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Jim Lee
Lee at a signing for his coffee table art book, Icons: The DC Comics & Wildstorm Art of Jim Lee, at Midtown Comics in Manhattan
Born	(1964-08-11) August 11, 1964 (age 54) Seoul, South Korea
Nationality	Korean American
Area(s)	Writer, Artist, Publisher
Notable works	All Star Batman & Robin, the Boy Wonder Batman: Hush Fantastic Four vol. 2 The Punisher War Journal Superman: For Tomorrow Uncanny X-Men WildC.A.T.s X-Men vol. 2
Awards	Harvey Award, 1990 Inkpot Award, 1992 Wizard Fan Award, 1996, 2002, 2003

Jim Lee (Korean 이용철; born August 11, 1964) is a Korean American comic-book artist, writer, editor, and publisher. He is currently the Co-Publisher and Chief Creative Officer of DC Comics. In recognition of his work, Lee has received a Harvey Award, Inkpot Award and three Wizard Fan Awards.

He entered the industry in 1987 as an artist for Marvel Comics, illustrating titles such as Alpha Flight and The Punisher War Journal, before gaining popularity on The Uncanny X-Men. X-Men No. 1, the 1991 spin-off series premiere that Lee penciled and co-wrote with Chris Claremont, remains the best-selling comic book of all time, according to Guinness World Records. In 1992, Lee and several other artists formed their own publishing company, Image Comics, to publish their creator-owned titles, with Lee publishing titles such as WildC.A.T.s and Gen¹³ through his studio Wildstorm Productions.

Eschewing the role of publisher in order to return to illustration, Lee sold Wildstorm in 1998 to DC Comics, where he continued to run it as a DC imprint until 2010, as well as illustrating successful titles set in DC's main fictional universe, such as the year-long "Batman: Hush" and "Superman: For Tomorrow" storylines. On February 18, 2010, Lee was announced as the new Co-Publisher of DC Comics with Dan DiDio, both replacing Paul Levitz.

Early life

Lee was born on August 11, 1964 in Seoul, South Korea.^[1][2] He grew up in St. Louis, Missouri,^[3][4] where he lived a "typical middle-class childhood".^[4] Though given a Korean name at birth, he chose the name Jim when he became a naturalized U.S. citizen at age 12.^[5] Lee attended River Bend Elementary School in Chesterfield and later St. Louis Country Day School, where he drew posters for school plays. Having had to learn English when he first came to the U.S. presented the young Lee with the sense of being an outsider, as did the "preppy, upper-class" atmosphere of Country Day. As a result, on the rare occasions that his parents bought him comics, Lee's favorite characters were the X-Men, because they were outsiders themselves. Lee says that he benefited as an artist by connecting with characters that were themselves disenfranchised, like Spider-Man, or who were born of such backgrounds, such as Superman, who was created by two Jewish men from Cleveland to lift their spirits during the Depression. His classmates predicted in his senior yearbook that he would found his own comic book company.^[3][4] Despite this, Lee was resigned to following his father's career in medicine, attending Princeton University to study psychology, with the intention of becoming a medical doctor.^[4][6]

Comics career

Rise to fame at Marvel Comics

In 1986, as he was preparing to graduate, Lee took an art class that reignited his love of drawing, and led to his rediscovery of comics at a time when seminal works such as Frank Miller's The Dark Knight Returns and Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons' Watchmen spurred a renaissance within the American comics industry.^[4] After obtaining his psychology degree,^[6] he decided to postpone applying to medical school, and earned the reluctant blessing of his parents by allotting himself one year to succeed, vowing that he would attend medical school if he did not break into the comic book industry in that time. He submitted samples to various publishers, but did not find success.^[4] When Lee befriended St. Louis-area comics artists Don Secrease and Rick Burchett, they convinced him he needed to show his portfolio to editors in person, prompting Lee to attend a New York comics convention,^[3] where he met editor Archie Goodwin. Goodwin invited Lee to Marvel Comics, where the aspiring artist received his first assignment by editor Carl Potts, who hired him to pencil the mid-list series Alpha Flight, seguéing from that title in 1989 to Punisher: War Journal.^[4][7] Lee's work on the Punisher: War Journal was inspired by artists such as Frank Miller, David Ross, Kevin Nowlan, and Whilce Portacio, as well as Japanese manga.^[7]

