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Linda Gottfredson
Linda Gottfredson interviewed in 2016
Born	Linda Susanne Howarth (1947-06-24) June 24, 1947 (age 71) San Francisco
Citizenship	American
Alma mater	UC Berkeley, Johns Hopkins University
Known for	Mainstream Science on Intelligence
Scientific career
Fields	Educational psychology
Institutions	University of Delaware, editorial boards of Intelligence, Learning and Individual Differences, and Society
Thesis	The relation of situs of work to occupational achievement (1977)

Linda Susanne Gottfredson (née Howarth; born June 24, 1947) is an American psychologist and writer. She is professor emeritus of educational psychology at the University of Delaware and co-director of the Delaware-Johns Hopkins Project for the Study of Intelligence and Society. Gottfredson's work has been influential in shaping U.S. public and private policies regarding affirmative action, hiring quotas, and "race-norming" on aptitude tests.^[1]

She is on the boards of the International Society for the Study of Individual Differences (ISSID), the International Society for Intelligence Research (ISIR), and the editorial boards of the scientific journals Intelligence, Learning and Individual Differences, and Society. Gottfredson has received research grants worth $267,000 from the Pioneer Fund, an organization which has been described as racist and white supremacist.^[2][3][4][5]

Life and work

These are idealized normal curves comparing the IQs of Blacks and Whites in the US in 1981. Source: Social Consequences by Gottfredson. Labels show Gottefredson's expectations for job and life potential for people of different intelligence levels.

Gottfredson was born in San Francisco on June 24th, 1947. She is a third generation university faculty member. Her father, Jack A. Howarth (died 2006), was a faculty at U.C. Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, as was his father.^[6][7] Gottfredson initially majored in biology, but later transferred to psychology with her first husband, Gary Don Gottfredson. They received bachelor's degrees in psychology in 1969 from University of California, Berkeley.^{[citation needed]} She worked in the Peace Corps in Malaysia, and also also taught in schools in "ghetto schools".^[8] Gottfredson and her husband went to graduate school at Johns Hopkins University, where she received a Ph.D. in sociology in 1977.^{[citation needed]}

Gottfredson took a position at Hopkins' Center for Social Organization of Schools and investigated issues of occupational segregation and typology based on skill sets and intellectual capacity. She married Robert A. Gordon, who worked in a related area at Hopkins, and they divorced by the mid-90s.^{[9][citation needed]}

In 1985, Gottfredson participated in a conference called "The g Factor in Employment Testing". The papers presented were published in the December 1986 issue of the Journal of Vocational Behavior, which she edited. In 1986, Gottfredson was appointed Associate Professor of Educational Studies at the University of Delaware, Newark.

In 1989, The Washington Post reported that one of Gottfredson's presentations was cited favorably by an article in the National Association for the Advancement of White People's magazine.^[10]

That year, she presented a series of papers on general intelligence factor and employment. Gottfredson has said:

We now have out there what I call the egalitarian fiction that all groups are equal in intelligence. We have social policy based on that fiction. For example, the 1991 Civil Rights Act codified Griggs vs. Duke Power, which said that if you have disproportionate hiring by race, you are prima facie -- that's prima facie evidence of racial discrimination. ...Differences in intelligence have real world effects, whether we think they're there or not, whether we want to wish them away or not. And we don't do anybody any good, certainly not the low-IQ people, by denying that those problems exist.^[11]

While an assistant professor of Educational Studies in the late 1980s, Gottfredson applied for and received three grants from the Pioneer Fund, which was created to advocate research into eugenics.^[12] She was promoted to full professor at the University of Delaware in 1990.^{[citation needed]} That year, Gottfredson's fourth grant application to the Pioneer Fund was rejected by the board of the University of Delaware, which said the funding would undermine their affirmative action.^[12] Gottfredson challenged the ruling with assistance from the Center for Individual Rights.^[13] In 1992, after two and a half years of debate and protest, the University of Delaware's administration reached a settlement that once again allowed Gottfredson and Jan Blits to continue receiving research funding from the Pioneer Fund.^[12][14] Gottfredson had defended the Pioneer Fund's president J. Phillipe Rushton, suggesting in 2005 that his detractors were lying about race differences in testing. According to critical psychologist Thomas Teo, this misrepresents the issue of how to interpret these finding, which are regularly documented.^[15]

