Human Development Index






composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income indices





World map of countries by Human Development Index categories in increments of 0.050 (based on 2017 data, published on 14 September 2018).


  ≥ 0.900

  0.850–0.899

  0.800–0.849

  0.750–0.799

  0.700–0.749

  0.650–0.699

  0.600–0.649

  0.550–0.599

  0.500–0.549

  0.450–0.499

  0.400–0.449

  ≤ 0.399

  Data unavailable





World map representing Human Development Index categories (based on 2017 data, published in 2018).[1]


  0.800–1.000 (very high)

  0.700–0.799 (high)

  0.555–0.699 (medium)

  0.350–0.554 (low)

  Data unavailable



The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistic composite index of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country scores a higher HDI when the lifespan is higher, the education level is higher, and the GDP per capita is higher. It was developed by Indian Nobel prize winner Amartya Sen and Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq, with help from Gustav Ranis of Yale University and Lord Meghnad Desai of the London School of Economics, and was further used to measure a country's development by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP).[2][3]


The 2010 Human Development Report introduced an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI). While the simple HDI remains useful, it stated that "the IHDI is the actual level of human development (accounting for inequality)", and "the HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human development (or the maximum IHDI that could be achieved if there were no inequality)". The index does not take into account several factors, such as the net wealth per capita or the relative quality of goods in a country. This situation tends to lower the ranking for some of the most advanced countries, such as the G7 members and others.[4]


The index is based on the human development approach, developed by Ul Haq, often framed in terms of whether people are able to "be" and "do" desirable things in life. Examples include—Being: well fed, sheltered, healthy; Doings: work, education, voting, participating in community life. The freedom of choice is central—someone choosing to be hungry (as during a religious fast) is quite different to someone who is hungry because they cannot afford to buy food.[5]




Contents






  • 1 Origins


  • 2 Dimensions and calculation


    • 2.1 New method (2010 Index onwards)


    • 2.2 Old method (before 2010 Index)




  • 3 2018 Human Development Index


    • 3.1 Inequality-adjusted HDI




  • 4 2016 Human Development Index


    • 4.1 Inequality-adjusted HDI




  • 5 2015 Human Development Index


    • 5.1 Inequality-adjusted HDI




  • 6 2014 Human Development Index


    • 6.1 Countries not included


    • 6.2 Inequality-adjusted HDI




  • 7 Past top countries


    • 7.1 In each original HDI




  • 8 Geographical coverage


  • 9 Country/region specific HDI lists


  • 10 Criticism


    • 10.1 Sources of data error




  • 11 See also


    • 11.1 Indices


    • 11.2 Other




  • 12 References


  • 13 External links





Origins





Amartya Sen





Mahbub ul Haq


The origins of the HDI are found in the annual Human Development Reports produced by the Human Development Reports Office of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). These were devised and launched by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990, and had the explicit purpose "to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people-centered policies". To produce the Human Development Reports, Mahbub ul Haq formed a group of development economists including Paul Streeten, Frances Stewart, Gustav Ranis, Keith Griffin, Farhan C.M, Sudhir Anand, and Meghnad Desai. Nobel laureate Amartya Sen utilized Haq's work in his own work on human capabilities.[3] Haq believed that a simple composite measure of human development was needed to convince the public, academics, and politicians that they can and should evaluate development not only by economic advances but also improvements in human well-being.




The underlying principle behind the Human Development Index.[5]



Dimensions and calculation



New method (2010 Index onwards)


Published on 4 November 2010 (and updated on 10 June 2011), the 2010 Human Development Index (HDI) combines three dimensions:[6][7]



  • A long and healthy life: Life expectancy at birth


  • Education index: Mean years of schooling and Expected years of schooling

  • A decent standard of living: GNI per capita (PPP US$)


In its 2010 Human Development Report, the UNDP began using a new method of calculating the HDI. The following three indices are used:


1. Life Expectancy Index (LEI) =LE−2085−20{displaystyle ={frac {{textrm {LE}}-20}{85-20}}}={frac {{textrm {LE}}-20}{85-20}}


LEI is 1 when Life expectancy at birth is 85 and 0 when Life expectancy at birth is 20.

2. Education Index (EI) =MYSI+EYSI2{displaystyle ={frac {{textrm {MYSI}}+{textrm {EYSI}}}{2}}}={frac {{textrm {MYSI}}+{textrm {EYSI}}}{2}}[8]



2.1 Mean Years of Schooling Index (MYSI) =MYS15{displaystyle ={frac {textrm {MYS}}{15}}}={frac {textrm {MYS}}{15}}[9]
Fifteen is the projected maximum of this indicator for 2025.


