坡度
Multi tool use
斜坡坡度警告標牌
|
不同角度与坡度的换算
|
|---|
| 角度 |
正切坡度
|
| 0° |
0%
|
| 5° |
9% |
1:11
|
| 10° |
18% |
1:5.7
|
| 30° |
58% |
1:1.7
|
| 45° |
100% |
1:1
|
| 60° |
173% |
1:0.58
|
| 90° |
∞
|
坡度是用以表示斜坡的斜度，常用於標記丘陵、屋頂和道路的斜坡的陡峭程度。這個數值往往是以三角函数的正切函数（tangent）的百分比或千分比數值來陳述，即「爬升高度除以在水平面上的移動距離」。
grade=tanα=hd×100%{displaystyle grade=tan ,{alpha }={frac {h}{d}}times 100%}
其中：
除了正切百分比，当坡度的数值很大时，還會直接以角度α{displaystyle alpha }
表示斜坡的陡峭程度。在数学上，当角度小于5°时，正弦函数和正切函数的误差很小，因此坡度很小（小于10%）时可以用正弦函数进行近似计算，如流水形成的水力坡度。
坡度標示法的原則都能應用於地形測量學上，雖然使用以上任何一種的標示法都能帶出同樣的訊息，但為了避免搞亂不精通三角學的讀者，正切百分比還是最常被應用於公共場所。在英國及香港，正切坡度則常見以比率來取代百分比標示，如「1:12」取代「8.3%」。
在铁路运输系统中，普通列车不可能爬上很陡的斜坡，会用比百分比更小的千分比（符号为‰）来表示坡度。由于分母是1000，更能直观的表示出每前进1千米爬高了多少米。
參見
外部連結
坡度的簡單解釋及例子（英文）
- 地形坡度計算[1]（繁体中文）
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