In 1989, Lee filled in for regular illustrator Marc Silvestri on Uncanny X-Men No. 248 and did another guest stint on issues No. 256 through No. 258 as part of the "Acts of Vengeance" storyline, eventually becoming the series' ongoing artist with issue No. 267, following Silvestri's departure. During his stint on Uncanny, Lee first worked with inker Scott Williams, who would become a long-time collaborator. During his run on the title, Lee co-created the character Gambit with long-time X-Men writer Chris Claremont.

Gatefold cover art from X-Men #1

Lee's artwork quickly gained popularity in the eyes of enthusiastic fans, which allowed him to gain greater creative control of the franchise. In 1991, Lee helped launch a second X-Men series simply called X-Men volume 2, as both the artist and as co-writer with Claremont.^[8]X-Men vol. 2 No. 1 is still the best-selling comic book of all-time with sales of over 8.1 million copies and nearly $7 million, according to a public proclamation by Guinness World Records at the 2010 San Diego Comic-Con.^{[9][10][11][12]} The sales figures were generated in part by publishing the issue with five different variant covers, four of which show different characters from the book that formed a single image when laid side by side, and a fifth, gatefold cover of that combined image, large numbers of which were purchased by retailers who anticipated fans and speculators who would buy multiple copies in order to acquire a complete collection of the covers.^[13] Lee designed new character uniforms for the series, including those worn by Cyclops, Jean Grey, Rogue, Psylocke and Storm and created the villain Omega Red. Actor/comedian Taran Killam, who has ventured into comics writing with The Illegitimates, has cited X-Men No. 1 as the book that inspired his interest in comics.^[14]

Stan Lee interviewed Lee in the documentary series The Comic Book Greats.

Image Comics and WildStorm, return to Marvel

Enticed by the idea of being able to exert more control over his own work, in 1992, Lee accepted the invitation to join six other artists who broke away from Marvel to form Image Comics, which would publish their creator-owned titles.^[6] Lee's group of titles was initially called Aegis Entertainment before being christened Wildstorm Productions, and published Lee's initial title WildC.A.T.s, which Lee pencilled and co-wrote, and other series created by Lee in the same shared universe. The other major series of the initial years of Wildstorm, for which Lee either created characters, co-plotted or provided art for, included Stormwatch, Deathblow and Gen¹³.

In 1993, Lee and his friend, Valiant Comics publisher Steve Massarsky, arranged a Valiant-Image Comics crossover miniseries called Deathmate, in which the Valiant characters would interact with those of Wildstorm, and of Lee's fellow Image partner, Rob Liefeld. The miniseries would consist of four "center books" (each one denoted by a color rather than an issue number), two each produced by the respective companies, plus a prologue and epilogue book. Wildstorm produced Deathmate Black, with Lee himself contributing to the writing. He illustrated the covers for that book, the Deathmate Tourbook and the prologue book, as well as contributing to the prologue's interior inks.

Wildstorm would expand its line to include other ongoing titles whose creative work was handled by other writers and artists, some of which were spinoffs of the earlier titles, or properties owned by other creators, such as Whilce Portacio's Wetworks. As publisher, Lee later expanded his comics line creating two publishing imprints of Wildstorm, Homage and Cliffhanger (that years later merged and were replaced by a single Wildstorm Signature imprint), to publish creator-owned comics by some selected creators of the US comics industry.