2.2 Expected Years of Schooling Index (EYSI) =EYS18{displaystyle ={frac {textrm {EYS}}{18}}}={frac {textrm {EYS}}{18}}[10]
Eighteen is equivalent to achieving a master's degree in most countries.



3. Income Index (II) =ln⁡(GNIpc)−ln⁡(100)ln⁡(75,000)−ln⁡(100){displaystyle ={frac {ln({textrm {GNIpc}})-ln(100)}{ln(75,000)-ln(100)}}}={frac {ln({textrm {GNIpc}})-ln(100)}{ln(75,000)-ln(100)}}


II is 1 when GNI per capita is $75,000 and 0 when GNI per capita is $100.

Finally, the HDI is the geometric mean of the previous three normalized indices:


HDI=LEI⋅EI⋅II3.{displaystyle {textrm {HDI}}={sqrt[{3}]{{textrm {LEI}}cdot {textrm {EI}}cdot {textrm {II}}}}.}{textrm {HDI}}={sqrt[{3}]{{textrm {LEI}}cdot {textrm {EI}}cdot {textrm {II}}}}.


LE: Life expectancy at birth

MYS: Mean years of schooling (i.e. years that a person aged 25 or older has spent in formal education)

EYS: Expected years of schooling (i.e. total expected years of schooling for children under 18 years of age)

GNIpc: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita



Old method (before 2010 Index)


The HDI combined three dimensions last used in its 2009 Report:




  • Life expectancy at birth, as an index of population health and longevity to HDI

  • Knowledge and education, as measured by the adult literacy rate (with two-thirds weighting) and the combined primary, secondary, and tertiary gross enrollment ratio (with one-third weighting).


  • Standard of living, as indicated by the natural logarithm of gross domestic product per capita at purchasing power parity.




HDI trends between 1975 and 2004


  OECD

  Europe not in the OECD and CIS

  Latin America and the Caribbean

  East Asia

  Arab League

  South Asia

  Sub-Saharan Africa



This methodology was used by the UNDP until their 2011 report.


The formula defining the HDI is promulgated by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).[11] In general, to transform a raw variable, say x{displaystyle x}x, into a unit-free index between 0 and 1 (which allows different indices to be added together), the following formula is used:


  • x index=x−ab−a{displaystyle x{text{ index}}={frac {x-a}{b-a}}}{displaystyle x{text{ index}}={frac {x-a}{b-a}}}

where a{displaystyle a}a and b{displaystyle b}b are the lowest and highest values the variable x{displaystyle x}x can attain, respectively.


The Human Development Index (HDI) then represents the uniformly weighted sum with ​13 contributed by each of the following factor indices:




  • Life Expectancy Index = LE−2585−25{displaystyle {frac {LE-25}{85-25}}}{frac {LE-25}{85-25}}


  • Education Index = 23×ALI+13×GEI{displaystyle {frac {2}{3}}times ALI+{frac {1}{3}}times GEI}{frac {2}{3}}times ALI+{frac {1}{3}}times GEI


    • Adult Literacy Index (ALI) = ALR−0100−0{displaystyle {frac {ALR-0}{100-0}}}{frac {ALR-0}{100-0}}


    • Gross Enrollment Index (GEI) = CGER−0100−0{displaystyle {frac {CGER-0}{100-0}}}{frac {CGER-0}{100-0}}




  • GDP = log⁡(GDPpc)−log⁡(100)log⁡(40000)−log⁡(100){displaystyle {frac {log left(GDPpcright)-log left(100right)}{log left(40000right)-log left(100right)}}}{frac {log left(GDPpcright)-log left(100right)}{log left(40000right)-log left(100right)}}


Other organizations/companies may include other factors, such as infant mortality, which produces a different HDI.




2018 Human Development Index



The 2018 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Programme was released on 14 September 2018, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2017.[12] Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries:[12]




  • Increase = increase.


  • Steady = steady.


  • Decrease = decrease.












Inequality-adjusted HDI



The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)[13] is a "measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account".


The rankings are not relative to the HDI list above due to the exclusion of countries which are missing IHDI data (p. 30).





