皮膚癌




body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output table.infobox caption{text-align:center}


































皮肤癌

Basal cell carcinoma.jpg

基底細胞癌（英语：Basal-cell_carcinoma），注意珍珠狀外觀以及微血管擴張（英语：Telangiectasia）。
分类和外部资源
醫學專科
肿瘤学

ICD-10
C43 -C44

ICD-9-CM
172, 173
ICD-O（英语：International Classification of Diseases for Oncology）
8010-8720
MedlinePlus
001442
eMedicine
article/276624, article/870538, article/1100753, article/1965430
MeSH
D012878

[编辑此条目的维基数据]


皮膚癌是一種生長在皮膚上的癌症，它是由異常的細胞發展而來，甚至有可能會侵犯擴散到身體不同部位[1]。由於皮膚癌常常在表皮層中發展，腫瘤常常清晰可見，因此大部分時間，可以在早期發現皮膚癌。 與包括肺癌、胰腺癌、胃癌在內的大多數癌症不同，因皮膚癌死亡的人數很少[2]。皮膚癌是最常見的癌症，超過了肺癌、乳房、結腸直腸癌，前列腺癌[2] 。最常見的3種皮膚癌是基底細胞癌（BCC）（英语：Basal-cell_carcinoma）、鱗狀細胞癌（SCC）和黑色素瘤[3]。前二者和其他較少見的皮膚癌被稱作非黑色素瘤皮膚癌（NMSC）[4][5]。基底細胞癌生長速度慢，且可能破壞周圍組織，但較不會遠端轉移或致死[4]；通常皮膚上出現以無痛突起的區塊，表面發亮伴隨著小血管（英语：Telangiectasia），或是於突起處有潰瘍（英语：Ulcer (dermatology)）[3]。鱗狀細胞癌則較基底細胞癌容易轉移[4]，通常呈現具鱗狀表皮的硬塊，但也可能以潰瘍形式表現[6]。與基底細胞癌、鱗狀細胞癌比較，黑色素瘤較為少見，但是黑色素瘤是當中表現最為惡性的，可能的徵象包括痣的大小、形狀、顏色發生改變，痣的邊緣不規則，顏色不均勻，可能會癢或是流血[7]。


超過九成的皮膚癌案例是由於暴露在太陽光紫外線而造成的[8]，而這樣的暴露會增加罹患上述三種主要皮膚癌的風險[8]。臭氧層漸薄可能是導致暴露增加的原因[4]；而日曬機是近年來另一項常見的紫外線來源[8]。以黑色素瘤和基底細胞癌來說，童年時期的暴露特別有害[9]；而以鱗狀細胞癌來說，總暴露量較暴露的時期更關鍵[8]。二到三成的黑色素瘤是由痣發展而來[9]。膚色較白的人[3]、免疫系統功能不佳的人，如接受特定藥物、人類免疫缺乏病毒感染者或愛滋病患者[4][10]，有較高的罹病風險。皮膚癌必須經由切片診斷[7]。


減少紫外線的暴露，並且使用防曬油是預防黑色素瘤及鱗狀細胞癌最有效的方法[9][11]，但目前對於防曬油的使用對基底細胞癌的影響還不清楚[11]。非黑色素瘤皮膚癌通常都是可治癒的[4]。治療主要是透過手術切除，還有較不常見的放射線療法或是局部藥物如氟尿嘧啶[3]。黑色素瘤的治療則會牽涉到手術、化學治療、放射線治療以及標靶治療的組合[7]。而那些發生遠端轉移的病患，緩和醫療可能有助於改善生活品質[7]。罹患黑色素瘤的存活率在所有癌症當中較高，在英國五年存活率可達86%，在美國可達90%[12][13]。


皮膚癌是最常見的癌症形式，全球來說佔了癌症總數的四成[4][14]。它尤其常見於膚色較淺的人們[15]。最常見的類型為非黑色素瘤，每年約新增2至3百萬人罹病[9][16]。這是粗估計的數值，由於較精細的數據並未被持續追蹤[3]。在非黑色素瘤當中，約有八成屬於基底細胞癌（英语：Basal-cell_carcinoma），而其中兩成屬於鱗狀細胞癌。在英國，截止至2009年，平均每年有9,500人罹患此病，2,300人死亡[17]。在20歲到30歲的人群中，黑色素瘤是最常見的癌症之一[18]， 多由長時間的太陽照射造成[19]。這兩種癌症鮮少造成死亡案例，在美國這兩種癌症造成的死亡案例佔癌症死亡總數的0.1%以下[3]。全球案例顯示2012年共新增23.2萬起黑色素瘤案例，而黑色素瘤在當年共造成5.5萬起死亡案例[9]。澳洲及紐西蘭有全球最高的黑色素瘤致死率[9]。在過去20到40年這三種類型的皮膚癌發生率變得更高，尤其在那些以白人為主的國家[4][9]。




目录






  • 1 分类


  • 2 参见


  • 3 参考资料


  • 4 外部链接





分类


三种最常见的皮肤癌见下表：























名称
 描述
 图示

基底细胞癌
 注意肿瘤的颜色、对称外观和特征性的溃疡
Basal cell carcinoma3.JPG

鳞状细胞癌
 常表现为红色结痂的鳞状小块
Squamous Cell Carcinoma1.jpg

黑色素瘤
 常直径大于6mm，边缘不规则[20]
Melanoma.jpg

另外几种较不常见的皮肤癌包括卡波西氏肉瘤，角化棘皮瘤，梭形细胞肿瘤，皮脂腺癌，微囊附属器癌等。



参见


  • 癌


参考资料





  1. ^ Defining Cancer. National Cancer Institute. [2014-06-10]. 


