Edge and Christian












































Edge and Christian

Edge and Christian April 2018 crop.jpg
Edge (right) and Christian (left) in April 2018

Tag team
Members
Edge
Christian
Name(s)
High Impact
Suicide Blondes
Revolution X
Hard Istian
E&C
Team E&C / Team EC
Los Conquistadores
The Brood
Team ECK
Rocket Strappers
Heights
6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) – Edge
6 ft 1 in (1.85 m) – Christian
Combined
weight
453 lb (205 kg)
Hometown
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Billed from
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Debut
1998 (in-ring competition)
Years active
1998–2001
2009–2011
2014–present (reunions)
Trainer
Ron Hutchison[1]

Edge and Christian (E&C) were a tag team made of real life best friends Edge (Adam Copeland) and Christian (Jason Reso). They are best known for their time in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), later renamed World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) where they won the WWF Tag Team Championship on seven occasions.[1][2] Initially, the two were portrayed as on-screen brothers,[1] but the aspect was de-emphasized in the mid-2000s, and in 2010, the team was officially retconned as childhood friends.[citation needed] The team split up in 2001 but reunited briefly on the SmackDown brand in 2011. Edge, however, announced his retirement from professional wrestling due to neck injury on the April 11 episode of Monday Night Raw, which would ultimately end their final run together.


In addition to their seven reigns as WWF Tag Team Champions, they each won singles titles during their run as a tag team. Edge and Christian are also noteworthy for their participation in the first three Tables, Ladders, and Chairs matches (TLC matches). In 2012, WWE named them the greatest tag team in WWE history.[3] The team's popularity propelled Edge and Christian to main event success, with both men becoming multiple-time world champions in their own right.




Contents






  • 1 History


    • 1.1 Independent circuit (1997–1998)


    • 1.2 World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (1998–2001; 2009–2011)


      • 1.2.1 The Brood and Terri Invitational Tournament (1998-2000)


      • 1.2.2 Comedic antics and championship pursuits (2000)


      • 1.2.3 Los Conquistadores (2000)


      • 1.2.4 Team RECK (2000–2001)


      • 1.2.5 Split, brief reunions, and individual success


      • 1.2.6 Reunion and Edge's retirement (2009–2012)


      • 1.2.7 Later reunions (2014–present)






  • 2 Championships and accomplishments


  • 3 References


  • 4 External links





History



Independent circuit (1997–1998)


Copeland and Reso formed a tag team in the Canadian independent circuit after completing their training with Ron Hutchison and Sweet Daddy Siki at Hutchinson's "Sully's Gym". The pair primarily used the ring names of Sexton Hardcastle and Christian Cage, respectively. Their tag team wrestled under several team names, such as "High Impact", "Suicide Blondes", "Revolution X", "Hard Impact" and "Canadian Rockers".[1] They were part of a faction dubbed "Thug LiFe" in 1997.[1][4] The stable consisted of Cage, Hardcastle, Joe E. Legend, Rhino Richards, Bloody Bill Skullion, Big Daddy Adams and Martin Kane.[4] In 1998, Sexton and Christian began teaming up in independent promotions such as Insane Championship Wrestling (ICW) and Southern States Wrestling (SSW).


The duo won the ICW Streetfight Tag Team Championship twice and SSW Tag Team Championship once during their time in the independent circuit.



World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (1998–2001; 2009–2011)



The Brood and Terri Invitational Tournament (1998-2000)


On the June 22, 1998 episode of Raw is War, Copeland debuted as Edge in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) against Jose Estrada, Jr.. He was a mysterious "loner" character, who would emerge from the crowd before his matches.[5] Eventually, he started a feud with Gangrel.[1] At In Your House: Breakdown, during a match pitting Edge against Owen Hart, Reso, cited as an unknown person looking similar to Edge, came out to the ring distracting him enough to allow Hart to get the win.[6] It was later revealed that Reso's character was Christian, Edge's storyline brother, and he was aligned with Gangrel as his vampire follower. After some confrontations between the two gothic brothers, Edge was convinced to 'come home' with Christian and Gangrel, and the three of them formed a stable known as "The Brood".[1][7]