  1.  Iceland 0.878


  2.  Japan 0.876


  3.  Norway 0.876


  4.   Switzerland 0.871


  5.  Finland 0.868


  6.  Sweden 0.864


  7.  Germany 0.861


  8.  Australia 0.861


  9.  Denmark 0.860


  10.  Netherlands 0.857


  11.  Ireland 0.854


  12.  Canada 0.852


  13.  New Zealand 0.846


  14.  Slovenia 0.846


  15.  Czech Republic 0.840


  16.  Belgium 0.836


  17.  United Kingdom 0.835


  18.  Austria 0.835


  19.  Singapore 0.816


  20.  Luxembourg 0.811


  21.  Hong Kong 0.809


  22.  France 0.808


  23.  Malta 0.805


  24.  Slovakia 0.797


  25.  United States 0.797


  26.  Estonia 0.794


  27.  Israel 0.787


  28.  Poland 0.787


  29.  South Korea 0.773


  30.  Hungary 0.773


  31.  Italy 0.771


  32.  Cyprus 0.769


  33.  Latvia 0.759


  34.  Lithuania 0.757


  35.  Croatia 0.756


  36.  Belarus 0.755


  37.  Spain 0.754


  38.  Greece 0.753


  39.  Montenegro 0.741


  40.  Russia 0.738


  41.  Kazakhstan 0.737


  42.  Portugal 0.732


  43.  Romania 0.717


  44.  Bulgaria 0.710


  45.  Chile 0.710


  46.  Argentina 0.707


  47.  Iran 0.707


  48.  Albania 0.706


  49.  Ukraine 0.701


  50.  Uruguay 0.689


  51.  Mauritius 0.683


  52.  Georgia 0.682


  53.  Azerbaijan 0.681


  54.  Armenia 0.680


  55.  Barbados 0.669



Countries in the top quartile of HDI ("very high human development" group) with a missing IHDI: Taiwan, Liechtenstein, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Andorra, Qatar, Brunei, Bahrain, Oman, Bahamas, Kuwait and Malaysia.



2016 Human Development Index



The 2016 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Programme was released on 21 March 2017, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2015. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries:[14]




  • Increase = increase.


  • Steady = steady.


  • Decrease = decrease.













































































































































































































































































































































































Rank
Country or region
Score

2016 estimates for 2015
[15]

Change in rank from previous year[15]

2016 estimates for 2015
[15]

Change from previous year
[15]
1 Steady
 Norway
0.949
Increase 0.001
2 Steady
 Australia
0.939
Increase 0.002
2 Steady
  Switzerland
0.939
Increase 0.001
4
Increase (2)

 Germany
0.926
Increase 0.002
5
Increase (1)

 Denmark
0.925
Increase 0.002
5
Increase (6)

 Singapore
0.925
Increase 0.013
7
Decrease (1)

 Netherlands
0.924
Increase 0.001
8 Steady
 Ireland
0.923
Increase 0.003
9
Increase (7)

 Iceland
0.921
Increase 0.002
10
Decrease (1)

 Canada
0.920
Increase 0.001
10
Decrease (2)

 United States
0.920
Increase 0.002
12 Steady
 Hong Kong
0.917
Increase 0.001
13
Decrease (4)

 New Zealand
0.915
Increase 0.002
14
Increase (1)

 Sweden
0.913
Increase 0.004
15
Decrease (1)

 Liechtenstein
0.912
Increase 0.001
16
Decrease (4)

 United Kingdom
0.909
Increase 0.003
17
Increase (3)

 Japan
0.903
Increase 0.001
18 Steady
 South Korea
0.901
Increase 0.002
19 Steady
 Israel
0.899
Increase 0.001
20 Steady
 Luxembourg
0.898
Increase 0.002
21
Increase (1)

 France
0.897
Increase 0.003
22
Decrease (1)

 Belgium
0.896
Increase 0.001
23 Steady
 Finland
0.895
Increase 0.002
24 Steady
 Austria
0.893
Increase 0.001
25
Increase (2)

 Spain
0.892
Increase 0.005
26 Steady
 Slovenia
0.890
Increase 0.002
27
Increase (1)

 Italy
0.887
Increase 0.006
28 Steady
 Czech Republic
0.878
Increase 0.003
29 Steady
 Greece
0.866
Increase 0.001
30
Increase (10)

 Slovakia
0.865
Increase 0.020
31
Increase (1)

 Estonia
0.865
Increase 0.002
32 Steady
 Andorra
0.858
Increase 0.001
33
Increase (1)

 Cyprus
0.856
Increase 0.002
33
Increase (2)

 Malta
0.856
Increase 0.003
33 Steady
 Qatar
0.856
Increase 0.001
36 Steady
 Poland
0.855
Increase 0.003
37 Steady
 Lithuania
0.848
Increase 0.002
38
Increase (4)

 Chile
0.847
Increase 0.002
38 Steady
 Saudi Arabia
0.847
Increase 0.002
41 Steady
 Portugal
0.843
Increase 0.002
42 Steady
 United Arab Emirates
0.840
Increase 0.004
43 Steady
 Hungary
0.836
Increase 0.002
44 Steady
 Latvia
0.830
Increase 0.002
45
Decrease (5)

 Argentina
0.827
Increase 0.001
45
Increase (1)

 Croatia
0.827
Increase 0.004
47
Decrease (1)

 Bahrain
0.824
Increase 0.001
48
Increase (1)

 Montenegro
0.807
Increase 0.003
49
Decrease (1)

 Russia
0.804
Decrease 0.001
50
Increase (1)

 Romania
0.802
Increase 0.004
51
Decrease (1)

 Kuwait
0.800
Increase 0.001


Inequality-adjusted HDI



The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)[16] is a "measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account".