Gottfredson has testified on public affirmative action policy,^{[citation needed]} and has defended The Bell Curve via a statement she wrote, Mainstream Science on Intelligence, which was signed by 51 colleagues and published in The Wall Street Journal.^[16] The letter claimed that it was the academic consensus that black people are statistically less intelligent than white people regardless of education or economic background. Of the 131 scientists who were sent the letter, 31 ignored it and 48 actively refused to sign. Of the 52 who agreed to sign it, 10 where experts in intelligence measurement.^[5]

Gottfredson has been very critical of psychologist Robert Sternberg's work on the triarchic theory of intelligence, arguing that Sternberg has not demonstrated a distinction between practical intelligence and the analytical intelligence measured by IQ tests.^[17]

According to the Southern Poverty Law Center, "Gottfredson has worked tirelessly to oppose any and all efforts to reduce racial inequality in both in the workplace and in society as a whole."^[5]

Honors

• George A Miller Award (for outstanding journal article across specialty areas), Society for General Psychology, American Psychological Association, 2008^{[18][non-primary source needed]}
  


• Fellow, Association for Psychological Science, elected 1998^[19]
  


• Johns Hopkins University Society of Scholars, elected 1995^[20]
  


• Fellow, American Psychological Association, elected 1994


• 
  Fellow, Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, elected 1994

Selected articles and papers

• 
  Gottfredson, Linda S. (March–April 1994). "Egalitarian Fiction and Collective Fraud" (PDF). Society. 31 (3): 53–59. doi:10.1007/bf02693231. Retrieved 2 November 2014..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
  

• 
  Gottfredson, Linda S. (1997). "Mainstream Science on Intelligence (editorial)" (PDF). Intelligence. 24: 13–23. doi:10.1016/s0160-2896(97)90011-8. ISSN 0160-2896.
  

• 
  Gottfredson, Linda S. (1997). "Why g matters: The complexity of everyday life" (PDF). Intelligence. 24 (1): 79–132. doi:10.1016/S0160-2896(97)90014-3. ISSN 0160-2896. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
  

• 
  Gottfredson, Linda S. (1998). "The general intelligence factor" (PDF). Scientific American Presents. 9 (4): 24–29.
  


• 
  Circumscription and compromise (2006), Encyclopedia of Career Development. (Based on her much cited work on the subject.)^[21]
  


• 
  Intelligence: Is It the Epidemiologists' Elusive "Fundamental Cause" of Social Class Inequalities in Health? (2004), Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

• 
  Gottfredson, Linda S. (11 March 2005). "Chapter 9: Suppressing Intelligence Research: Hurting Those We Intend to Help" (PDF). In Wright, Rogers H.; Cummings, Nicholas A. Destructive Trends in Mental Health: The Well Intentioned Path to Harm. Taylor & Francis. pp. 155–186. ISBN 978-0-203-95622-9. Lay summary (7 July 2014).
  

• 
  Gottfredson, Linda S. (2006). "Chapter 20: Social consequences of group differences in cognitive ability (Conseqüências sociais das diferenças de grupo na capacidade cognitiva)" (PDF). In Flores-Mendoza, Carmen E.; Colom, Roberto. Introdução à Psicologia das Diferenças Individuais. Porto Alegre, Brazil: ArtMed Publishers. pp. 155–186. ISBN 978-85-363-1418-1.
  

• 
  Flynn, Ceci, and Turkheimer on Race and Intelligence: Opening Moves (2007) Cato Unbound


• 
  What if the Hereditarian Hypothesis Is True? (2003)

• 
  Gottfredson, Linda S. (2009). "Chapter 1: Logical Fallacies Used to Dismiss the Evidence on Intelligence Testing". In Phelps, Richard P. Correcting Fallacies about Educational and Psychological Testing. Washington (DC): American Psychological Association. ISBN 978-1-4338-0392-5. Lay summary (9 July 2013).
  

References

External links

• Egalitarian Fiction


• 
  Linda S. Gottfredson homepage (with online prints of publications)


• 
  Mainstream science on intelligence: An editorial with 52 signatories, history, and bibliography - published in Intelligence in 1997


• 
  "Linda Gottfredson". Hatewatch. Southern Poverty Law Center.