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Crystal River Indian Mounds
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Historic Landmark
Temple mound
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Location	Crystal River, Florida
Coordinates	28°55′01″N 82°36′33″W / 28.91694°N 82.60917°W / 28.91694; -82.60917Coordinates: 28°55′01″N 82°36′33″W / 28.91694°N 82.60917°W / 28.91694; -82.60917
Area	61 acres (250,000 m2)
Visitation	21,000
NRHP reference #	70000178[1]
Significant dates
Added to NRHP	September 29, 1970
Designated NHL	June 21, 1990[2]

Crystal River State Archaeological Site is a 61-acre (250,000 m²) Florida State Park located on the Crystal River and within the Crystal River Preserve State Park. The park is located two miles (3 km) northwest of the city of Crystal River, on Museum Point off US 19/98.

Under the title of Crystal River Indian Mounds, it is also a U.S. National Historic Landmark (designated as such on September 29, 1970).

History

The park contains a six-mound complex, occupied from the Deptford period through Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture and up to the Late Fort Walton period.^[3] This timespan makes it one of the longest continually occupied sites in Florida, believed to have been occupied for 1,600 years. Native Americans traveled long distances to the complex to bury their dead and to engage in trading activities. An estimated 7,500 people may have visited the complex annually when it was occupied. The complex contains burial mounds, temple/platform mounds, a plaza area, and a midden. The earliest burials at the site are believed to be located in the conical mound and date back to about 250 BC. Many of the people buried in this mound had copper tools and ornaments buried with them. The copper artifacts came from the Ohio River area through a trade network developed by the Hopewell culture that existed at the time. There seemed to be indirect trading between the people who lived here and the Hopewell culture. People that were buried later did not have this type of artifacts buried with them and some burials do not contain artifacts. This tells us that over the 2,000 years that ancient people used the site, burial practices and ceremonies changed. It also tells us that trading with the northern portions of North America changed. The shell and sand ring also contains burials some of which were placed between layers of shells while others were not. It is not clear why this occurred or whether it was related to status or just a change in the burial customs. The platform was constructed as burials filled in the gap between the ring and the cone. It is estimated that about 1,200 to 1,500 people are buried in this complex.^[4]

Over a period of approximately 1,900 years, beginning about 500 BC, the Native Americans at the Crystal River Site threw away great quantities of materials that would form the middens that adorn the site. This "midden material" contained various kinds of woodland animal bones, fish bones, turtle shells, broken pottery, broken hand tools and arrowheads. By the time of abandonment, the midden area had reached 1,300 feet in length, 100 feet in width, 7 feet in depth, and was formed into a crescent shape.^[4] Two large platform mounds are believed to have been used primarily for ceremonial purposes. A half-mile paved loop trail passes by each mound, with signs interpreting the mounds. A 55 step observation deck atop the park's largest mound, Temple Mound, provides a panoramic view of the area. The park contains coastal marsh and is part of the Great Florida Birding Trail.

The park is also home to a limestone slab, possibly a "stele", on which is a crudely carved human face and torso.^[5] This is odd because the slab is one that is not found on other mound sites except in locations such as the Caribbean, South America, and Central America. At this particular site there were at least four of these large stones placed by the inhabitants in their ancient time. This carving shows that the person represented possessed long hair in a plume over the left shoulder. There has been debate as to how strongly this inscribed stone slab was influenced by the monumental stelae of Mesoamerica.^[6] Although there may be some evidence for contact between the Huastec Culture of the Mexican Gulf Coast and the American Southeast,^[7] those claims which suggest the most direct connections are probably unfounded. The slab is today housed on the site within a metal cage.^[8]

Recreational activities

Activities include salt and fresh water fishing, picnicing, bird watching and a boat tour of Crystal River. Amenities include a small picnic area. The visitor center/museum features an open captioned video about the tribes that once lived in the area, and houses a collection of artifacts from the site, including arrowheads, pottery, jewelry, stone and bone tools. A centerpiece diorama dominates the interior of the museum, depicting a scale model of the site as it may have looked centuries before its abandonment.

Hours

Florida state parks are open between 8 a.m. and sundown every day of the year (including holidays). The museum is open from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Thursday through Monday. The museum is closed Tuesday and Wednesday.^[9]

See also

• Mound


• Mound builder (people)


• Earthwork (archaeology)

References

Sources

• Thomas J. Pluckhahn, Victor D. Thompson. New Histories of Village Life at Crystal River. Florida Museum of Natural History: Ripley P. Bullen Series. Gainesville University of Florida Press, 2018.
  ISBN 978-1-68340-035-6.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crystal River Archaeological State Park.

• 
  Citrus County listings at Florida's Office of Cultural and Historical Programs
  


• 
  Crystal River Archaeological State Park at Florida State Parks
  


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  Crystal River State Archaeological Site at Absolutely Florida
  


• 
  Crystal River State Archeological Site at The National Park Service - Links to the Past
  


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  Crystal River State Archaeological Site pictures at Florida Center for Instructional Technology
  


• 
  Famous Florida Sites: Mount Royal and Crystal River, edited with an introduction by Jerald T. Milanich (
  ISBN 0-8130-1694-0), Gainesville: University Press of Florida (1999).