Faboideae













































Faboideae

Crotalaria.jpg

Crotalaria retusa

Scientific classification edit
Kingdom:
Plantae

Clade:
Angiosperms

Clade:
Eudicots

Clade:
Rosids
Order:
Fabales
Family:
Fabaceae
Subfamily:
Faboideae
Tribes[1][2][3]


  • Abreae

  • Adesmieae

  • Aeschynomeneae

  • Amorpheae

  • Bossiaeeae

  • Brongniartieae

  • Cicereae

  • Crotalarieae

  • Dalbergieae

  • Desmodieae

  • Dipterygeae

  • Euchresteae

  • Fabeae

  • Galegeae

  • Genisteae

  • Hedysareae

  • Hypocalypteae

  • Indigofereae

  • Loteae

  • Millettieae

  • Mirbelieae

  • Phaseoleae

  • Podalyrieae

  • Psoraleeae

  • Robinieae

  • Sesbanieae

  • Sophoreae

  • Swartzieae

  • Thermopsideae

  • Trifolieae



Faboideae distribution.svg
Distribution of the Faboideae.

Synonyms


  • Aspalathaceae Martynov

  • Astragalaceae Berchtold & J. Presl

  • Ciceraceae W. Steele

  • Coronillaceae Martynov

  • Cytisaceae Berchtold & J. Presl

  • Dalbergiaceae Martinov

  • Daleaceae Berchtold & J. Presl

  • Galedupaceae Martynov

  • Geoffroeaceae Martius

  • Hedysaraceae Oken

  • Inocarpaceae Berchtold & J. Presl

  • Lathyraceae Burnett

  • Lotaceae Oken

  • Papilionatae Taub.

  • Papilionaceae Giseke

  • Papilionoideae (L.) DC. 1825

  • Phaseolaceae Martius

  • Robiniaceae Vest

  • Sophoraceae Berchtold & J. Presl

  • Tamarindaceae Martinov

  • Trifoliaceae Berchtold & J. Presl

  • Viciaceae Oken



The Faboideae are a subfamily of the flowering plant family Fabaceae or Leguminosae. An acceptable alternative name for the subfamily is Papilionoideae, or Papilionaceae when this group of plants is treated as a family.[4]


This subfamily is widely distributed, and members are adapted to a wide variety of environments. Faboideae may be trees, shrubs, or herbaceous plants. Members include the pea, the sweet pea, the laburnum, and other legumes. The flowers are classically pea-shaped, and root nodulation is very common.




Contents






  • 1 Genera


  • 2 Systematics


  • 3 Notes


  • 4 References


  • 5 External links





Genera


The type genus, Faba, is a synonym of Vicia, and is listed here as Vicia.




  • Abrus

  • Acmispon

  • Acosmium

  • Adenocarpus

  • Adenodolichos

  • Adesmia

  • Aenictophyton

  • Aeschynomene

  • Afgekia

  • Aganope

  • Airyantha

  • Aldina

  • Alexa

  • Alhagi

  • Alistilus

  • Almaleea

  • Alysicarpus

  • Amburana

  • Amicia

  • Ammodendron

  • Ammopiptanthus

  • Ammothamnus


  • Amphiodon[5]

  • Amorpha

  • Amphicarpaea

  • Amphimas

  • Amphithalea

  • Anagyris

  • Anarthrophyllum


  • Ancistrotropis[6]

  • Andira

  • Angylocalyx

  • Antheroporum

  • Anthyllis

  • Antopetitia

  • Aotus

  • Aphyllodium

  • Apios

  • Apoplanesia

  • Apurimacia

  • Arachis

  • Argyrocytisus

  • Argyrolobium

  • Arthroclianthus

  • Aspalathus

  • Astragalus

  • Ateleia

  • Austrodolichos

  • Austrosteenisia

  • Baphia

  • Baphiastrum

  • Baphiopsis

  • Baptisia

  • Barbieria

  • Behaimia

  • Bionia

  • Bituminaria

  • Bobgunnia

  • Bocoa

  • Bolusafra

  • Bolusanthus

  • Bolusia

  • Bossiaea

  • Bowdichia

  • Bowringia

  • Brongniartia

  • Brya

  • Bryaspis

  • Burkilliodendron

  • Butea

  • Cadia

  • Cajanus

  • Calia

  • Calicotome

  • Callerya

  • Callistachys


  • Calobota[7]

