Faboideae













































Faboideae

Crotalaria.jpg

Crotalaria retusa

Scientific classification edit
Kingdom:
Plantae

Clade:
Angiosperms

Clade:
Eudicots

Clade:
Rosids
Order:
Fabales
Family:
Fabaceae
Subfamily:
Faboideae
Tribes[1][2][3]


  • Abreae

  • Adesmieae

  • Aeschynomeneae

  • Amorpheae

  • Bossiaeeae

  • Brongniartieae

  • Cicereae

  • Crotalarieae

  • Dalbergieae

  • Desmodieae

  • Dipterygeae

  • Euchresteae

  • Fabeae

  • Galegeae

  • Genisteae

  • Hedysareae

  • Hypocalypteae

  • Indigofereae

  • Loteae

  • Millettieae

  • Mirbelieae

  • Phaseoleae

  • Podalyrieae

  • Psoraleeae

  • Robinieae

  • Sesbanieae

  • Sophoreae

  • Swartzieae

  • Thermopsideae

  • Trifolieae



Faboideae distribution.svg
Distribution of the Faboideae.

Synonyms


  • Aspalathaceae Martynov

  • Astragalaceae Berchtold & J. Presl

  • Ciceraceae W. Steele

  • Coronillaceae Martynov

  • Cytisaceae Berchtold & J. Presl

  • Dalbergiaceae Martinov

  • Daleaceae Berchtold & J. Presl

  • Galedupaceae Martynov

  • Geoffroeaceae Martius

  • Hedysaraceae Oken

  • Inocarpaceae Berchtold & J. Presl

  • Lathyraceae Burnett

  • Lotaceae Oken

  • Papilionatae Taub.

  • Papilionaceae Giseke

  • Papilionoideae (L.) DC. 1825

  • Phaseolaceae Martius

  • Robiniaceae Vest

  • Sophoraceae Berchtold & J. Presl

  • Tamarindaceae Martinov

  • Trifoliaceae Berchtold & J. Presl

  • Viciaceae Oken



The Faboideae are a subfamily of the flowering plant family Fabaceae or Leguminosae. An acceptable alternative name for the subfamily is Papilionoideae, or Papilionaceae when this group of plants is treated as a family.[4]


This subfamily is widely distributed, and members are adapted to a wide variety of environments. Faboideae may be trees, shrubs, or herbaceous plants. Members include the pea, the sweet pea, the laburnum, and other legumes. The flowers are classically pea-shaped, and root nodulation is very common.




Contents






  • 1 Genera


  • 2 Systematics


  • 3 Notes


  • 4 References


  • 5 External links





Genera


The type genus, Faba, is a synonym of Vicia, and is listed here as Vicia.




  • Abrus

  • Acmispon

  • Acosmium

  • Adenocarpus

  • Adenodolichos

  • Adesmia

  • Aenictophyton

  • Aeschynomene

  • Afgekia

  • Aganope

  • Airyantha

  • Aldina

  • Alexa

  • Alhagi

  • Alistilus

  • Almaleea

  • Alysicarpus

  • Amburana

  • Amicia

  • Ammodendron

  • Ammopiptanthus

  • Ammothamnus


  • Amphiodon[5]

  • Amorpha

  • Amphicarpaea

  • Amphimas

  • Amphithalea

  • Anagyris

  • Anarthrophyllum


  • Ancistrotropis[6]

  • Andira

  • Angylocalyx

  • Antheroporum

  • Anthyllis

  • Antopetitia

  • Aotus

  • Aphyllodium

  • Apios

  • Apoplanesia

  • Apurimacia

  • Arachis

  • Argyrocytisus

  • Argyrolobium

  • Arthroclianthus

  • Aspalathus

  • Astragalus

  • Ateleia

  • Austrodolichos

  • Austrosteenisia

  • Baphia

  • Baphiastrum

  • Baphiopsis

  • Baptisia

  • Barbieria

  • Behaimia

  • Bionia

  • Bituminaria

  • Bobgunnia

  • Bocoa

  • Bolusafra

  • Bolusanthus

  • Bolusia

  • Bossiaea

  • Bowdichia

  • Bowringia

  • Brongniartia

  • Brya

  • Bryaspis

  • Burkilliodendron

  • Butea

  • Cadia

  • Cajanus

  • Calia

  • Calicotome

  • Callerya

  • Callistachys


  • Calobota[7]