Christian (left) and Edge during their time in The Brood


At In Your House: Rock Bottom, the Brood defeated The J.O.B. Squad (Al Snow, Bob Holly and Scorpio).[1][7][8] The Brood briefly joined The Undertaker's Ministry of Darkness faction, but left after Christian was flogged and almost sacrificed for revealing Stephanie McMahon's whereabouts to Ken Shamrock.[7][9] Following a short feud with the Ministry, Gangrel turned on Edge and demanded that Christian do the same.[1][7] He refused and both he and Edge broke with Gangrel turning them into fan favorites. From there, the gothic storyline enjoyed limited success, beginning their eventual tag team feud with The Hardy Boyz (Matt Hardy and Jeff Hardy), who also briefly formed a new Brood with Gangrel before turning on him as well.[1][7] At this point, the duo had rehashed Edge's pre-Brood gimmick as borderline gothic fan favorites most notable for a tendency to enter the ring through the audience.


The tag team feud with the Hardy Boyz intensified as Gangrel became Matt and Jeff's new manager, combining to form "The New Brood", in the summer of 1999. However, both teams were more interested in acquiring the managerial services of Terri Runnels for which (along with $100,000) they would compete in a best-of-five series of matches known as the Terri Invitational Tournament. Edge and Christian won the first two matches, putting the Hardyz in sudden jeopardy. The Hardyz went on to win the next two matches, however, leading to a rubber match at No Mercy to determine which team would earn Terri's services.[1][9][10] The rubber match would be a ladder match, in which Gangrel tried to interfere, only to get ejected. Matt and Jeff Hardy went on to win the match and the Terri Invitational Tournament after a competitive bout that resulted in both teams receiving a standing ovation after the match as well as the next night on Raw is War.[1][11] On that next night, the four men shook hands in a show of respect, then all turned against Gangrel by attacking him when he came out to boast about spending the night with Terri, establishing them as heroic figures and removing Gangrel from the equation.


The storyline then focused around the "mutual respect" between Edge and Christian and the Hardy Boyz, along with both teams' pursuit of the WWF Tag Team Championship. The two teams were involved in several matches together, such as at Survivor Series and No Way Out.[1][12][13] However, shortly after Terri betrayed the Hardyz at No Way Out, the truce between the two teams imploded and they began fighting each other once more. Terri then attempted to sew discord between Edge and Christian in a storyline that was originally intended to see the two split off into singles wrestlers with Terri managing Christian, but was soon changed to keep the tag team together and have them reject Terri's plans.[14]



Comedic antics and championship pursuits (2000)





Edge (left) and Christian preceded matches with a five-second pose for flash photography where they would often mock their opponents or the location of the event


Edge and Christian continued their "mutual respect" storyline with the Hardy Boyz, At WrestleMania 2000, they defeated the defending champion Dudley Boyz (Bubba Ray Dudley and D-Von Dudley) and the Hardy Boyz in a Triangle ladder match for their first WWF Tag Team Championship.[1][15][16] Immediately thereafter, Edge and Christian redefined themselves as a villainous duo of comedic surfer-styled teen idols. No longer entering the arena through the crowd, the two engaged in various antics including making fun of their opponents or the city they were performing in, using strange exclusive phrases (the most notable being "reek of awesomeness"), and dressing in outlandish costumes. Other trademarks of theirs included the "five-second pose" where, "for the benefit of those with flash photography", they would stand still in odd positions in the middle of the ring so fans could take pictures. These poses usually involved making fun of either their opponents or aspects of town pride (for instance, making fun of Elvis Presley during a show in Memphis, Tennessee or imitating Bill Buckner in the 1986 World Series at an event in Boston) to generate a negative reaction from the crowd.


