倒幕運動
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| 日語寫法 |
|---|
| 日語原文 |
倒幕運動
|
| 假名 |
とうばくうんどう
|
| 平文式罗马字 |
Toubakuundou
|
倒幕運動，又名討幕運動，主要指的是江戶幕府末期，為了打倒江戶幕府而發起的政治運動。狹義來說，以武力打倒江戶幕府的革命運動稱作「討幕運動」；廣義的意義來說，避免軍事衝突、而經由談判來使政權和平轉讓的事業被稱作「倒幕運動」。
另外，鎌倉幕府末期由後醍醐天皇主導的打倒鎌倉幕府的行動（正中之變與元弘之變）也被稱作「倒幕運動」。
概要
由於大航海時代跟重商主義的崛起，美國海軍將領馬休·佩里和俄羅斯帝國海軍軍官普提雅廷前後來到日本，要脅江戶幕府開國。對於江戶幕府在這方面應對的拙劣，使得各藩的志士（以薩摩藩、水戶藩、長州藩為首）十分氣憤，再加上水戶學、國學的思想昂揚，尊王攘夷、支持朝廷、推翻幕府的倒幕理論於焉而生。藉由復興朝廷來推動日本國內的改革，是當時各藩志士的想法。
以此理論行動並且聯盟的主要人物有薩摩藩的西鄉隆盛、大久保利通、小松帶刀，長州藩的木戶孝允（桂小五郎）、廣澤真臣，還有朝臣的岩倉具視等。他們計劃武力討幕，逼迫德川慶喜交出實權。
倒幕勢力藉由王政復古、大政奉還等政治口號及談判，將江戶幕府的實權剝離。憤怒的德川慶喜於是發動跟新政府的戰爭「鳥羽伏見之戰」，這場戰爭以幕府軍的敗北告終。倒幕派於是推舉明治天皇領導日本，施行君主立憲，完成了討幕的事業。
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