Lee and Rob Liefeld, another Marvel-illustrator-turned-Image-founder, returned to Marvel in 1996 to participate in a reboot of several classic characters; the project was known as Heroes Reborn. While Liefeld reworked Captain America and The Avengers, Lee plotted Iron Man^[15] and plotted and illustrated Fantastic Four issues #1-6.^[16] Halfway through the project, Lee's studio took over Liefeld's two titles, finishing all four series. According to Lee, Marvel proposed continuing the Heroes Reborn lineup indefinitely, but under the condition that Lee would draw at least one of them himself, which he refused to do. Instead, he accepted an offer to re-imagine and relaunch (in the role of editor) three mainstream Marvel Universe titles: Defenders, Doctor Strange, and Nick Fury.^[17] Though scheduled to debut in December 1997, these three relaunches never appeared.

Lee returned to Wildstorm, where he would publish series such as The Authority and Planetary, as well as Alan Moore's imprint, America's Best Comics. Lee himself wrote and illustrated a 12-issue series called Divine Right: The Adventures of Max Faraday, in which an internet slacker inadvertently manages to download the secrets of the universe, and is thrown into a wild fantasy world.

Move to DC Comics

Lee's renditions of Superman and Batman

Because he felt his role as publisher and his growing family demands interfered with his role as an artist, Lee left Image Comics and sold Wildstorm to DC Comics in late 1998,^[18][19] enabling him to focus once again on art.^[4][6] He drew a "Batman Black and White" backup story for the first issue of Batman: Gotham Knights (March 2000).^[20] In 2003, he collaborated on a 12-issue run on Batman with writer Jeph Loeb.^[21] "Hush" became a sales success. He followed this up in 2004 by illustrating "For Tomorrow", a 12-issue story in Superman by writer Brian Azzarello.^[22] In 2005, Lee teamed with Frank Miller on the new series All Star Batman & Robin, the Boy Wonder,^[23] a series plagued by delays. Lee himself took full responsibility for the delays, explaining that his involvement with the DC Universe Online video game were the cause, and not Miller's scripts, which had been completed for some time.^[24][25][26]

Lee continued to run Wildstorm as Editorial Director, sometimes working on both DC and Wildstorm properties simultaneously. In September 2006, Lee returned to WildC.A.T.s with Grant Morrison as the writer, pencilling both WildC.A.T.s and All Star Batman & Robin, the Boy Wonder, both of which were characterized by publication delays. The gap between All-Star Batman and Robin No. 4 and No. 5 was one year, and to date, only one issue of WildC.A.T.s vol. 4 has been published. Lee drew alternative cover art for the Infinite Crisis series.

In February 2006, it was announced that Lee would be involved with the concept art for the upcoming DC Comics MMORPG, DC Universe Online.^[6] In 2008, Lee was named the Executive Creative Director of the forthcoming game, which at that time was expected to be released in 2009.^[27]

In 2009, Lee provided artwork for the album booklet for Daughtry's 2009 album Leave This Town.

In February 2010, Lee and Dan DiDio were named Co-Publishers of DC Comics by DC Entertainment President Diane Nelson.^[28][29][30] According to Lee, this does not indicate another move away from the creative side of comics, as his Co-Publishing duties grant him greater creative involvement in the entire DC line and allow him to illustrate titles, such as Dark Knight: Boy Wonder, a re-branded conclusion to the story he and Frank Miller began in All Star Batman & Robin, the Boy Wonder.^[4][31] DC announced they were ending the Wildstorm imprint in September 2010.^[32]

Lee at the San Diego Comic Con 2009

In September 2011, DC Comics instituted a program called The New 52, in which the publisher cancelled all of its superhero titles and relaunched 52 new series with No. 1 issues, wiping out most of the then-current continuity. Lee and writer Geoff Johns, DC Comics' Chief Creative Officer, are the architects of the relaunch, which was initiated with a new Justice League series, written and illustrated by Johns and Lee, respectively.^[33] The series' first story arc was a new origin of the Justice League, which depicted the return of DC's primary superheroes to the team.^[34] Lee's illustration for the cover of issue No. 12 drew media attention for its depiction of Superman and Wonder Woman in a passionate embrace, a rendition that Lee said was inspired by Gustav Klimt's painting The Kiss and Alfred Eisenstaedt's 1945 photograph V-J Day in Times Square.^{[35][36][37][38]}