The rankings are not relative to the HDI list above due to the exclusion of countries which are missing IHDI data (p. 206).





  1.  Norway 0.898


  2.  Iceland 0.868


  3.  Australia 0.861


  4.  Netherlands 0.861


  5.  Germany 0.859


  6.   Switzerland 0.859


  7.  Denmark 0.858


  8.  Sweden 0.851


  9.  Ireland 0.850


  10.  Finland 0.843


  11.  Canada 0.839


  12.  Slovenia 0.838


  13.  United Kingdom 0.836


  14.  Czech Republic 0.830


  15.  Luxembourg 0.827


  16.  Belgium 0.821


  17.  Austria 0.815


  18.  France 0.813


  19.  United States 0.796


  20.  Slovakia 0.793


  21.  Japan 0.791


  22.  Spain 0.791


  23.  Estonia 0.788


  24.  Malta 0.786


  25.  Italy 0.784


  26.  Israel 0.778


  27.  Poland 0.774


  28.  Hungary 0.771


  29.  Cyprus 0.762


  30.  Lithuania 0.759


  31.  Greece 0.758


  32.  Portugal 0.755


  33.  South Korea 0.753


  34.  Croatia 0.752


  35.  Latvia 0.742


  36.  Montenegro 0.736


  37.  Russia 0.725


  38.  Romania 0.714


  39.  Argentina 0.698


  40.  Chile 0.691



Countries in the top quartile of HDI ("very high human development" group) with a missing IHDI: Taiwan, New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, and Kuwait.



2015 Human Development Index



The 2015 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Programme was released on 14 December 2015, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2014. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries:[17][18][19]




  • Increase = increase.


  • Steady = steady.


  • Decrease = decrease.




















































































































































































































































































































































































Rank
Country
Score

2015 estimates for 2014
[20]

Change in rank from previous year[20]

2015 estimates for 2014
[20]

Change from previous year
[20]
1 Steady
 Norway
0.944
Increase 0.002
2 Steady
 Australia
0.935
Increase 0.002
3 Steady
  Switzerland
0.930
Increase 0.002
4 Steady
 Denmark
0.923 Steady
5 Steady
 Netherlands
0.922
Increase 0.002
6 Steady
 Germany
0.916
Increase 0.001
6
Increase (2)

 Ireland
0.916
Increase 0.004
8
Decrease (1)

 United States
0.915
Increase 0.002
9
Decrease (1)

 Canada
0.913
Increase 0.001
9
Increase (1)

 New Zealand
0.913
Increase 0.002
11
Decrease (2)

 Singapore
0.912
Increase 0.003
12 Steady
 Hong Kong
0.910
Increase 0.002
13 Steady
 Liechtenstein
0.908
Increase 0.001
14 Steady
 Sweden
0.907
Increase 0.002
14
Increase (1)

 United Kingdom
0.907
Increase 0.005
16 Steady
 Iceland
0.899 Steady
17 Steady
 South Korea
0.898
Increase 0.003
18 Steady
 Israel
0.894
Increase 0.001
18 Steady
 Macau
0.894 [21]
19 Steady
 Luxembourg
0.892
Increase 0.002
20
Decrease (1)

 Japan
0.891
Increase 0.001
21 Steady
 Belgium
0.890
Increase 0.002
22 Steady
 France
0.888
Increase 0.001
23 Steady
 Austria
0.885
Increase 0.001
24 Steady
 Finland
0.883
Increase 0.001
25 Steady
 Taiwan
0.882 [22]
26 Steady
 Slovenia
0.880
Increase 0.001
27 Steady
 Spain
0.876
Increase 0.002
28 Steady
 Italy
0.873 Steady
29 Steady
 Czech Republic
0.870
Increase 0.002
30 Steady
 Greece
0.865
Increase 0.002
31 Steady
 Estonia
0.861
Increase 0.002
32 Steady
 Brunei
0.856
Increase 0.004
33 Steady
 Cyprus
0.850 Steady
33
Increase (1)

 Qatar
0.850
Increase 0.001
34 Steady
 Andorra
0.845
Increase 0.001
35
Increase (1)

 Slovakia
0.844
Increase 0.005
36
Decrease (1)

