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Venerable Mary Ward, I.B.V.M.
Portrait of Mary Ward (c. 1600)
Religious Sister, foundress and educator
Born	(1585-01-23)23 January 1585 Mulwith, Yorkshire, England
Died	30 January 1645(1645-01-30) (aged 60) Heworth, York, England
Venerated in	Catholic Church (Sisters of Loreto and the Congregation of Jesus)

Mary Ward, I.B.V.M. (23 January 1585 – 30 January 1645), was a Catholic nun whose activities led to the founding of the Congregation of Jesus and the Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary, better known as the Sisters of Loreto (not to be confused with the American Sisters of Loretto), which have both established schools around the world. Ward was declared Venerable by Pope Benedict on 19 December 2009.

Biography

Mary Ward was born in Mulwith, North Yorkshire, to Marmaduke and Ursula Wright Ward. She was born at a time of great conflict for Roman Catholics in England. Two of her uncles were involved in the Gunpowder Plot.^[1] In 1595 her family home burned down in an anti-Catholic riot; the children were saved by their father. In 1599 she moved to the house of Sir Ralph Babthorpe at Osgodby, Selby. It was there at the age of 15 that Mary felt called to the religious life. She entered a monastery of Poor Clares at Saint-Omer in northern France, then in the Spanish Netherlands, as a lay sister.^[2] In 1606 she founded a new monastery of the Order specifically for English women at nearby Gravelines.^[3]

Establishment of the institute

However, Mary Ward did not find herself called to the contemplative life and instead decided to dedicate herself to an active ministry, whilst still being a religious; this was considered most unusual at the time. At the age of twenty-four she found herself surrounded by a band of devoted companions determined to work under her guidance. In 1609 they established themselves as a religious community at Saint-Omer and opened schools for girls.^[2]

Although the venture was a great success, it was still controversial at the time, and it called forth censure and opposition as well as praise. Her idea was to enable women to do for the Church in their proper field, what men had done for it in the Society of Jesus. The idea has been realized over and over again in modern times, but in the 17th century it met with little encouragement. As previous foundresses who attempted such a way of life (e.g., St. Angela Merici) had learned, uncloistered religious sisters were repugnant to long-standing principles and traditions then prevalent. At that time, the work of religious women was confined to what could be carried on within the walls of a monastery, either teaching boarding students within the cloister or nursing the sick in hospitals attached to the monastery.^[3]

There were other new startling differences between the new Institute and existing congregations of women, freedom from: enclosure, the obligation of choir, wearing a religious habit, and from the jurisdiction of the local bishop. Moreover, her scheme was proposed at a time when there was division amongst English Catholics, and the fact that it borrowed so much from the Society of Jesus (itself an object of suspicion and hostility in many quarters) increased the mistrust. Measures recognized as acceptable in modern times were still novelties in hers, and her opponents called for a statement to be made by Church authorities. As early as 1615, the Jesuit theologians Francisco Suárez and Leonardus Lessius had been asked for their opinion on the new institute; both praised its way of life. Lessius held that local episcopal authorization sufficed to render it a religious body whereas Suárez maintained that its aim, organization, and methods being without precedent in the case of women, required the sanction of the Holy See.^[3]

Pope Pius V (1566–1572) had declared solemn vows and strict papal enclosure to be essential to all communities of religious women. The difficulties which Ward encountered were mainly due to this ruling, when on the propagation of her institute in Flanders, Bavaria, Austria, and Italy, she applied to the Holy See for formal approbation. The Archduchess Isabella Clara Eugenia, the Elector Maximilian I, and the Emperor Ferdinand II had welcomed the congregation to their dominions, and together with such men as Cardinal Federico Borromeo, Fra Domenico de Gesù (Domenico Ruzola), and Father Mutio Vitelleschi, Superior General of the Society of Jesus, held the foundress in great esteem. Popes Paul V, Gregory XV and Urban VIII had shown her great kindness and spoken in praise of her work, and in 1629 she was allowed to plead her cause in person before the congregation of cardinals appointed by Urban to examine the situation.

The "Jesuitesses", as her congregation was designated by her opponents, were suppressed in 1631.^[4] Her work however was not destroyed. It revived gradually and developed, following the general lines of the first scheme. The second institute was at length approved as to its Rule by Pope Clement XI in 1703, and as an institute by Pope Pius IX in 1877.

