当代史

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当代史(英语:Contemporary history)是在時間軸上與当前紧密相连的历史,是现代史的特定角度,即現在的歷史,或是與個人相關的歷史。当代史一词早在19世纪就已使用,並在21世紀成為一門領域[1]。从最广义的意义上来说,当代史是仍处在人们生活記憶(living memory)中的历史,基于人类的預期壽命約為80年,当代史大约为從目前往前80年的时间。以2010年代來說,這個時期所說的當代史,由1940年代之後一直至今,當中包括了第二次世界大戰的戰後時期、冷戰等事件。
狭义上来说,当代史指当前大多数成年人记忆中的历史,大约延续一個世代。以2015年為例,現今正在存活中的人類,其中位數歲數為30歲,也就是說現在正存活人類中,約有一半都生於1985年前後,當代史就相當於這個時期之後至今,也就是相當於1980年代至今的歷史。
显然,随着世代更替,当代史所指的时间也随之变化。
「當代」一詞在中華人民共和國的用法
「当代」通常而言与「现代」同义。但在中国文学史的语境里,为区分于「现代」,「当代」特指现代史之后截至現今的近期的一段歷史時期。现代史的结束及当代的起始点有如下几种观点:
- 第一种观点是1949年。这既是正统的,也是大多数人的观点。1949年中华人民共和国的成立,使中国文学进入了一个崭新的历史阶段。但近年也出现了一些不同的看法,理由是从文学自身来看,1949年没有什么重大事件。
- 第二种观点是1976年文化大革命结束,从新时期以来是“当代文学”。这种观点认为50-70年代的文学基本是解放区文学的延续,应该属于“现代文学”,文革以后才进入了所谓“翻天覆地”的历史新阶段。
- 第三种观点是1942年毛泽东《在延安文艺座谈会上的讲话》,认为此前的文学是以五四精神为主导的,此后进入了以共产党思想为核心的当代文学。
注释
^ e.g. Edinburgh review, Volume 12 (1808) p. 480 (cf., There is this general distinction between contemporary history and all other history, —that the former is a witness, the latter a judge. The opinions of a contemporary author on the events which he records, are only then authority, when the impression made on a bystander happens to be a material part of the case; nor is this any exception to the maxim, that his business is to testify, not to lecture. On facts, however, he is paramount evidence; and that, not only in the age immediately succeeding him, but also, which is generally forgotten, to the latest times. The modern historian, who consults original authorities through the-medium of some later predecessor, descends from the character of a judge to that of a faithful reporter of decisions.)
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