 Poland
0.843
Increase 0.003
37 Steady
 Lithuania
0.839
Increase 0.002
37 Steady
 Malta
0.839
Increase 0.002
39 Steady
 Saudi Arabia
0.837
Increase 0.001
40 Steady
 Argentina
0.836
Increase 0.003
41
Decrease (1)

 United Arab Emirates
0.835
Increase 0.002
42 Steady
 Chile
0.832
Increase 0.002
43 Steady
 Portugal
0.830
Increase 0.002
44 Steady
 Hungary
0.828
Increase 0.003
45 Steady
 Bahrain
0.824
Increase 0.003
46
Increase (1)

 Latvia
0.819
Increase 0.003
47
Decrease (1)

 Croatia
0.818
Increase 0.001
48
Decrease (1)

 Kuwait
0.816 Steady
49 Steady
 Montenegro
0.802
Increase 0.001


Inequality-adjusted HDI



The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)[17] is a "measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account".


Note: The green arrows (Increase), red arrows (Decrease), and blue dashes (Steady) represent changes in rank. The rankings are not relative to the HDI list above due to the exclusion of countries which are missing IHDI data (p. 216).





  1.  Norway 0.893 (Steady)


  2.  Netherlands 0.861 (Increase 1)


  3.   Switzerland 0.861 (Increase 1)


  4.  Australia 0.858 (Decrease 2)


  5.  Denmark 0.856 (Increase 3)


  6.  Germany 0.853 (Decrease 1)


  7.  Iceland 0.846 (Decrease 1)


  8.  Sweden 0.846 (Decrease 1)


  9.  Ireland 0.836 (Increase 1)


  10.  Finland 0.834 (Increase 1)


  11.  Canada 0.832 (Decrease 2)


  12.  Slovenia 0.829 (Steady)


  13.  United Kingdom 0.829 (Increase 3)


  14.  Czech Republic 0.823 (Increase 1)


  15.  Luxembourg 0.822 (Decrease 1)


  16.  Belgium 0.820 (Increase 1)


  17.  Austria 0.816 (Decrease 4)


  18.  France 0.811 (Steady)


  19.  Slovakia 0.791 (Increase 2)


  20.  Estonia 0.782 (Increase 4)


  21.  Japan 0.780 (Decrease 1)


  22.  Israel 0.775 (Decrease 3)


  23.  Spain 0.775 (Decrease 1)


  24.  Italy 0.773 (Decrease 1)


  25.  Hungary 0.769 (Increase 2)


  26.  Malta 0.767 (Steady)


  27.  Poland 0.760 (Increase 2)


  28.  United States 0.760 (Steady)


  29.  Cyprus 0.758 (Increase 1)


  30.  Greece 0.758 (Decrease 5)


  31.  Lithuania 0.754 (Steady)


  32.  South Korea 0.751 (Increase 1)


  33.  Portugal 0.744 (Decrease 1)


  34.  Croatia 0.743 (Increase 1)


  35.  Belarus 0.741


  36.  Latvia 0.730



Countries in the top quartile of HDI ("very high human development" group) with a missing IHDI: Taiwan, New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Cuba, and Kuwait.



2014 Human Development Index


The 2014 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Programme was released on 24 July 2014 and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2013. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries or regions:[23][18][19]




  • Increase = increase.


  • Steady = steady.


  • Decrease = decrease.




















































































































































































































































































































































































Rank
Country or Region
HDI

New 2014 estimates for 2013
[24]

Change in rank between 2014 report and 2013 report[24]

New 2014 estimates for 2013
[24]

Change compared between 2014 report and 2013 report
[24]
1 Steady
 Norway
0.944
Decrease 0.011
2 Steady
 Australia
0.933
Increase 0.002
3 Steady
  Switzerland
0.917
Increase 0.001
4 Steady
 Netherlands
0.915 Steady
5 Steady
 United States
0.914
Increase 0.002
6 Steady
 Germany
0.911 Steady
7 Steady
 New Zealand
0.910
Increase 0.002
8 Steady
 Canada
0.902
Increase 0.001
9
Increase (3)

 Singapore
0.901
Increase 0.002
10 Steady
 Denmark
0.900 Steady
11
Decrease (3)

 Ireland
0.899
Decrease 0.017
12
Decrease (1)

 Sweden
0.898
Increase 0.001
13 Steady
 Iceland
0.895
Increase 0.002
14 Steady
 United Kingdom
0.892
Increase 0.002
14 Steady
 Macau
0.892 [21]
15 Steady
 Hong Kong
0.891
Increase 0.002
15
Increase (1)

 South Korea
0.891
Increase 0.003
17
Decrease (1)

 Japan
0.890
Increase 0.002
18
Decrease (2)