At the express desire of Pope Urban, Mary went to Rome. It was there that she gathered around her the younger members of her religious family, under the supervision and protection of the Holy See. She traveled throughout Europe on foot, in extreme poverty and frequently ill, founding schools in the Netherlands, Italy, Germany, Austria, and in today’s Czech Republic and Slovakia.^[5] In 1637, with letters of introduction from Pope Urban to Queen Henrietta Maria of France, Mary returned to England and established herself in London.^[4] There she and her companions established free schools for the poor, nursed the sick and visited prisoners. In 1642 she journeyed northward with her household and established a convent at Heworth, near York. She died at St. Mary's school in the siege of York during the English Civil War.^[2]

After her death there, her companions thought it best not to bury her body near the city center where she died because of the dangers of desecration. Instead they sought a less conspicuous place and found a happy solution by arranging for her to be buried in the Osbaldwick Churchyard, about a mile away. There, as the record says, "the vicar was honest enough to be bribed"! Her burial on 1 February 1645 was also attended by Anglicans, she was much admired and revered by many local people, both Catholic and Protestant.^[6]

Ward was formally recognized as the foundress of the two religious institutes by the Holy See only in 1909.^[5] Her work is celebrated in an exhibit in the museum of the Bar Convent in York.^[7] She was mentioned by Pope Benedict XVI during his UK visit.^[8]

Legacy

Loretto Abbey Catholic Secondary School is an all girls high school that is also home to the Loretto Sisters. For the 400th anniversary of her birth in 1985, a high school in Toronto, Ontario, was named after her. A Catholic elementary school in Niagara Falls, Ontario is also carries her name. Many schools in Germany are also named in her honour, including the Maria-Ward-Schule in Landau, Rhineland-Palatinate. Also, St Mary's School Cambridge, Loreto Australia.
In 2002, the Congregation of Jesus was finally allowed to adopt the constitutions of the Jesuits, as well as the name she had originally intended for them.^[9]

References

• 
   This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Mary Ward". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton.
  

Bibliography and External Links

• Kóhler, Mathilde: Maria Ward. Ein Frauenschicksal des 17. Jahrhunderts. Kósel Verlag, 1984


• Görres, Ida Friederike. Mary Ward, trans. Elsie Codd. London: Longmans, Green: 1939.


• Sr. Ursula Dirmeier, CJ, ed., Mary Ward und ihre Gründung: Die Quellentexte bis 1645 (Mary Ward and Her Foundation. The Source Texts to 1645), 4 vols, 2007, Münster 2007, Corpus Catholicorum, vols. 45-48.


• Immolata Wetter, Bernadette Ganne, Patricia Harriss, Mary Ward Under the Shadow of the Inquisition, 1630-1637, Way Books, 2006,
  ISBN 0-904717-28-3.


• Margaret Mary Littlehales. Mary Ward Pilgrim and Mystic Burns and Oates, 1998.


• Mary Ward: A Painted Life


• Mary Ward: Pioneer for Women in the Church


• Nigg, Walter: Mary Ward – Eine Frau gibt nicht auf. Römerhof Verlag, Zürich 2009.
  ISBN 978-3-905894-03-5
  


• 
  'Mary Ward: Dangerous Visionary': A one-hour documentary telling the story of Mary Ward through the lens of the 21st century (directed by Ciaran O'Connor).

Further reading

• 
  Wallace, David (2012). "Holy Amazon: Mary Ward of Yorkshire, 1585-1645". Strong Women: Life, Text, and Territory 1347-1645. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199661340.
  


• 
  Wallace, David (2006). "Periodizing Women: Mary Ward (1585-1645) and the Premodern Canon". Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies. 36 (2): 397–453. doi:10.1215/10829636-2005-007. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
  


• L. Lux-Sterritt (2011). "Mary Ward's English Institute and Prescribed Female Roles in the Early Modern Church", in L. Lux-Sterritt and C. Mangion (eds.), Gender, Catholicism and Spirituality: Women and the Roman Catholic Church in Britain and Europe, 1200-1900 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan).

External links

• 
  Literature by and about Mary Ward (nun) in the German National Library catalogue


• 
  Mary Ward in the Ecumenical Lexicon of Saints
  


• 
  http://www.mariaward.de Internet-Auftritt der Congregatio Jesu