In July 2012, as part of the San Diego Comic-Con, Lee and Dan DiDio participated in the production of "Heroic Proportions", an episode of the Syfy reality television competition series Face Off, in which special effects makeup artists compete to create the best makeup according to each episode's theme. Lee and DiDio presented the contestants with that episode's challenge, to create a new superhero, with six DC Comics artists on hand to help them develop their ideas. The winning entry's character, Infernal Core by Anthony Kosar, was featured in Justice League Dark #16 (March 2013),^[39][40] which was published January 30, 2013.^[41] The episode premiered on January 22, 2013, as the second episode of the fourth season.^[42]

In October 2012, DC Entertainment and Kia Motors America entered a partnership to benefit We Can Be Heroes, a campaign dedicated to fighting hunger in the Horn of Africa. The campaign involves the creation of eight Justice League-inspired vehicles, on whose designs Lee collaborated. Each vehicle is tied thematically to a member of the Justice League,^[43] the first of which was a Batman-themed Kia Optima.^[44] A Superman-themed version inspired by Lee's art followed in February 2013.^[45]

Lee at the August 31, 2011 midnight signing of Flashpoint No. 5 and Justice League No. 1 at Midtown Comics, which initiated DC's The New 52 initiative

In 2013, Lee designed a new version of the Mortal Kombat character Scorpion for use in the DC fighting video game Injustice: Gods Among Us.^[46]

On May 4, 2013,^[47] DC published a Free Comic Book Day sneak preview of Superman Unchained, an ongoing series written by Scott Snyder and illustrated by Lee, which was published on June 12, 2013, and intended to coincide with the feature film Man of Steel, which opened two days later.^[48]

In 2014, General Mills enlisted the help of DC Comics to create new designs for its monster-themed cereals in time for Halloween. The designs, revealed on August 6, consisted of a Boo Berry design by Lee, a Count Chocula design by Terry Dodson and a Franken-Berry design by Dave Johnson. Describing the task of designing a cartoon character, Lee explained, "Drawing simpler characters is a lot more work and harder than drawing something that's more complicated or has a lot of renderings. Every line counts and every distance between the eyes and the ears, it's all super critical."^[49]

In 2015, Lee drew The Multiversity: Mastermen, the seventh issue of Grant Morrison's The Multiversity project.^[50]

November 2015 saw the debut of the miniseres Batman: Europa, on which Lee collaborated with writers Brian Azzarello and Matteo Casali and artist Giuseppe Camuncoli.^[51] The book, which was inspired by Lee's time living in Italy,^[52] was originally announced by DC in 2004, and intended to feature Lee's painted art over Camuncoli's layouts,^[51][53][54] but after a series of delays,^[51][55][56] it published with conventional artwork^[51] as a four-issue miniseries to positive reviews.^[57]

Lee also announced in September 2015 that he and Frank Miller may return to finish All-Star Batman and Robin, saying that Frank Miller had a "great" ending to the storyline, and that a break from drawing Batman, and having resumed work on that character with Europa, Lee was anxious to return to that book.^[58] In 2016, Lee was the main artist on the one-shot Harley Quinn and the Suicide Squad April Fool’s Special drawing pages 1–10, 21-30; with artist Sean Galloway drawing pages 11–20. That same year, Lee and writer Rob Williams collaborated on a new Suicide Squad series as part of the DC Rebirth relaunch.^[59] In March 2018, Lee and writer James Tynion IV launched the series The Immortal Men as part of DC's "Dark Matter" (also known as "DC New Age of Heroes") line.^[60]

In June 2018, following the departure of DC Entertainment's Diane Nelson,^[61] and Geoff Johns' stepping down from his role as Chief Creative Officer (CCO) of DC Comics, Lee was named DC's COO, a role he would assume while continuing to act as publisher with Dan DiDio.^[62]