  • Calophaca

  • Calopogonium

  • Calpurnia

  • Camoensia

  • Camptosema

  • Campylotropis

  • Canavalia

  • Candolleodendron

  • Caragana

  • Carmichaelia

  • Carrissoa

  • Cascaronia

  • Castanospermum

  • Centrolobium

  • Centrosema

  • Chadsia

  • Chaetocalyx

  • Chamaecytisus

  • Chapmannia

  • Chesneya

  • Chorizema

  • Christia

  • Cicer

  • Cladrastis

  • Clathrotropis

  • Cleobulia

  • Clianthus

  • Clitoria

  • Clitoriopsis

  • Cochlianthus


  • Cochliasanthus[6]

  • Codariocalyx

  • Collaea

  • Cologania

  • Colutea


  • Condylostylis[6]

  • Cordyla

  • Coronilla

  • Coursetia

  • Craibia

  • Cranocarpus

  • Craspedolobium

  • Cratylia

  • Cristonia

  • Crotalaria

  • Cruddasia

  • Cullen

  • Cyamopsis

  • Cyathostegia

  • Cyclocarpa

  • Cyclolobium

  • Cyclopia

  • Cymbosema

  • Cytisophyllum

  • Cytisopsis

  • Cytisus

  • Dahlstedtia

  • Dalbergia

  • Dalbergiella

  • Dalea

  • Dalhousiea

  • Daviesia

  • Decorsea

  • Dendrolobium

  • Derris

  • Dermatophyllum

  • Desmodiastrum

  • Desmodium

  • Dewevrea

  • Dichilus

  • Dicraeopetalum

  • Dillwynia

  • Dioclea

  • Diphyllarium

  • Diphysa

  • Diplotropis

  • Dipogon (plant)

  • Dipteryx

  • Discolobium

  • Disynstemon

  • Dolichopsis

  • Dolichos

  • Dorycnium

  • Droogmansia

  • Dumasia

  • Dunbaria

  • Dussia

  • Dysolobium

  • Ebenus

  • Echinospartum

  • Eleiotis

  • Eminia

  • Endosamara

  • Eremosparton

  • Erichsenia

  • Erinacea

  • Eriosema

  • Errazurizia

  • Erythrina

  • Etaballia

  • Euchilopsis


  • Euchlora[8]

  • Euchresta

  • Eutaxia

  • Eversmannia

  • Exostyles

  • Eysenhardtia


  • Ezoloba[8]


  • Fairchildia[9]

  • Fiebrigiella

  • Fissicalyx

  • Flemingia

  • Fordia

  • Galactia

  • Galega

  • Gastrolobium

  • Geissaspis

  • Genista

  • Genistidium

  • Geoffroea

  • Gliricidia

  • Glycine

  • Glycyrrhiza

  • Gompholobium

  • Gonocytisus

  • Goodia

  • Grazielodendron


  • Guianodendron[10]

  • Gueldenstaedtia

  • Halimodendron

  • Hammatolobium

  • Haplormosia

  • Hardenbergia

  • Harleyodendron

  • Harpalyce

  • Hebestigma

  • Hedysarum


  • Helicotropis[6]

  • Herpyza

  • Hesperolaburnum

  • Hippocrepis

  • Hoita

  • Holocalyx

  • Hosackia

  • Hovea

  • Humularia

  • Hymenocarpos

  • Hymenolobium

  • Hypocalyptus

  • Indigastrum

  • Indigofera

  • Inocarpus

  • Isotropis

  • Jacksonia

  • Kennedia

  • Kotschya

  • Kummerowia

  • Lablab


  • +Laburnocytisus[Note 1]

  • Laburnum

  • Lackeya

  • Lamprolobium

  • Lathyrus

  • Latrobea

  • Lebeckia

  • Lecointea

  • Lembotropis

  • Lennea

  • Lens


  • Leobordea[8]

  • Leptoderris

  • Leptodesmia


  • Leptolobium[10]

  • Leptosema


  • Leptospron[6]

  • Lespedeza

  • Lessertia

  • Leucomphalos

  • Limadendron

  • Liparia


  • Listia[8]

  • Lonchocarpus


  • Lotononis[8]

  • Lotus

  • Luetzelburgia

  • Lupinus

  • Luzonia

  • Maackia

  • Machaerium

  • Macropsychanthus

  • Macroptilium

  • Macrotyloma


  • Maraniona[11]