  • Calophaca

  • Calopogonium

  • Calpurnia

  • Camoensia

  • Camptosema

  • Campylotropis

  • Canavalia

  • Candolleodendron

  • Caragana

  • Carmichaelia

  • Carrissoa

  • Cascaronia

  • Castanospermum

  • Centrolobium

  • Centrosema

  • Chadsia

  • Chaetocalyx

  • Chamaecytisus

  • Chapmannia

  • Chesneya

  • Chorizema

  • Christia

  • Cicer

  • Cladrastis

  • Clathrotropis

  • Cleobulia

  • Clianthus

  • Clitoria

  • Clitoriopsis

  • Cochlianthus


  • Cochliasanthus[6]

  • Codariocalyx

  • Collaea

  • Cologania

  • Colutea


  • Condylostylis[6]

  • Cordyla

  • Coronilla

  • Coursetia

  • Craibia

  • Cranocarpus

  • Craspedolobium

  • Cratylia

  • Cristonia

  • Crotalaria

  • Cruddasia

  • Cullen

  • Cyamopsis

  • Cyathostegia

  • Cyclocarpa

  • Cyclolobium

  • Cyclopia

  • Cymbosema

  • Cytisophyllum

  • Cytisopsis

  • Cytisus

  • Dahlstedtia

  • Dalbergia

  • Dalbergiella

  • Dalea

  • Dalhousiea

  • Daviesia

  • Decorsea

  • Dendrolobium

  • Derris

  • Dermatophyllum

  • Desmodiastrum

  • Desmodium

  • Dewevrea

  • Dichilus

  • Dicraeopetalum

  • Dillwynia

  • Dioclea

  • Diphyllarium

  • Diphysa

  • Diplotropis

  • Dipogon (plant)

  • Dipteryx

  • Discolobium

  • Disynstemon

  • Dolichopsis

  • Dolichos

  • Dorycnium

  • Droogmansia

  • Dumasia

  • Dunbaria

  • Dussia

  • Dysolobium

  • Ebenus

  • Echinospartum

  • Eleiotis

  • Eminia

  • Endosamara

  • Eremosparton

  • Erichsenia

  • Erinacea

  • Eriosema

  • Errazurizia

  • Erythrina

  • Etaballia

  • Euchilopsis


  • Euchlora[8]

  • Euchresta

  • Eutaxia

  • Eversmannia

  • Exostyles

  • Eysenhardtia


  • Ezoloba[8]


  • Fairchildia[9]

  • Fiebrigiella

  • Fissicalyx

  • Flemingia

  • Fordia

  • Galactia

  • Galega

  • Gastrolobium

  • Geissaspis

  • Genista

  • Genistidium

  • Geoffroea

  • Gliricidia

  • Glycine

  • Glycyrrhiza

  • Gompholobium

  • Gonocytisus

  • Goodia

  • Grazielodendron


  • Guianodendron[10]

  • Gueldenstaedtia

  • Halimodendron

  • Hammatolobium

  • Haplormosia

  • Hardenbergia

  • Harleyodendron

  • Harpalyce

  • Hebestigma

  • Hedysarum


  • Helicotropis[6]

  • Herpyza

  • Hesperolaburnum

  • Hippocrepis

  • Hoita

  • Holocalyx

  • Hosackia

  • Hovea

  • Humularia

  • Hymenocarpos

  • Hymenolobium

  • Hypocalyptus

  • Indigastrum

  • Indigofera

  • Inocarpus

  • Isotropis

  • Jacksonia

  • Kennedia

  • Kotschya

  • Kummerowia

  • Lablab


  • +Laburnocytisus[Note 1]

  • Laburnum

  • Lackeya

  • Lamprolobium

  • Lathyrus

  • Latrobea

  • Lebeckia

  • Lecointea

  • Lembotropis

  • Lennea

  • Lens


  • Leobordea[8]

  • Leptoderris

  • Leptodesmia


  • Leptolobium[10]

  • Leptosema


  • Leptospron[6]

  • Lespedeza

  • Lessertia

  • Leucomphalos

  • Limadendron

  • Liparia


  • Listia[8]

  • Lonchocarpus


  • Lotononis[8]

  • Lotus

  • Luetzelburgia

  • Lupinus

  • Luzonia

  • Maackia

  • Machaerium

  • Macropsychanthus

  • Macroptilium

  • Macrotyloma


  • Maraniona[11]