Technique and materials

Lee is known to use F lead for his pencil work.^[63][64] While inking his own pencils on The Punisher War Journal, Lee began using a crowquill nib for the first time.^[7]

In talking about the artist's work ethic, Lee has said, "Sometimes I wonder if we ever really improve as artists or if the nirvana derived from completing a piece blinds us enough to love what we have created and move on to the next piece. If we could see the work as it is, with years of reflection in the here and now, how many images would end up in the trash rather than on the racks?"^[65]

Criticism

In a 1996 interview with The Comics Journal, writer/illustrator Barry Windsor-Smith criticized the depth of the work of artists like Lee and Rob Liefeld, and those whom they influenced (whom he referred to as "the Liefelds and the Lees"), stating, "Your Jim Lees and all this lot, their product hasn't got anything to do with them, you know? There is no emotional investment...I look at Jim Lee's work, and the guy's learning how to draw. He has some craft to what he does...I don't think it has even crossed their minds that comic books can be a medium for intimate self-expression." The Comics Journal publisher Gary Groth concurred, stating "Lee's work is obviously more technically accomplished than Liefeld's, but otherwise it's conceptually comparable." Windsor-Smith added that he believed in the Image Comics' founders' exodus from Marvel Comics as an important step for creator autonomy and creator rights, and was angered when they returned to Marvel to do "Heroes Reborn".^[66]

Personal life

Lee, his wife Carla Michelle^[67][68] (nee Vorhies^[69] and their children lived in Italy for a time.^[70] They had three children as of March 1999.^[18] In 2012, when Carla was pregnant again, Lee included a tribute to her in Justice League #5, writing "I LOVE CARLA" on the shattered windshield of a car onto which Batman jumps.^[68] As of August 2013, Lee and Carla Michelle had eight children, with their ninth due later that year.^[67]

In the 1990s, Lee bought two pages of Jack Kirby concept art, which Kirby had created for a film adaptation of Roger Zelazny's novel Lord of Light, as part of the cover story to smuggle Americans out of Iran during the 1980 hostage crisis. Lee purchased the art at a Sotheby's auction via Barry Geller, the producer of the faux film, who was selling it to help pay for his child's college tuition. Although the CIA operation that rescued the Americans remained classified for another 17 years, and thus Lee had no idea of the pages' historical significance, nor did Geller know their true monetary value when he sold them to help pay his son's college tuition (with Kirby's permission). Both Lee and Geller learned of the true story behind the art years later with the rest of the public. In August 2013, four of Lee's children were headed for college, and he and Carla decided to auction off the art through Heritage Auctions in order to pay for their education.^[67]

Awards

• 1990 Harvey Award for Best New Talent^[71]
  


• 1992 Inkpot Award^[72]
  


• 1996 Wizard Fan Award for Favorite Penciller^[73]
  


• 2002 Wizard Fan Award for Favorite Penciller for Batman^[74]
  


• 2003 Wizard Fan Award for Favorite Penciller^[75]
  

Bibliography

DC Comics

• 
  The Immortal Men #1 (2018)


• 9-11: The World's Finest Comic Book Writers & Artists Tell Stories to Remember, Volume Two


• 
  Justice League Day, Special Edition, #1 (2018)


• 
  Action Comics #800 (among other artists) (2003), #1000 (2018)


• 
  Action Comics: 80 Years of Superman Deluxe Edition (cover art) (2018)


• 
  Dark Days: The Casting #1 (among other artists) (2017)


• 
  Dark Days: The Forge #1 (among other artists) (2017)


• 
  Harley Quinn and the Suicide Squad April Fool's Special #1 (pages 1–10, 21-30) (2016)


• 
  Scooby Apocalypse #1 (2016)


• 
  Suicide Squad, vol. 5, #1–8 (2016)


• 
  The Multiversity: Mastermen #1 (2015)


• 
  Batman Europa #1 (2015)