 Liechtenstein
0.889
Increase 0.001
19 Steady
 Israel
0.888
Increase 0.002
20 Steady
 France
0.884 Steady
21 Steady
 Taiwan
0.882 [22]
22 Steady
 Austria
0.881
Increase 0.001
22 Steady
 Belgium
0.881
Increase 0.001
22 Steady
 Luxembourg
0.881
Increase 0.001
23 Steady
 Finland
0.879 Steady
24 Steady
 Slovenia
0.874 Steady
25 Steady
 Italy
0.872 Steady
26 Steady
 Spain
0.869 Steady
27 Steady
 Czech Republic
0.861 Steady
28 Steady
 Greece
0.853
Decrease 0.001
29 Steady
 Brunei
0.852 Steady
30 Steady
 Qatar
0.851
Increase 0.001
31 Steady
 Cyprus
0.845
Decrease 0.003
32 Steady
 Estonia
0.840
Increase 0.001
33 Steady
 Saudi Arabia
0.836
Increase 0.003
34
Increase (1)

 Lithuania
0.834
Increase 0.003
34
Decrease (1)

 Poland
0.834
Increase 0.001
35 Steady
 Andorra
0.830 Steady
35
Increase (1)

 Slovakia
0.830
Increase 0.001
36 Steady
 Malta
0.829
Increase 0.002
37 Steady
 United Arab Emirates
0.827
Increase 0.002
38
Increase (1)

 Chile
0.822
Increase 0.003
38 Steady
 Portugal
0.822 Steady
39 Steady
 Hungary
0.818
Increase 0.001
40 Steady
 Bahrain
0.815
Increase 0.002
40 Steady
 Cuba
0.815
Increase 0.002
41
Decrease (2)

 Kuwait
0.814
Increase 0.001
42 Steady
 Croatia
0.812 Steady
43 Steady
 Latvia
0.810
Increase 0.002
44 Steady
 Argentina
0.808
Increase 0.002


Countries not included


Some countries were not included for various reasons, primarily due to the lack of necessary data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2014 report:[23]North Korea, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, and Tuvalu.



Inequality-adjusted HDI



The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)[23] is a "measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account".


Note: The green arrows (Increase), red arrows (Decrease), and blue dashes (Steady) represent changes in rank. The rankings are not relative to the HDI list above due to the exclusion of countries which are missing IHDI data (p. 168).





  1.  Norway 0.891 (Steady)


  2.  Australia 0.860 (Steady)


  3.  Netherlands 0.854 (Increase 1)


  4.   Switzerland 0.847 (Increase 3)


  5.  Germany 0.846 (Steady)


  6.  Iceland 0.843 (Increase 2)


  7.  Sweden 0.840 (Decrease 4)


  8.  Denmark 0.838 (Increase 1)


  9.  Canada 0.833 (Increase 4)


  10.  Ireland 0.832 (Decrease 4)


  11.  Finland 0.830 (Steady)


  12.  Slovenia 0.824 (Decrease 2)


  13.  Austria 0.818 (Decrease 1)


  14.  Luxembourg 0.814 (Increase 3)


  15.  Czech Republic 0.813 (Decrease 1)


  16.  United Kingdom 0.812 (Increase 3)


  17.  Belgium 0.806 (Decrease 2)


  18.  France 0.804 (Steady)


  19.  Israel 0.793 (Increase 1)


  20.  Japan 0.779 (New)


  21.  Slovakia 0.778 (Increase 1)


  22.  Spain 0.775 (Decrease 2)


  23.  Italy 0.768 (Increase 1)


  24.  Estonia 0.767 (Increase 1)


  25.  Greece 0.762 (Increase 2)


  26.  Malta 0.760 (Decrease 3)


  27.  Hungary 0.757 (Decrease 1)


  28.  United States 0.755 (Decrease 12)


  29.  Poland 0.751 (Increase 1)


  30.  Cyprus 0.752 (Decrease 1)


  31.  Lithuania 0.746 (Increase 2)


  32.  Portugal 0.739 (Steady)


  33.  South Korea 0.736 (Decrease 5)


  34.  Latvia 0.725 (Increase 1)


  35.  Croatia 0.721 (Increase 4)


  36.  Argentina 0.680 (Increase 7)


  37.  Chile 0.661 (Increase 4)



Countries in the top quartile of HDI ("very high human development" group) with a missing IHDI: Taiwan, New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Cuba, and Kuwait.



Past top countries


The list below displays the top-ranked country from each year of the Human Development Index. Norway has been ranked the highest fourteen times, Canada eight times, and Japan three times. Iceland has been ranked highest twice.



In each original HDI


The year represents when the report was published. In parentheses is the year for which the index was calculated.