  • Margaritolobium

  • Marina

  • Mastersia

  • Mecopus

  • Medicago

  • Melilotus

  • Melliniella

  • Melolobium

  • Microcharis

  • Mildbraediodendron

  • Millettia

  • Mirbelia

  • Monopteryx

  • Mucuna

  • Muellera

  • Muelleranthus

  • Mundulea

  • Myrocarpus

  • Myrospermum

  • Myroxylon

  • Mysanthus

  • Neocollettia

  • Neoharmsia

  • Neonotonia

  • Neorautanenia

  • Neorudolphia

  • Nephrodesmus

  • Nesphostylis

  • Nissolia

  • Nogra

  • Oberholzeria

  • Olneya

  • Onobrychis

  • Ononis

  • Ophrestia

  • Orbexilum

  • Oreophysa

  • Ormocarpopsis

  • Ormocarpum

  • Ormosia

  • Orphanodendron

  • Ornithopus

  • Oryxis

  • Ostryocarpus

  • Otholobium

  • Otoptera

  • Ottleya

  • Oxylobium

  • Oxyrhynchus

  • Oxytropis

  • Pachyrhizus

  • Panurea

  • Paracalyx

  • Paragoodia

  • Paramachaerium

  • Parochetus

  • Parryella

  • Pearsonia

  • Pediomelum

  • Periandra

  • Pericopsis

  • Petaladenium

  • Peteria

  • Petteria

  • Phaseolus

  • Phylacium

  • Phyllodium

  • Phyllota

  • Phylloxylon

  • Physostigma

  • Pickeringia

  • Pictetia

  • Piptanthus

  • Piscidia

  • Pisum

  • Plagiocarpus

  • Platycelyphium

  • Platycyamus

  • Platylobium

  • Platymiscium

  • Platypodium

  • Platysepalum

  • Podalyria

  • Podocytisus

  • Podolobium

  • Poecilanthe

  • Poiretia

  • Poitea

  • Polhillia

  • Pongamiopsis

  • Pseudarthria

  • Pseudeminia

  • Pseudoeriosema

  • Pseudovigna

  • Psophocarpus

  • Psoralea

  • Psoralidium

  • Psorothamnus

  • Pterocarpus

  • Pterodon

  • Ptycholobium

  • Ptychosema

  • Pueraria

  • Pultenaea

  • Pycnospora

  • Pyranthus

  • Rafnia


  • Ramirezella[6]

  • Ramorinoa

  • Retama

  • Rhodopis

  • Rhynchosia

  • Rhynchotropis

  • Riedeliella

  • Robinia

  • Robynsiophyton

  • Rothia

  • Rupertia

  • Sakoanala

  • Salweenia

  • Sarcodum

  • Sartoria

  • Schefflerodendron

  • Scorpiurus

  • Sellocharis

  • Sesbania

  • Shuteria


  • Sigmoidotropis[6]

  • Sinodolichos

  • Smirnowia

  • Smithia

  • Soemmeringia

  • Sophora

  • Spartium

  • Spartocytisus

  • Spathionema

  • Spatholobus

  • Sphaerolobium

  • Sphaerophysa

  • Sphenostylis

  • Sphinctospermum

  • Spirotropis

  • Spongiocarpella

  • Stauracanthus


  • Staminodianthus[12]


  • Steinbachiella[13]

  • Stirtonanthus

  • Stonesiella

  • Streblorrhiza

  • Strongylodon

  • Strophostyles

  • Stylosanthes

  • Styphnolobium

  • Swainsona

  • Swartzia

  • Sweetia

  • Sylvichadsia

  • Syrmatium


  • Tabaroa[14]

  • Tadehagi

  • Taralea

  • Taverniera

  • Templetonia

  • Tephrosia

  • Teramnus

  • Teyleria

  • Thermopsis

  • Thinicola

  • Tipuana

  • Trifidacanthus

  • Trifolium

  • Trigonella

  • Tripodion


  • Trischidium[15]

  • Uleanthus

  • Ulex

  • Uraria

  • Uribea

  • Urodon

  • Vandasina

  • Vatairea

  • Vataireopsis

  • Vatovaea

  • Vavilovia

  • Vermifrux

  • Vicia

  • Vigna

  • Viminaria

  • Virgilia


  • Wajira[6]

  • Weberbauerella

  • Wiborgia


  • Wiborgiella[7]

  • Wisteria

  • Xanthocercis

  • Xiphotheca

  • Zollernia

  • Zornia


  • Zygocarpum[16]




Systematics


Modern molecular phylogenetics recommend a clade-based classification of Faboideae as a superior alternative to the traditional tribal classification of Polhill:[5][17][18][19][20]


.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%}.mw-parser-output table.clade td{border:0;padding:0;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{width:0.8em;border:0;padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{border:0;padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}






Faboideae (Papilionoideae)













ADA clade












 

Angylocalyceae
 
 












 

Dipterygeae
 
 

Amburaneae
 
 
 
 













Swartzieae












 

Swartzioids
 
 