• 
  Harley Quinn vol. 2 #0 (among other artists) (2014)


• 
  Superman Unchained #1–9 (2013–14)


• 
  The New 52 (Free Comic Book Day) #1 (among other artists, 2012)


• 
  Justice League, vol. 2, #1–6, 9–12 (among other artists) (2011–12)


• 
  Justice League of America, vol. 2, #0 (one page only) (2006)


• 
  Superman/Batman #26 (two pages, among other artists) (2006)


• 
  All Star Batman & Robin, the Boy Wonder #1–10 (2005–08)


• 
  Superman (For Tomorrow) vol. 2 #204–215 (2004–05)


• 
  Batman (Hush saga) #608–619 (2002–03)


• 
  Orion (Tales of the New Gods) #12 (2001)


• 
  Just Imagine Stan Lee with Jim Lee creating Wonder Woman (2001)


• 
  Batman: Gotham Knights (Batman Black and White) #1 (2000)

Vertigo

• 
  Flinch #1 (1999)


• 
  100 Bullets #26 (among other artists) (2001)


• 
  Weird War Tales one-shot (2000)

WildStorm

• 
  Coup d'état: Sleeper (The Authority) (2004)


• 
  Robotech #0 (2002)


• 
  WildC.A.T.s, vol. 4 (pencils): #1 (2006)

Image Comics

• 
  Darker Image (Deathblow) #1 (1993)


• 
  Deathblow (full pencils): #1–3; (with Trevor Scott): #0 (1993–96)


• 
  Deathmate Black (among other artists) (1993)


• 
  Divine Right #1–12 (1997–99)


• 
  Gen¹³ #0, 4–7 (1994)


• 
  Grifter/Shi, 2-part miniseries, #1 (with Travis Charest) (1996)


• 
  Moonlight and Ashes: Fire From Heaven, 2-part miniseries, #2 (1996)


• 
  Savage Dragon #13 (1994)


• 
  StormWatch #47 (1997)


• 
  WildC.A.T.s, vol. 1 (full pencils): #1–13; (among other artists): #32, 50 (1992–98)

Marvel Comics

• 
  Alpha Flight #51, 53, 55–62, 64 (1987–88)


• 
  The Avengers vol. 2 #8 (cover art)


• 
  Captain America vol. 2 #7-8 (cover art)


• 
  Classic X-Men #39 (new backup story) (1989)


• 
  Critical Mass #4 (among other artists) (1990)


• 
  Daredevil Annual #5 (1989)


• 
  Fantastic Four vol. 2 #1–6 (1996–97) (plot & pencil art), #7-12 (plot)


• 
  Iron Man vol. 2 #6 (among other artists) (1997)


• 
  Justice #30 (1989)


• 
  Marvel Comics Presents (Namor) #33 (1989)


• 
  Punisher Annual #2 (1989)


• 
  The Punisher War Journal #1–12, 17–19 (1988–90)


• 
  Solo Avengers (Mockingbird) #1 (1987)


• 
  Spider-Man #10 (co-inker) (1991)


• 
  St. George #8 (1989)


• 
  Stryfe's Strike File #1 (among other artists) (1993)


• 
  Uncanny X-Men #248, 256–258, 267–277 (1989, 1990–91)


• 
  What The--?! #5 (1989)


• 
  X-Men, vol. 2, #1–11 (1991–92)

Marvel Comics/Image Comics

• 
  WildC.A.T.s/X-Men: The Silver Age (1997)

Compilations

• 
  Icons: The DC & Wildstorm Art of Jim Lee (Titan Books, 2010)

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jim Lee.

• 
  Jim Lee at the Comic Book DB


• 
  Jim Lee on deviantART
  


• 
  Jim Lee on Twitch.tv
  


• 
  Jim Lee at Mike's Amazing World of Comics


• 
  Jim Lee at the Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators


• 
  Jim Lee's channel on YouTube
  


• 
  Sun of Gelatometti – A blog of multiple artists, including Jim Lee