At Backlash, the duo retained their titles against D-Generation X (X-Pac and Road Dogg).[1][17] They began a feud with Too Cool (Scotty 2 Hotty, Grand Master Sexay and Rikishi). On May 29, 2000 edition of Raw is War, they dropped the titles to Scotty and Sexay.[18] At the King of the Ring pay-per-view, the duo defeated Too Cool, Hardy Boyz and T & A (Test and Albert) in a Four Corners elimination match to win their second WWF Tag Team Championship.[1][19][20]


Matching the Dudleyz' penchant for driving enemies through tables and the Hardyz' proficiency in diving attacks using ladders, Edge and Christian became known for using the "con-chair-to", an attack consisting of simultaneous steel chair shots on both sides of a victim's head. At SummerSlam, they defended their titles successfully against the Dudleyz and Hardyz in the first-ever Tables, Ladders and Chairs match (TLC match), a specialized ladder match themed around the signature weapons of all three teams.[1][21] Edge and Christian stated that instead of doing the "time-honored tradition" of shaking the hands of their opponents, they would instead do the time-honored tradition of mocking their opponents, and had four little people show up dressed as the Hardy Boyz and the Dudley Boyz, with toy ladders and tables, with a "37 second pose" when the fake Hardys and Dudleys bowed to Edge and Christian, who stood on the table.[22]



Los Conquistadores (2000)


After Edge and Christian lost the tag team championship to the Hardy Boyz at Unforgiven, they had a rematch on the September 25 edition of Raw is War in a ladder match which they lost. According to the pre-match stipulation, they could never again challenge for the tag team championship as long as the Hardy Boyz held them. Thus, they began competing under the masks of Los Conquistadores.[18] On the October 16 edition of Raw Is War, they defeated Dudley Boyz,[18] and on the October 19 edition of SmackDown!, they won a tag team battle royal to earn themselves a tag team title shot.[23] They went on to defeat the Hardy Boyz at No Mercy to once again become the tag team champions .[1][24][25]


Soon after, another team began competing as Los Conquistadores as well, and they soon challenged Edge and Christian for their tag team championship on the October 23 episode of Raw is War. "Los Conquistadores" defeated Edge and Christian before ripping off their masks and revealing themselves as the Hardy Boyz.[18]



Team RECK (2000–2001)


They eventually started to team with Kurt Angle, forming "Team ECK", a group that was later joined by Rhyno when he came in from Extreme Championship Wrestling in early 2001 to make "Team RECK".


At Armageddon, Edge and Christian competed in a Four Corners match which included the champions, Right to Censor (Bull Buchanan and The Goodfather), Dudley Boyz and the makeshift team of Road Dogg and K-Kwik. Edge and Christian went on to win the match and their fourth WWF Tag Team Championship.[1][26][27] A week later, they lost the WWF Tag Team Championship to The Undertaker and The Rock but eventually regained them.[18][23][28]


At the Royal Rumble, they lost the titles to the Dudley Boyz.[29] They aided the Hardy Boyz in defeating the Dudley Boyz for the titles on March 5, 2001 edition of Raw is War and then two weeks later,[30] they defeated the Hardy Boyz themselves for their record breaking sixth WWF Tag Team Championship.[31] Later that night, they dropped the titles to the Dudley Boyz making them the shortest reigning WWF Tag Team Champions of all time.[32] At WrestleMania X-Seven, they defeated the then-champions the Dudley Boyz and the Hardy Boyz in the second TLC match for their seventh and final WWF Tag Team Championship, but with help from their teammate Rhyno.[1][33][34] On the April 19 episode of SmackDown!, they lost the WWF Tag Team Championship to The Brothers of Destruction (Undertaker and Kane).[35]



