和卓




和卓（波斯語：خواجە‎ khawāja, 维吾尔语：.mw-parser-output .font-ugy{font-family:"UKIJ Tuz","UKIJ Nasq","UKIJ Basma","UKIJ_Mac Basma","UKIJ Zilwa","UKIJ Esliye","UKIJ Tuz Basma","UKIJ Tuz Kitab","UKIJ Tuz Gezit","UKIJ Tuz Qara","UKIJ Tuz Qara","UKIJ Tuz Tor","UKIJ Kesme","UKIJ Kesme Tuz","UKIJ Qara","UKIJ Basma Aq","UKIJ Basma Qara","UKIJ Basma Tuz","UKIJ Putuk","UKIJ Tuz Xet","UKIJ Tom Xet","UKIJ Tuz Jurnal","UKIJ Arabic","UKIJ CJK","UKIJ Ekran","UKIJ_Mac Ekran","UKIJ Teng","UKIJ Tor","UKIJ Tuz Tom","UKIJ Mono Keng","UKIJ Mono Tar","UKIJ Nokia","UKIJ SimSun","UKIJ Yanfon","UKIJ Qolyazma","UKIJ Saet","UKIJ Nasq Zilwa","UKIJ Sulus","UKIJ Sulus Tom","UKIJ 3D","UKIJ Diwani","UKIJ Diwani Yantu","UKIJ Diwani Tom","UKIJ Esliye Tom","UKIJ Esliye Qara","UKIJ Jelliy","UKIJ Kufi","UKIJ Kufi Tar","UKIJ Kufi Uz","UKIJ Kufi Yay","UKIJ Merdane","UKIJ Ruqi","UKIJ Mejnuntal","UKIJ Junun","UKIJ Moy Qelem","UKIJ Chiwer Kesme","UKIJ Orxun-Yensey","UKIJ Elipbe","UKIJ Qolyazma Tez","UKIJ Qolyazma Tuz","UKIJ Qolyazma Yantu","UKIJ Ruqi Tuz",FZWWBBOT_Unicode,FZWWHQHTOT_Unicode,Scheherazade,Lateef,LateefGR,"Microsoft Uighur";font-feature-settings:"cv50"1}خوجا‎），元、明時期譯作火者，清代以後譯作和卓、霍加、和加。


和卓一词，最初的罗马拼写形式为khwaja，用来称呼市民中的显贵，后来用以称呼宦官。该词进入阿拉伯语后，形式为khuwāja，近代形式为khawāja，意为“先生”。其突厥语拼写形式为khoja，在两河及其以东地区，最初专指哈里发阿布·伯克尔和欧麦尔的后裔，以及阿里与除法蒂玛以外其他妻子所生的子孙。但在14世纪已有人将khwaja作为人名的一部分，如东察合台汗国的也里牙思火者汗（Ilyas khwaja khan）、黑的儿火者汗（Khizir Khwaja Khan）等。[1]


该词在波斯语中有“圣裔”之意，指伊斯蘭教先知穆罕默德的後裔。後來在一些信仰伊斯蘭教的民族中被用作頭銜、人名。在中亚与南亚的一些地方，和卓被用作伊斯兰教中宗教长者的尊称。


和卓在維吾爾語中又稱作和卓木（خوجام，Xojam），意为“我的和卓”，表示尊重。漢語將蒙古察合台王族統治西域時期的圣裔頭銜譯作“火者”；“和卓”則指17世紀至19世紀新疆的和卓家族。民國以後，新疆人名中的和卓一詞，一般被譯作“和加”，如和加尼牙孜。



新疆的和卓家族


新疆的和卓家族指瑪哈圖木·阿雜木的後裔。瑪哈圖木·阿雜木是中亞費爾干納人，自稱祖父來自麥地那，冒充穆罕默德女婿阿里·本·阿比·塔利卜的後裔，其實與穆罕默德家族並無血緣關係。瑪哈圖木·阿雜木的子孫分為黑山派與白山派兩個敵對的宗教派系。在葉爾羌汗國、準噶爾部統治天山南路的時期，黑山派與白山派之間多次發生激烈的鬥爭。1690年代，白山派首領伊达雅图勒拉曾短暫控治喀什噶爾、葉爾羌一带。1757年，清滅準噶爾後，伊达雅图勒拉的曾孫波羅尼都與霍集占兄弟發動了大小和卓之亂。1759年，清軍擊敗大小和卓，最終統一新疆。清道光、咸豐年間，波羅尼都的後裔張格爾、邁瑪特玉素普、倭里罕等人仍以“和卓”的名義，在浩罕汗國的支持下侵擾新疆。光緒年間，最后的和卓後裔邁買的明、布素魯克等人在阿古柏之亂中被殺或下落不明，和卓家族最終退出歷史舞臺。



参考文献




  1. ^ 刘正寅, 魏良弢. 《西域和卓家族研究》. 中国社会科学出版社. 1998年12月: 第一页. ISBN 7-5004-2378-0. 



参见



  • 瑪哈圖木·阿雜木

  • 伊达雅图勒拉




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