克羅爾法是精煉鈦的高溫冶金(英语:Pyrometallurgy)工業製程。1940年由盧森堡的冶金學家威廉·克羅爾(William J. Kroll)發明並獲得專利。克羅爾搬家到美國後將克羅爾法推廣到鋯的冶煉。克羅爾法現已幾乎取代亨特法在商業生產高純度鈦的地位。[1]
目录
1製程
2歷史
3參見
4參考文獻
5延伸閱讀
6外部連結
製程
首先把從礦石中初步提煉過的金紅石或鈦鐵礦丟進1000 °C的流體化床(英语:Fluidized bed reactor),用從石油餾煉出的煤焦進行還原。接著對還原得到的混合物通氯氣,產生四氯化鈦(TiCl4)及多種易揮發的氯化物氣體,接著對這團混合氣體進行分餾。分餾後將純的四氯化鈦通入不銹鋼反應器,在800–850 °C的溫度下加入15%至20%過量的鎂或鈉熔融液(通常主要是鎂),以確保完全反應。[2]
^Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.
^Habashi, F. (ed.) Handbook of Extractive Metallurgy, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1997.
^W. Kroll “Verformbares Titan und Zirkon” (Eng: Ductile Titanium and Zirconium) Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie Volume 234, p. 42-50. doi:10.1002/zaac.19372340105
^W. J. Kroll, “The Production of Ductile Titanium” Transactions of the Electrochemical Society volume 78 (1940) 35–47.
^G. Z. Chen; D. J. Fray; T. W. Farthing. Direct Electrochemical Reduction of Titanium Dioxide to Titanium in Molten Calcium Chloride. Nature. 2000, 407 (6802): 361–4. Bibcode:2000Natur.407..361C. PMID 11014188. doi:10.1038/35030069.
延伸閱讀
P.Kar, Mathematical modeling of phase change electrodes with application to the FFC process, PhD thesis; UC, Berkeley, 2007.
This article is about the letter of the alphabet. For other uses, see Y (disambiguation). See also: Wye (disambiguation) Y Y y (See below) Usage Writing system Latin script Type Alphabetic and Logographic Language of origin Latin language Phonetic usage [ y ] [ ɨ ] [ j ] [ iː ] [ ɪ ] [ ɘ ] [ ə ] [ ɯ ] [ ɛː ] [ j ] [ ɥ ] [ ɣ̟ ] / w aɪ / / aɪ / Unicode value U+0059, U+0079 Alphabetical position 25 History Development Υ υ 𐌖 Y y Time period 54 to present Descendants • U • V • W • Ỿ • ¥ • Ꮙ • Ꮍ • Ꭹ Sisters F Ѵ У Ў Ұ Ү ו و ܘ וּ וֹ ࠅ 𐎆 𐡅 ወ વ ૂ ુ उ Variations (See below) Other Other letters commonly used with y(x), ly, ny This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. ISO basic Latin alphabet Aa Bb Cc D...
Mount Tamalpais Mount Tamalpais, viewed from the south Highest point Elevation 2,571 ft (784 m) NAVD 88 [1] Prominence 2,456 ft (749 m) [1] Listing California county high points 55th Coordinates 37°55′45″N 122°34′40″W / 37.929088°N 122.577829°W / 37.929088; -122.577829 Coordinates: 37°55′45″N 122°34′40″W / 37.929088°N 122.577829°W / 37.929088; -122.577829 [1] Geography Mount Tamalpais Marin County, California, U.S. Show map of California Mount Tamalpais Mount Tamalpais (the US) Show map of the US Parent range California Coast Ranges Topo map USGS San Rafael Geology Mountain type Sedimentary Climbing First ascent 1830s by Jacob P. Leese (first recorded ascent) [2] Easiest route Railroad Grade fire trail Mount Tamalpais ( / t æ m əl ˈ p aɪ . ɪ s / ; TAM -əl- PY -iss ; Coast Miwok: /t̪ɑmɑlˈpɑis̺/ , known locally as Mount Tam ) is a peak in Marin County, California, United State...
FMW Women's Championship Details Promotion Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling [1] Date established November 5, 1990 [1] Date retired September 28, 1997 Other name(s) WWA World Women's Championship FMW Independent Women's Championship Statistics First champion(s) Combat Toyoda [1] Most reigns Megumi Kudo (6 reigns) [1] Longest reign Megumi Kudo (426 days) [1] Shortest reign Shark Tsuchiya (<1 day) [1] The FMW Women's Championship (or the FMW Independent Women's & WWA Women's Championship ) was two Japanese women's professional wrestling championships (WWA World Women's Championship and FMW Independent World Women's Championship) contested in the promotion Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling (FMW). During the heyday of FMW, the female wrestlers wrestled in the same types of bloody death matches as the FMW men, and were feared by other Japanese female wrestlers for their toughness and intensity. ...