  • Margaritolobium

  • Marina

  • Mastersia

  • Mecopus

  • Medicago

  • Melilotus

  • Melliniella

  • Melolobium

  • Microcharis

  • Mildbraediodendron

  • Millettia

  • Mirbelia

  • Monopteryx

  • Mucuna

  • Muellera

  • Muelleranthus

  • Mundulea

  • Myrocarpus

  • Myrospermum

  • Myroxylon

  • Mysanthus

  • Neocollettia

  • Neoharmsia

  • Neonotonia

  • Neorautanenia

  • Neorudolphia

  • Nephrodesmus

  • Nesphostylis

  • Nissolia

  • Nogra

  • Oberholzeria

  • Olneya

  • Onobrychis

  • Ononis

  • Ophrestia

  • Orbexilum

  • Oreophysa

  • Ormocarpopsis

  • Ormocarpum

  • Ormosia

  • Orphanodendron

  • Ornithopus

  • Oryxis

  • Ostryocarpus

  • Otholobium

  • Otoptera

  • Ottleya

  • Oxylobium

  • Oxyrhynchus

  • Oxytropis

  • Pachyrhizus

  • Panurea

  • Paracalyx

  • Paragoodia

  • Paramachaerium

  • Parochetus

  • Parryella

  • Pearsonia

  • Pediomelum

  • Periandra

  • Pericopsis

  • Petaladenium

  • Peteria

  • Petteria

  • Phaseolus

  • Phylacium

  • Phyllodium

  • Phyllota

  • Phylloxylon

  • Physostigma

  • Pickeringia

  • Pictetia

  • Piptanthus

  • Piscidia

  • Pisum

  • Plagiocarpus

  • Platycelyphium

  • Platycyamus

  • Platylobium

  • Platymiscium

  • Platypodium

  • Platysepalum

  • Podalyria

  • Podocytisus

  • Podolobium

  • Poecilanthe

  • Poiretia

  • Poitea

  • Polhillia

  • Pongamiopsis

  • Pseudarthria

  • Pseudeminia

  • Pseudoeriosema

  • Pseudovigna

  • Psophocarpus

  • Psoralea

  • Psoralidium

  • Psorothamnus

  • Pterocarpus

  • Pterodon

  • Ptycholobium

  • Ptychosema

  • Pueraria

  • Pultenaea

  • Pycnospora

  • Pyranthus

  • Rafnia


  • Ramirezella[6]

  • Ramorinoa

  • Retama

  • Rhodopis

  • Rhynchosia

  • Rhynchotropis

  • Riedeliella

  • Robinia

  • Robynsiophyton

  • Rothia

  • Rupertia

  • Sakoanala

  • Salweenia

  • Sarcodum

  • Sartoria

  • Schefflerodendron

  • Scorpiurus

  • Sellocharis

  • Sesbania

  • Shuteria


  • Sigmoidotropis[6]

  • Sinodolichos

  • Smirnowia

  • Smithia

  • Soemmeringia

  • Sophora

  • Spartium

  • Spartocytisus

  • Spathionema

  • Spatholobus

  • Sphaerolobium

  • Sphaerophysa

  • Sphenostylis

  • Sphinctospermum

  • Spirotropis

  • Spongiocarpella

  • Stauracanthus


  • Staminodianthus[12]


  • Steinbachiella[13]

  • Stirtonanthus

  • Stonesiella

  • Streblorrhiza

  • Strongylodon

  • Strophostyles

  • Stylosanthes

  • Styphnolobium

  • Swainsona

  • Swartzia

  • Sweetia

  • Sylvichadsia

  • Syrmatium


  • Tabaroa[14]

  • Tadehagi

  • Taralea

  • Taverniera

  • Templetonia

  • Tephrosia

  • Teramnus

  • Teyleria

  • Thermopsis

  • Thinicola

  • Tipuana

  • Trifidacanthus

  • Trifolium

  • Trigonella

  • Tripodion


  • Trischidium[15]

  • Uleanthus

  • Ulex

  • Uraria

  • Uribea

  • Urodon

  • Vandasina

  • Vatairea

  • Vataireopsis

  • Vatovaea

  • Vavilovia

  • Vermifrux

  • Vicia

  • Vigna

  • Viminaria

  • Virgilia


  • Wajira[6]

  • Weberbauerella

  • Wiborgia


  • Wiborgiella[7]

  • Wisteria

  • Xanthocercis

  • Xiphotheca

  • Zollernia

  • Zornia


  • Zygocarpum[16]




Systematics


Modern molecular phylogenetics recommend a clade-based classification of Faboideae as a superior alternative to the traditional tribal classification of Polhill:[5][17][18][19][20]


.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%}.mw-parser-output table.clade td{border:0;padding:0;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{width:0.8em;border:0;padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{border:0;padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}






Faboideae (Papilionoideae)













ADA clade












 

Angylocalyceae
 
 












 

Dipterygeae
 
 