Atelioids
 
 
 












 

Cladrastis clade
 

Meso‑Papilionoideae






















 

Exostyleae
 

Genistoids












 

Ormosieae
 
 

















 

Brongniartieae
 
 

Leptolobieae
 

Core genistoids












 

Camoensieae
 
 












 

Sophoreae
 
 












 

Podalyrieae
 
 












 

Crotalarieae
 
 

Genisteae
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

















 

Vataireoids
 
 

Andira clade
 

Dalbergioids













Amorpheae












 

Amorphoids
 
 

Daleoids
 
 

Dalbergieae

















 

Adesmia clade
 
 

Dalbergia clade
 
 

Pterocarpus clade
 
 
 
 
Old World clade












 

Baphieae
 

NPAAA clade












 












 

Hypocalypteae
 
 

Mirbelioids
 
 
 












 












 

Indigofereae
 

Millettioids












 

Barbierieae (Clitoriinae clade)
 
 













Core millettioids












 

Abreae
 
 












 

Millettieae
 
 

Diocleae
 
 
 

Phaseoloids

















 

Kennediinae clade
 
 

Desmodieae
 
 












 

Cajaninae clade
 
 












 

Erythrininae clade
 
 












 

Psoraleeae
 
 

Phaseolinae clade
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Hologalegina (=galegoids)













Robinioids












 

Loteae
 
 












 

Sesbanieae
 
 

Robinieae
 
 
 

IRLC












 

Wisterieae
 
 












 

Fabeae
 
 












 

Hedysareae
 
 

Astragaleae
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Note: Minor branches have been omitted.



Notes





  1. ^ Not a true genus. It is a graft-chimera between Laburnum and Cytisus.




References





  1. ^ United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) (2003): Germplasm Resources Information Network – Faboideae Archived 2010-05-28 at the Wayback Machine.. Version of 2003-JAN-17. Retrieved 2010-AUG-07.


  2. ^ "Faboideae at UniProt". Retrieved 2010-08-07..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  3. ^ "Systema Naturae 2000". Retrieved 2010-08-07.
    [permanent dead link]


  4. ^ McNeill, J.; et al., eds. (2006), International code of botanical nomenclature (Vienna Code) adopted by the seventeenth International Botanical Congress, Vienna, Austria, July 2005 (electronic ed.), Vienna: International Association for Plant Taxonomy, archived from the original on 6 October 2012, retrieved 2011-02-20, Article 19.7


  5. ^ ab Cardoso D, de Queiroz LP, Pennington RT, de Lima HC, Fonty É, Wojciechowski MF, Lavin M (2012). "Revisiting the phylogeny of papilionoid legumes: new insights from comprehensively sampled early-branching lineages". Am J Bot. 99 (12): 1991–2013. doi:10.3732/ajb.1200380. PMID 23221500.


  6. ^ abcdefgh Delgado-Salinas A, Thulin M, Pasquet R, Weeden N, Lavin M (2011). "Vigna (Leguminosae) sensu lato: the names and identities of the American segregate genera". Am J Bot. 98 (10): 1694–715. doi:10.3732/ajb.1100069. PMID 21980163.


  7. ^ ab Boatwright JS, Tilney PM, Van Wyk BE (2009). "The generic concept of Lebeckia (Crotalarieae, Fabaceae): reinstatement of the genus Calobota and the new genus Wiborgiella". S Afr J Bot. 75 (3): 546–556. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2009.06.001.


  8. ^ abcde Boatwright JS, Wink M, van Wyk BE (2011). "The generic concept of Lotononis (Crotalarieae, Fabaceae): Reinstatement of the genera Euchlora, Leobordea and Listia and the new genus Ezoloba". Taxon. 60 (1): 161–77.


  9. ^ Torke BM, Schaal BA (2008). "Molecular phylogenetics of the species-rich neotropical genus Swartzia (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae) and related genera of the swartzioid clade". Am J Bot. 95 (2): 215–228. doi:10.3732/ajb.95.2.215.


  10. ^ ab Cardoso D, de Lima HC, Rodrigues RS, de Queiroz LP, Pennington RT, Lavin M (2012). "The Bowdichia clade of Genistoid legumes: Phylogenetic analysis of combined molecular and morphological data and a recircumscription of Diplotropis". Taxon. 61 (5): 1074–1087.


  11. ^ Hughes CE, Lewis GP, Daza Yomona A, Reynel C (2004). "Maraniona. A New Dalbergioid Legume Genus (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae) from Peru". Syst Bot. 29 (2): 366–374. doi:10.1600/036364404774195557.