Split, brief reunions, and individual success


Friction arose between the team (as well as the entire RECK faction) at King of the Ring when Edge won the 2001 King of the Ring tournament (all four members had made it to the semi finals).[1][36] As a result, on the September 3 edition of Raw is War in their hometown of Toronto, Christian appeared to be jealous of his brother and insisted on carrying Edge's trophy to the ring. During the night, he assaulted Edge with a "one-man con-chair-to" turning into a major heel and joined The Alliance. The former partners went on to feud over the WWF Intercontinental Championship for several months, causing the team to split.[1][37]


Edge and Christian had a one-night reunion at a SmackDown! live event on October 13, 2002 when they defeated Los Guerreros (Eddie and Chavo).[1][38] They reunited again on November 15, 2004 edition of Raw but ended up losing to Chris Benoit and Shelton Benjamin.[1][39] From there, they would become loosely united through Christian facing Edge's storyline rivals, leading to three more reunion tag team matches in 2005.[1][40][41][42] These reunions, officially or otherwise, also included a brand new third party in the form of Christian's acting problem solver at the time, Tyson Tomko.





Edge in June 2008





Christian in September 2008


Christian left WWE on November 13, 2005. He debuted in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) at its Genesis pay-per-view under the ring name Christian Cage, which he used in Canadian independent circuit.[43] Christian experienced immediate success in TNA, where he won the NWA World Heavyweight Championship twice.[44] Edge also achieved greater success in WWE after Christian's departure. He went on to win the first-ever Money in the Bank ladder match at WrestleMania 21 and cashed in his Money in the Bank contract at New Year's Revolution and won the WWE Championship, his first of eleven world championship reigns.[45][46]



Reunion and Edge's retirement (2009–2012)


In 2009, Christian returned to WWE, and at Backlash, won the ECW Championship, his first world championship in WWE. Following his title win, and prior to Edge's ninth world title win that same night, the duo interacted on television for the first time since Christian's return, with Christian criticizing Edge for not being "fun" anymore.[citation needed] On the first SmackDown following the 2010 WWE Draft, Christian and Edge came face-to-face following Edge's goodbye speech, in which they referred to themselves simply as childhood friends rather than brothers. Christian would force Edge to reveal that he had manipulated the fans, challenging Edge to a match. Edge refused, leading to a brawl between the two, in which Christian got the upper hand.[citation needed] On Raw May 17, in their hometown of Toronto, Edge was scheduled for a "Pick Your Poison" match and his opponent turned out to be Christian. Edge eventually won the match with a spear, however moments later Randy Orton revealed that The Undertaker was in fact his real opponent. Though Edge got himself intentionally counted out, Christian got the last laugh by throwing Edge back into the ring to get chokeslammed by the Undertaker.


They reunited once again at the 2010 Slammy Awards, with Edge as a face again and on better terms. They presented the award for meltdown of the year, which was ironically won by Edge for destroying the laptop where the Raw brand General Manager sends his messages to. At the 2011 Royal Rumble, Edge paid homage to Christian when he applied a Killswitch to Dolph Ziggler and retained the World Heavyweight title. Christian returned at Elimination Chamber and came to the aid of Edge when he was being attacked by Alberto Del Rio right after his match. At the March 4th tapings of SmackDown, Christian saved Edge from Alberto Del Rio and Ricardo Rodriguez. The following week, Christian once again saved Edge from Alberto Del Rio and his NXT rookie, Brodus Clay. The duo were beaten down however, which resulted in Teddy Long setting up a tag team match as the main event. Later that night, Edge and Christian officially reunited when they defeated Alberto Del Rio and Brodus Clay. A week later, Edge defeated Brodus Clay in a one on one match. Alberto attacked Edge afterwards but was stopped by Christian. The duo brawled until Teddy Long announced a steel cage match as the main event. Christian defeated Alberto. Afterwards, Edge attempted to destroy Alberto's Bentley. He was stopped though and given a con-chair-to. The following week, Teddy Long announced that if Edge or Alberto touched each other before WrestleMania XXVII, they would both be banned from it. The main event saw Christian face Del Rio once again. Christian won but Edge, who had accompanied him, nearly hit Alberto with a chair. Christian stopped him though and hit Alberto himself. On next week's episode of Raw, the duo once again faced Del Rio and Clay. They defeated them but afterwards Del Rio applied the cross armbreaker to Christian. Edge chased him off but was then attacked from behind by Del Rio.