Amburaneae
 
 
 
 













Swartzieae












 

Swartzioids
 
 

Atelioids
 
 
 












 

Cladrastis clade
 

Meso‑Papilionoideae






















 

Exostyleae
 

Genistoids












 

Ormosieae
 
 

















 

Brongniartieae
 
 

Leptolobieae
 

Core genistoids












 

Camoensieae
 
 












 

Sophoreae
 
 












 

Podalyrieae
 
 












 

Crotalarieae
 
 

Genisteae
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

















 

Vataireoids
 
 

Andira clade
 

Dalbergioids













Amorpheae












 

Amorphoids
 
 

Daleoids
 
 

Dalbergieae

















 

Adesmia clade
 
 

Dalbergia clade
 
 

Pterocarpus clade
 
 
 
 
Old World clade












 

Baphieae
 

NPAAA clade












 












 

Hypocalypteae
 
 

Mirbelioids
 
 
 












 












 

Indigofereae
 

Millettioids












 

Barbierieae (Clitoriinae clade)
 
 













Core millettioids












 

Abreae
 
 












 

Millettieae
 
 

Diocleae
 
 
 

Phaseoloids

















 

Kennediinae clade
 
 

Desmodieae
 
 












 

Cajaninae clade
 
 












 

Erythrininae clade
 
 












 

Psoraleeae
 
 

Phaseolinae clade
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Hologalegina (=galegoids)













Robinioids












 

Loteae
 
 












 

Sesbanieae
 
 

Robinieae
 
 
 

IRLC












 

Wisterieae
 
 












 

Fabeae
 
 












 

Hedysareae
 
 

Astragaleae
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Note: Minor branches have been omitted.



Notes





  1. ^ Not a true genus. It is a graft-chimera between Laburnum and Cytisus.




References





  1. ^ United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) (2003): Germplasm Resources Information Network – Faboideae Archived 2010-05-28 at the Wayback Machine.. Version of 2003-JAN-17. Retrieved 2010-AUG-07.


  2. ^ "Faboideae at UniProt". Retrieved 2010-08-07..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  3. ^ "Systema Naturae 2000". Retrieved 2010-08-07.
    [permanent dead link]


  4. ^ McNeill, J.; et al., eds. (2006), International code of botanical nomenclature (Vienna Code) adopted by the seventeenth International Botanical Congress, Vienna, Austria, July 2005 (electronic ed.), Vienna: International Association for Plant Taxonomy, archived from the original on 6 October 2012, retrieved 2011-02-20, Article 19.7


  5. ^ ab Cardoso D, de Queiroz LP, Pennington RT, de Lima HC, Fonty É, Wojciechowski MF, Lavin M (2012). "Revisiting the phylogeny of papilionoid legumes: new insights from comprehensively sampled early-branching lineages". Am J Bot. 99 (12): 1991–2013. doi:10.3732/ajb.1200380. PMID 23221500.


  6. ^ abcdefgh Delgado-Salinas A, Thulin M, Pasquet R, Weeden N, Lavin M (2011). "Vigna (Leguminosae) sensu lato: the names and identities of the American segregate genera". Am J Bot. 98 (10): 1694–715. doi:10.3732/ajb.1100069. PMID 21980163.


  7. ^ ab Boatwright JS, Tilney PM, Van Wyk BE (2009). "The generic concept of Lebeckia (Crotalarieae, Fabaceae): reinstatement of the genus Calobota and the new genus Wiborgiella". S Afr J Bot. 75 (3): 546–556. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2009.06.001.


  8. ^ abcde Boatwright JS, Wink M, van Wyk BE (2011). "The generic concept of Lotononis (Crotalarieae, Fabaceae): Reinstatement of the genera Euchlora, Leobordea and Listia and the new genus Ezoloba". Taxon. 60 (1): 161–77.


  9. ^ Torke BM, Schaal BA (2008). "Molecular phylogenetics of the species-rich neotropical genus Swartzia (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae) and related genera of the swartzioid clade". Am J Bot. 95 (2): 215–228. doi:10.3732/ajb.95.2.215.


  10. ^ ab Cardoso D, de Lima HC, Rodrigues RS, de Queiroz LP, Pennington RT, Lavin M (2012). "The Bowdichia clade of Genistoid legumes: Phylogenetic analysis of combined molecular and morphological data and a recircumscription of Diplotropis". Taxon. 61 (5): 1074–1087.


  11. ^ Hughes CE, Lewis GP, Daza Yomona A, Reynel C (2004). "Maraniona. A New Dalbergioid Legume Genus (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae) from Peru". Syst Bot. 29 (2): 366–374. doi:10.1600/036364404774195557.