  12. ^ Cardoso D, de Lima HC, de Queiroz LP (2013). "Staminodianthus, a new neotropical Genistoid legume genus segregated from Diplotropis". Phytotaxa. 110 (1): 1–16. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.110.1.1.


  13. ^ Lewis GP, Wood JR, Lavin M (2012). "Steinbachiella (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae: Dalbergieae), endemic to Bolivia, is reinstated as an accepted genus". Kew Bull. 67 (4): 789–796. doi:10.1007/s12225-012-9415-z.


  14. ^ de Queiroz LP, Lewis GP, Wojciechowski MF (2010). "Tabaroa, a new genus of Leguminosae tribe Brongniartieae from Brazil". Kew Bull. 65 (2): 189–203. doi:10.1007/s12225-010-9202-7. JSTOR 23216080.


  15. ^ Ireland HE (2007). "Taxonomic changes in the South American genus Bocoa (Leguminosae–Swartzieae): Reinstatement of the name Trischidium, and a synopsis of both genera". Kew Bull. 62 (2): 333–350. JSTOR 20443359.


  16. ^ Thulin M, Lavin M (2001). "Phylogeny and Biogeography of the Ormocarpum Group (Fabaceae): A New Genus Zygocarpum from the Horn of Africa Region". Syst Bot. 26 (2): 299–317. JSTOR 2666709.


  17. ^ Cardoso D, Pennington RT, de Queiroz LP, Boatwright JS, Van Wykd BE, Wojciechowskie MF, Lavin M (2013). "Reconstructing the deep-branching relationships of the papilionoid legumes". S Afr J Bot. 89: 58–75. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2013.05.001.


  18. ^ Wojciechowskie MF (2013). "Towards a new classification of Leguminosae: Naming clades using non-Linnaean phylogenetic nomenclature". S. Afr. J. Bot. 89: 85–93. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2013.06.017.


  19. ^ LPWG [Legume Phylogeny Working Group] (2013). "Legume phylogeny and classification in the 21st century: progress, prospects and lessons for other species-rich clades". Taxon. 62 (2): 217–248. doi:10.12705/622.8.


  20. ^ de Queiroz LP, Pastore JF, Cardoso D, Snak C, de C Lima AL, Gagnon E, Vatanparast M, Holland AE, Egan AN (2015). "A multilocus phylogenetic analysis reveals the monophyly of a recircumscribed papilionoid legume tribe Diocleae with well-supported generic relationships". Mol Phylogenet Evol. 90: 1–19. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.04.016. PMID 25934529.




External links



  • Faboideae in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The Families of Flowering Plants: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, Information Retrieval.
















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Mount Tamalpais

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Mount Tamalpais Mount Tamalpais, viewed from the south Highest point Elevation 2,571 ft (784 m)   NAVD 88 [1] Prominence 2,456 ft (749 m)  [1] Listing California county high points 55th Coordinates 37°55′45″N 122°34′40″W  /  37.929088°N 122.577829°W  / 37.929088; -122.577829 Coordinates: 37°55′45″N 122°34′40″W  /  37.929088°N 122.577829°W  / 37.929088; -122.577829   [1] Geography Mount Tamalpais Marin County, California, U.S. Show map of California Mount Tamalpais Mount Tamalpais (the US) Show map of the US Parent range California Coast Ranges Topo map USGS San Rafael Geology Mountain type Sedimentary Climbing First ascent 1830s by Jacob P. Leese (first recorded ascent) [2] Easiest route Railroad Grade fire trail Mount Tamalpais ( / t æ m əl ˈ p aɪ . ɪ s / ; TAM -əl- PY -iss ; Coast Miwok: /t̪ɑmɑlˈpɑis̺/ , known locally as Mount Tam ) is a peak in Marin County, California, United State...
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Indian Forest Service

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Indian Forest Service Service Overview Preceding service Imperial Forest Service (1864 to 1935) Year of Constitution 1966 Country India Staff College Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy (IGNFA), Dehradun, Uttarakhand Cadre Controlling Authority Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change Legal personality Governmental: Government service General nature Administration of Forest and Wildlife resources Cadre strength 3131 (2182 Direct Recruits and 949 Promotion Posts) Website ifs.nic.in Service Chief Director General of Forests Siddhanth Das, IFS (1982 Batch, Odisha Cadre) [1] Head of the All India Civil Services Cabinet Secretary Pradeep Kumar Sinha, IAS Indian Forest Service (भारतीय वन सेवा) [2] is one of the three All India Services of the Government of India. The other two All India Services being the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) and the Indian Police Service (IPS). [3] [4] [5] It was constituted in...
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