Edge destroying Alberto Del Rio's car, as Christian watches, at WrestleMania XXVII


At WrestleMania, Edge defeated Del Rio. Afterwards, with Christian's help he destroyed Alberto's car. On the following Smackdown, Alberto expressed his anger towards Edge and Christian and promised to make them pay. Edge came out with the car he destroyed at WrestleMania to taunt him. Alberto demanded a rematch but Edge said others deserved it more, like Christian who exited the towing truck. Before any fight erupted, Teddy scheduled a match between Christian and Del Rio to the determine the number-one contender that would face Edge in a ladder match for the title at the 2011 Extreme Rules. Del Rio defeated Christian after he got distracted by Edge spearing Brodus Clay.


On the April 15, 2011 edition of Raw, Edge announced his retirement from professional wrestling due to injury, vacating the World Heavyweight Championship in the process. Upon his retirement, Christian would gain a championship match for the vacated World Heavyweight Championship against Del Rio after winning a 20-Man Battle Royal. At Extreme Rules, after a distraction by Edge reversed the effects of interference from Clay, Christian defeated Del Rio for the vacated title. Edge and Christian celebrated the win and embraced in the ring one final time.


At Summerslam, Christian revealed that Edge would be at ringside for his match against Randy Orton. However, Edge berated Christian for his recent actions and left him to fight in a losing effort to Orton. On the September 16, 2011 edition of Smackdown, entitled 'Edge Appreciation Night', the duo once again came face to face backstage. They made up but argued again after Christian tried asking Edge to get him for another title shot. After the tapings, a tribute for Edge aired and the two did a five-second pose in front of their hometown. In January 2012, it was announced that Edge will be inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame. On March 31, 2012, Christian inducted Edge into the WWE Hall of Fame. At the end of Edge's speech, he did a five-second pose to end the ceremony.



Later reunions (2014–present)


Edge and Christian guest hosted the December 29, 2014 episode of Raw. During the show, Christian was attacked and forced out of the ring by Seth Rollins, Big Show, and J&J Security. Edge was held to the mat by Big Show while Rollins threatened to break his neck with the curb stomp if John Cena did not bring back The Authority. Ultimately Cena would give in to Rollins' demands, saving Edge but bringing back The Authority.[47] Edge & Christian appeared on the Stone Cold Podcast on the WWE Network following the September 7, 2015 episode of Raw.


Outside of WWE, the two have appeared together on the Syfy TV series Haven, on which Copeland had a strong recurring role as Dwight Hendrickson and Reso made guest appearances as McHugh, a close friend and ally of Dwight's. They are also now co-hosts of The Edge and Christian Show That Totally Reeks of Awesomeness on the WWE Network. Their new show debuted on February 21, 2016, immediately following Fastlane.[48] To promote the show, Edge and Christian hosted The Cutting Edge Peep Show at Fastlane featuring The New Day as their guests, a second season of the show was announced in April 2018. In addition, they started their own podcast called the Edge and Christian Pod of Awesomeness in late 2017.


In 2018, Edge and Christian inducted The Dudley Boyz (Bubba Ray and D-Von Dudley) into the WWE Hall of Fame.