  • 2018 (2017):  Norway

  • 2016 (2015):  Norway

  • 2015 (2014):  Norway

  • 2014 (2013):  Norway

  • 2013 (2012):  Norway

  • 2011 (2011):  Norway

  • 2010 (2010):  Norway

  • 2009 (2007):  Norway

  • 2008 (2006):  Iceland

  • 2007 (2005):  Iceland

  • 2006 (2004):  Norway

  • 2005 (2003):  Norway

  • 2004 (2002):  Norway

  • 2003 (2001):  Norway

  • 2002 (2000):  Norway

  • 2001 (1999):  Norway

  • 2000 (1998):  Canada

  • 1999 (1997):  Canada

  • 1998 (1995):  Canada

  • 1997 (1994):  Canada

  • 1996 (1993):  Canada

  • 1995 (1992):  Canada

  • 1994 (????):  Canada

  • 1993 (????):  Japan

  • 1992 (1990):  Canada

  • 1991 (1990):  Japan

  • 1990 (????):  Japan




Geographical coverage


The HDI has extended its geographical coverage: David Hastings, of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, published a report geographically extending the HDI to 230+ economies, whereas the UNDP HDI for 2009 enumerates 182 economies and coverage for the 2010 HDI dropped to 169 countries.[25][26]



Country/region specific HDI lists




  • African countries

  • Argentine provinces

  • Australian states

  • Brazilian states

  • Canadian provinces and territories

  • Chilean regions

  • Chinese administrative divisions

  • Ethiopian regions

  • European countries

  • German states

  • Indian states

  • Indonesian provinces

  • Iranian provinces

  • Italian regions

  • Japanese prefectures

  • Latin American countries

  • Mexican states

  • Pakistani districts

  • Philippine provinces

  • Russian federal subjects

  • South African provinces

  • Spanish communities


  • U.S. states (American Human Development Report (AHDR))

  • Venezuelan states

  • World, regional (Sub-national HDI by GDL)




Criticism




HDI vs. ecological footprint


The Human Development Index has been criticized on a number of grounds, including alleged lack of consideration of technological development or contributions to the human civilization, focusing exclusively on national performance and ranking, lack of attention to development from a global perspective, measurement error of the underlying statistics, and on the UNDP's changes in formula which can lead to severe misclassification in the categorisation of 'low', 'medium', 'high' or 'very high' human development countries.[27]



Sources of data error


Economists Hendrik Wolff, Howard Chong and Maximilian Auffhammer discuss the HDI from the perspective of data error in the underlying health, education and income statistics used to construct the HDI. They identified three sources of data error which are due to (i) data updating, (ii) formula revisions and (iii) thresholds to classify a country's development status and conclude that 11%, 21% and 34% of all countries can be interpreted as currently misclassified in the development bins due to the three sources of data error, respectively. The authors suggest that the United Nations should discontinue the practice of classifying countries into development bins because: the cut-off values seem arbitrary, can provide incentives for strategic behavior in reporting official statistics, and have the potential to misguide politicians, investors, charity donors and the public who use the HDI at large.[27]


In 2010, the UNDP reacted to the criticism and updated the thresholds to classify nations as low, medium, and high human development countries. In a comment to The Economist in early January 2011, the Human Development Report Office responded[28] to a 6 January 2011 article in the magazine[29] which discusses the Wolff et al. paper. The Human Development Report Office states that they undertook a systematic revision of the methods used for the calculation of the HDI, and that the new methodology directly addresses the critique by Wolff et al. in that it generates a system for continuously updating the human-development categories whenever formula or data revisions take place.


In 2013, Salvatore Monni and Alessandro Spaventa emphasized that in the debate of GDP versus HDI, it is often forgotten that these are both external indicators that prioritize different benchmarks upon which the quantification of societal welfare can be predicated. The larger question is whether it is possible to shift the focus of policy from a battle between competing paradigms to a mechanism for eliciting information on well-being directly from the population.[30]



See also




Indices




  • Bhutan GNH Index

  • Broad measures of economic progress

  • Green national product


  • Green gross domestic product (Green GDP)

  • Gender Inequality Index

  • Gender-related Development Index


  • Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI)


  • Global Peace Index (GPI)


  • Gross National Well-being (GNW)


  • Happy Planet Index (HPI)

  • Human Poverty Index


  • Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)

  • Legatum Prosperity Index

  • List of countries by Human Development Index

  • Living planet index

  • Multidimensional Poverty Index

  • Rule of Law Index


  • OECD Better Life Index (BLI)

  • Social Progress Index

  • Where-to-be-born Index

  • World Happiness Report




Other




  • Economic development

  • Ethics of care

  • Developing country

  • Happiness economics

  • Human Development and Capability Association

  • International development

  • List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty

  • Right to an adequate standard of living

  • Subjective life satisfaction


  • Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)




References






  1. ^ "Human Development Index". Economic Times.