  12. ^ Cardoso D, de Lima HC, de Queiroz LP (2013). "Staminodianthus, a new neotropical Genistoid legume genus segregated from Diplotropis". Phytotaxa. 110 (1): 1–16. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.110.1.1.


  13. ^ Lewis GP, Wood JR, Lavin M (2012). "Steinbachiella (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae: Dalbergieae), endemic to Bolivia, is reinstated as an accepted genus". Kew Bull. 67 (4): 789–796. doi:10.1007/s12225-012-9415-z.


  14. ^ de Queiroz LP, Lewis GP, Wojciechowski MF (2010). "Tabaroa, a new genus of Leguminosae tribe Brongniartieae from Brazil". Kew Bull. 65 (2): 189–203. doi:10.1007/s12225-010-9202-7. JSTOR 23216080.


  15. ^ Ireland HE (2007). "Taxonomic changes in the South American genus Bocoa (Leguminosae–Swartzieae): Reinstatement of the name Trischidium, and a synopsis of both genera". Kew Bull. 62 (2): 333–350. JSTOR 20443359.


  16. ^ Thulin M, Lavin M (2001). "Phylogeny and Biogeography of the Ormocarpum Group (Fabaceae): A New Genus Zygocarpum from the Horn of Africa Region". Syst Bot. 26 (2): 299–317. JSTOR 2666709.


  17. ^ Cardoso D, Pennington RT, de Queiroz LP, Boatwright JS, Van Wykd BE, Wojciechowskie MF, Lavin M (2013). "Reconstructing the deep-branching relationships of the papilionoid legumes". S Afr J Bot. 89: 58–75. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2013.05.001.


  18. ^ Wojciechowskie MF (2013). "Towards a new classification of Leguminosae: Naming clades using non-Linnaean phylogenetic nomenclature". S. Afr. J. Bot. 89: 85–93. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2013.06.017.


  19. ^ LPWG [Legume Phylogeny Working Group] (2013). "Legume phylogeny and classification in the 21st century: progress, prospects and lessons for other species-rich clades". Taxon. 62 (2): 217–248. doi:10.12705/622.8.


  20. ^ de Queiroz LP, Pastore JF, Cardoso D, Snak C, de C Lima AL, Gagnon E, Vatanparast M, Holland AE, Egan AN (2015). "A multilocus phylogenetic analysis reveals the monophyly of a recircumscribed papilionoid legume tribe Diocleae with well-supported generic relationships". Mol Phylogenet Evol. 90: 1–19. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.04.016. PMID 25934529.




External links



  • Faboideae in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The Families of Flowering Plants: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, Information Retrieval.
















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IJCAI Award for Research Excellence

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The IJCAI Award for Research Excellence is a biannual award before given at the IJCAI conference to researcher in artificial intelligence as a recognition of excellence of their career. Beginning in 2016, the conference is held annually and so is the award. Contents 1 Laureates 2 Winners of also Turing Award 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Laureates The recipients of this award have been: John McCarthy (1985) Allen Newell (1989) Marvin Minsky (1991) Raymond Reiter (1993) Herbert A. Simon (1995) Aravind Joshi (1997) Judea Pearl (1999) Donald Michie (2001) Nils Nilsson (2003) Geoffrey E. Hinton (2005) Alan Bundy (2007) Victor R. Lesser (2009) Robert Kowalski (2011) Hector Levesque (2013) Barbara Grosz (2015) for her pioneering research in Natural Language Processing and in theories and applications of Multiagent Collaboration. [1] Michael I. Jordan (2016) for his groundbreaking and impactful research ...
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Joshua Reynolds

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18th-century English painter, specialising in portraits For Australian rugby league footballer, see Josh Reynolds. For the American football player, see Joshua Reynolds (American football). Sir Joshua Reynolds Self-portrait Born Joshua Reynolds ( 1723-07-16 ) 16 July 1723 Plympton, Devon, England Died 23 February 1792 (1792-02-23) (aged 68) Leicester Fields, London, England Resting place St Paul's Cathedral Nationality British Education Plympton Free Grammar School Notable work The Age of Innocence Sir Joshua Reynolds RA FRS FRSA (16 July 1723 – 23 February 1792) was an English painter, specialising in portraits. John Russell said he was one of the major European painters of the 18th century. [1] He promoted the "Grand Style" in painting which depended on idealization of the imperfect. He was a founder and first president of the Royal Academy of Arts, and was knighted by George III in 1769. In 2018, the 250th anniversary of ...
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