  2. ^ 2.02.1 National Cancer Institute - Common Cancer Types (http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/commoncancers)


  3. ^ 3.03.13.23.33.43.5 Skin Cancer Treatment (PDQ®). NCI. 2013-10-25 [2014-06-30]. 


  4. ^ 4.04.14.24.34.44.54.64.7 Cakir, BÖ; Adamson, P; Cingi, C. Epidemiology and economic burden of nonmelanoma skin cancer.. Facial plastic surgery clinics of North America. November 2012, 20 (4): 419–22. PMID 23084294. doi:10.1016/j.fsc.2012.07.004. 


  5. ^ Marsden, edited by Sajjad Rajpar, Jerry. ABC of skin cancer. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Pub. 2008: 5–6. ISBN 9781444312508. 


  6. ^ Lynne M Dunphy. Primary Care: The Art and Science of Advanced Practice Nursing. F.A. Davis. 2011: 242. ISBN 9780803626478. 


  7. ^ 7.07.17.27.3 General Information About Melanoma. NCI. 2014-04-17 [2014-06-30]. 


  8. ^ 8.08.18.28.3 Gallagher, RP; Lee, TK; Bajdik, CD; Borugian, M. Ultraviolet radiation.. Chronic diseases in Canada. 2010,. 29 Suppl 1: 51–68. PMID 21199599. 


  9. ^ 9.09.19.29.39.49.59.6 World Cancer Report 2014.. World Health Organization. 2014: Chapter 5.14. ISBN 9283204298. 


  10. ^ Chiao, EY; Krown, SE. Update on non-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-defining malignancies.. Current opinion in oncology. September 2003, 15 (5): 389–97. PMID 12960522. doi:10.1097/00001622-200309000-00008. 


  11. ^ 11.011.1 Jou, PC; Feldman, RJ; Tomecki, KJ. UV protection and sunscreens: what to tell patients.. Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine. June 2012, 79 (6): 427–36. PMID 22660875. doi:10.3949/ccjm.79a.11110. 


  12. ^ SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Melanoma of the Skin. NCI. [2014-06-18]. 


  13. ^ Release: Cancer Survival Rates, Cancer Survival in England, Patients Diagnosed 2005-2009 and Followed up to 2010. Office for National Statistics. 2011-11-15 [2014-06-30]. 


  14. ^ Dubas, LE; Ingraffea, A. Nonmelanoma skin cancer.. Facial plastic surgery clinics of North America. February 2013, 21 (1): 43–53. PMID 23369588. doi:10.1016/j.fsc.2012.10.003. 


  15. ^ Leiter, U; Garbe, C. Epidemiology of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer--the role of sunlight.. Advances in experimental medicine and biology. 2008, 624: 89–103. PMID 18348450. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-77574-6_8. 


  16. ^ How common is skin cancer?. World Health Organization. [2014-06-30]. 


  17. ^ Mutation 'sparks most melanoma'. BBC News. 2009-04-07 [2010-04-07]. 


  18. ^ http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2009/04/08/skin-cancer-killing-sunbed-generation-115875-21262348/


  19. ^ Robin Marks M.B.B.S. M.P.H., F.R.A.C.P, FA.C.D. An overview of skin cancers. Cancer. 1995-01-15, 75 (S2): 607–612 [2010-10-17]. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19950115)75:2+<607::AID-CNCR2820751402>3.0.CO;2-8.  引文格式1维护：日期与年 (link)[永久失效連結]


  20. ^ Malignant Melanoma: eMedicine Dermatology. [2010-10-17]. 




外部链接



  • skintumor.info Gallery

  • American Cancer Society's Detailed Guide: Skin Cancer - Basal and Squamous Cell

  • American Cancer Society's Detailed Guide: Skin Cancer - Melanoma

  • skin neoplasm

  • Medical Encyclopedia WebMD: Melanoma/Skin Cancer Health Center

  • Medical Encyclopedia WebMD: Skin Cancer, Non Melanoma Guide

  • Medical Encyclopedia MayoClinic: Skin cancer


  • Skin Cancer Melanoma Warning Signs


  • Interactive Health Tutorials Medline Plus: Skin cancer Using animated graphics and you can also listen to the tutorial


  • Skin cancer at the Open Directory Project


  • Skin cancer at the Yahoo! Directory

  • Skin Cancer Foundation - Basal Cell Carcinoma

  • Skin Cancer Foundation - Melanoma

  • Skin Cancer Foundation - Squamous Cell Carcinoma

  • Skin Cancer Foundation - Skin Cancer Facts




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