  2. ^ ab "The Human Development concept". UNDP. 2010. Retrieved 29 July 2011.


  3. ^ The Courier. Commission of the European Communities. 1994.


  4. ^ ab "What is Human Development". UNDP. 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.


  5. ^ "Human Development Report 2010". UNDP. 4 November 2010.


  6. ^ "Technical notes" (PDF). UNDP. 2013.


  7. ^ "New method of calculation of Human Development Index (HDI)". India Study Channel. 2011-06-01. Retrieved 2017-11-19.


  8. ^ Mean years of schooling (of adults) (years) is a calculation of the average number of years of education received by people ages 25 and older in their lifetime based on education attainment levels of the population converted into years of schooling based on theoretical duration of each level of education attended. Source: Barro, R. J.; Lee, J.-W. (2010). "A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, 1950–2010". NBER Working Paper No. 15902.


  9. ^ (ESYI is a calculation of the number of years a child is expected to attend school, or university, including the years spent on repetition. It is the sum of the age-specific enrollment ratios for primary, secondary, post-secondary non-tertiary and tertiary education and is calculated assuming the prevailing patterns of age-specific enrollment rates were to stay the same throughout the child's life. Expected years of schooling is capped at 18 years. (Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2010). Correspondence on education indicators. March. Montreal.)


  10. ^ Definition, Calculator, etc. at UNDP site Archived 20 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine.


  11. ^ ab "Human Development Indices and Indicators – 2018 Statistical Update" (PDF). HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme. pp. 22–25. Retrieved 14 September 2018.


  12. ^ "Human Development Report 2018 – "Human Development Indices and Indicators"" (PDF). HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme. pp. 30–33. Retrieved 14 September 2018.


  13. ^ "Human Development Report 2016" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 12 July 2017.


  14. ^ abcd "Human Development Report 2016—'Human Development for everyone'" (PDF). HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 21 March 2017.


  15. ^ "Report" (PDF). hdr.undp.org. 2016.


  16. ^ ab "Statistics" (PDF). hdr.undp.org. 2015.


  17. ^ ab The UN does not calculate the HDI of Macau. The government of Macau calculates its own HDI.Macau in Figures, 2015


  18. ^ ab Taiwan's government calculated its HDI to be 0.882, based on 2010 new methodology of UNDP. "2011中華民國人類發展指數 (HDI)" (PDF) (in Chinese). Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, R.O.C. 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2011.


  19. ^ abcd "Human Development Report 2015—'Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Resilience'" (PDF). HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 14 December 2015.


  20. ^ ab The UN does not calculate the HDI of Macau. The government of Macau calculates its own HDI. Macau in Figures, 2016


  21. ^ ab The UN does not recognize the Republic of China (Taiwan) as a sovereign state. The HDI report does not include Taiwan as part of the People's Republic of China when calculating China's figures. Taiwan's government calculated its HDI to be 0.882, based on 2010 new methodology of UNDP. "2011中華民國人類發展指數 (HDI)" (PDF) (in Chinese). Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, R.O.C. 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2011.


  22. ^ abc "Data" (PDF). hdr.undp.org. 2014.


  23. ^ abcd "Human Development Report 2014—'Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Resilience'". HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 25 July 2014.


  24. ^ Hastings, David A. (2009). "Filling Gaps in the Human Development Index". United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Working Paper WP/09/02.


  25. ^ Hastings, David A. (2011). "A "Classic" Human Development Index with 232 Countries". HumanSecurityIndex.org. Information Note linked to data


  26. ^ ab Wolff, Hendrik; Chong, Howard; Auffhammer, Maximilian (2011). "Classification, Detection and Consequences of Data Error: Evidence from the Human Development Index". Economic Journal. 121 (553): 843–870. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2010.02408.x.


  27. ^ "UNDP Human Development Report Office's comments". The Economist. January 2011.
    [dead link]



  28. ^ "The Economist (pages 60–61 in the issue of Jan 8, 2011)". 6 January 2011.


  29. ^ Monni, Salvatore; Spaventa, Alessandro (2013). "Beyond Gdp and HDI: Shifting the focus from Paradigms to Politics". Development. 56 (2): 227–231. doi:10.1057/dev.2013.30.




External links







  • Human Development Index

  • Human Development Tools and Rankings


  • "Technical note explaining the definition of the HDI" (PDF). (5.54 MB)

  • New demographic datasets by 'Human Development Index (HDI)’

  • An independent HDI covering 232 countries, formulated along the lines of the traditional (pre-2010) approach.













Popular posts from this blog

Y

Mount Tamalpais

Indian Forest Service