Championships and accomplishments




  • Insane Championship Wrestling (Milwaukee)
    • ICW Streetfight Tag Team Championship (1 time)[49]



  • Pro Wrestling Illustrated


    • Match of the Year (2000) vs. The Dudley Boyz and The Hardy Boyz in a triangle ladder match at WrestleMania 2000[50]

    • Match of the Year (2001) vs. The Dudley Boyz and The Hardy Boyz in a Tables, Ladders and Chairs match at WrestleMania X-Seven[50]




  • World Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling Entertainment/WWE


    • World Heavyweight Championship (2 times) – Edge (1) and Christian (1)[51]


    • WWF Intercontinental Championship (2 times) – Edge[52]


    • WWF Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time) – Christian[1][53][54]


    • WWF Tag Team Championship (7 times)[1][2][16][20][25][27][28][31][34]


    • King of the Ring (2001) – Edge[1]




  • Wrestling Observer Newsletter

    • Tag Team of the Year (2000)[55]




References





  1. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaab "Edge and Christian Profile". Online World of Wrestling. Retrieved 2008-01-24..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


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  32. ^ "RAW results - March 19, 2001". Online World of Wrestling. Retrieved 2008-01-24.


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  47. ^ Tedesco, Mike. "WWE RAW Results - 12/29/14 (Cena brings Authority back)". wrestleview.com. Retrieved 30 December 2014.


  48. ^ "Edge and Christian Network Show Premiere Date Revealed, Update on Stephen Amell - Stardust, Preview Tonight's WWE 24 Special". Wrestlezone. Retrieved 2016-01-29.


  49. ^ "ICW Street Fight Tag Team Title". ProWrestlingHistory.com. Retrieved September 2, 2009.


  50. ^ ab "The PWI Awards". Pro Wrestling Illustrated. 33 (3): 98. 2012.


  51. ^ "World Heavyweight Championship history". WWE. Retrieved May 2, 2011.


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  53. ^ "WWE Light Heavyweight Championship official title history". WWE. Retrieved February 6, 2008.


  54. ^ "Christian's first Light Heavyweight Championship reign". WWE. Archived from the original on February 19, 2008. Retrieved February 6, 2008.


  55. ^ Meltzer, Dave, "2000 Wrestling Observer Newsletter Awards", Wrestling Observer Newsletter, Campbell, CA, pp. 1–12, ISSN 1083-9593




External links




  • Edge's WWE profile

  • Christian's WWE profile









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Mount Tamalpais

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Mount Tamalpais Mount Tamalpais, viewed from the south Highest point Elevation 2,571 ft (784 m)   NAVD 88 [1] Prominence 2,456 ft (749 m)  [1] Listing California county high points 55th Coordinates 37°55′45″N 122°34′40″W  /  37.929088°N 122.577829°W  / 37.929088; -122.577829 Coordinates: 37°55′45″N 122°34′40″W  /  37.929088°N 122.577829°W  / 37.929088; -122.577829   [1] Geography Mount Tamalpais Marin County, California, U.S. Show map of California Mount Tamalpais Mount Tamalpais (the US) Show map of the US Parent range California Coast Ranges Topo map USGS San Rafael Geology Mountain type Sedimentary Climbing First ascent 1830s by Jacob P. Leese (first recorded ascent) [2] Easiest route Railroad Grade fire trail Mount Tamalpais ( / t æ m əl ˈ p aɪ . ɪ s / ; TAM -əl- PY -iss ; Coast Miwok: /t̪ɑmɑlˈpɑis̺/ , known locally as Mount Tam ) is a peak in Marin County, California, United State...
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Indian Forest Service

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Indian Forest Service Service Overview Preceding service Imperial Forest Service (1864 to 1935) Year of Constitution 1966 Country India Staff College Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy (IGNFA), Dehradun, Uttarakhand Cadre Controlling Authority Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change Legal personality Governmental: Government service General nature Administration of Forest and Wildlife resources Cadre strength 3131 (2182 Direct Recruits and 949 Promotion Posts) Website ifs.nic.in Service Chief Director General of Forests Siddhanth Das, IFS (1982 Batch, Odisha Cadre) [1] Head of the All India Civil Services Cabinet Secretary Pradeep Kumar Sinha, IAS Indian Forest Service (भारतीय वन सेवा) [2] is one of the three All India Services of the Government of India. The other two All India Services being the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) and the Indian Police Service (IPS). [3] [4] [5] It was constituted in...
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