主导，并随着同一祖先的子孙繁衍增多，各个分支不断扩张、向外迁居；各个分支的子孙除了保留母系的姓以外，同时会根据部落分支所居的土地，另外为自己取一个地域性称号作为部落标志，这就是“氏”[1]。上古时代姓、氏并存，姓代表整个母系部落的血缘，氏代表分居各地的父系血缘主导下的部落势力。随着后世的发展，“姓”、“氏”渐渐不作区分，并统一根据父系血缘而流传，成为了父系血缘的传承标志。而后世随着姓氏文化的发展，同一个姓又衍生出不同的“郡望”、“堂号”等，大体类似于上古时代的“氏”。



父系氏族文化遗址



  • 齐家文化

  • 龙山文化

  • 大汶口文化


大汶口文化是最具代表性的父系氏族文化


  • 河姆渡文化


其他


日韓等亞洲國家的繼承制也以父系氏族制度，必須為父系子嗣為基礎繼承，如日本天皇萬世一系指的就是父系子孫繼承制。在西方歐洲法國在瓦魯瓦王朝時明定父系子孫繼承，且王位必須為男子「任何一個女子都不享有對王國的繼承權，不得擁有王權的任何一部分」。



参考文献





  1. ^ 按许慎《说文解字》，氏从土




参见



  • 母系制度

  • 宗族








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