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ATL-98 Carvair
Aer Lingus Carvair loading a car at Bristol Airport, United Kingdom, in 1965
Role	Transport
Manufacturer	Aviation Traders
First flight	21 June 1961
Status	Retired from service
Number built	21
Developed from	Douglas DC-4

The Aviation Traders ATL-98 Carvair was a large transport aircraft powered by four radial engines. It was a Douglas Aircraft C-54-based air ferry developed by Freddie Laker's Aviation Traders (Engineering) Limited (ATL), with a capacity generally of 22 passengers in a rear cabin, and five cars loaded in at the front.

Design and development

Freddie Laker's idea to convert surplus examples of the Douglas DC-4 and its military counterpart the C-54 Skymaster to carry cars was a relatively inexpensive solution to develop a successor to the rapidly aging and increasingly inadequate Bristol 170 Freighter, the car ferry airlines' mainstay since the late 1940s.^[1]

The Bristol Freighter's main drawback was its limited payload, in terms of the number of cars that fitted into a single aircraft. Even the "long-nosed" Mark 32 was able to accommodate only three cars (in addition to 20 passengers). This made carrying cars by air a very tricky business. If a booked car failed to turn up, the flight instantly became unprofitable as a result of the one-third cut in payload. This situation was made worse by the increasing average length of British cars during the 1950s. The average UK car in 1959 was 25 centimetres (9.8 in) longer than in 1950. The extreme seasonality of the car ferry business furthermore resulted in poor aircraft utilization outside peak periods. Moreover, repeated takeoffs and landings on short cross-Channel flights, in turbulent air at lower altitudes with tight turnarounds of as little as 20 minutes, made the aircraft prone to structural fatigue problems. These necessitated rigorous and costly modification programmes, thereby further increasing the type's operating costs on what were essentially low-yield routes.^[1]

When the major airlines replaced their obsolete piston airliners with new Boeing 707 and Douglas DC-8 jets on their prestige long-haul routes, the unit price of second-hand DC-4s dropped to as little as £50,000. The conversion of each of these airframes into car-passenger carriers cost about £80,000. This was easily affordable by smaller airlines, such as the car ferry companies. Freddie Laker's cardboard model of a converted DC-4 featuring a door in the nose and a flight deck raised above the fuselage had shown that its payload was superior to the Bristol Freighter/Superfreighter. The aircraft was designed to accommodate five average-sized British cars plus 25 passengers as a result of the DC-4's longer and wider fuselage. British Air Ferries (BAF), for example, operated its Carvairs in a flexible configuration, either accommodating five cars and 22 passengers or two-three cars and 55 passengers, permitting it to change over from one configuration to the other in about 40 minutes.^[2] In addition, the DC-4's lack of pressurisation made it ideal for low-altitude cross-Channel flights that did not go high enough to require a pressurised cabin. This made the proposed structural conversion straightforward. The result was a new aircraft christened Carvair (derived from car-via-air).^[3]

A Aviation Traders ATL-98 Carvair

Initially, it was thought that second-hand, pressurised Douglas DC-6 and Douglas DC-7 airframes could be converted into larger, "second generation" Carvairs within 15 years of the original DC-4-based Carvair's entry into service.^[4]

The conversion of the original aircraft entailed replacing the forward fuselage with one 8 feet 8 inches (2.64 m) longer, with a raised flightdeck in a bulbous "hump" (akin to the later Boeing 747) to allow a sideways hinged nose door. It also entailed more powerful wheel brakes and an enlarged tail, often thought to be a Douglas DC-7 unit, but actually a completely new design.^{[citation needed]} The engines, four Pratt & Whitney R-2000 Twin Wasps, were unchanged.

The prototype conversion first flew on 21 June 1961. Twenty-one Carvairs were produced in the UK, with production of aircraft 1, 11 and 21 at Southend Airport and the balance at Stansted Airport. The final three aircraft were delivered to Australia's Ansett-ANA, which supplied its own DC-4s to ATL for conversion, unlike the previous 18 aircraft that were purchased by ATL and either sold on or transferred to associate company British United Air Ferries (BUAF). One of the two aircraft still flying in June 2007 was an ex-Ansett airframe. A second Ansett aircraft was abandoned at Phnom Penh in 1975. The first flight of the last conversion, number 21, for Ansett, was on 12 July 1968.

Basic price for a newly converted Carvair in 1960 was £150,000, and based on the use of a C54 airframe, whilst only two of the three Ansett airframes supplied were of the DC4 variant.^[5]

Service

Carvair of Compagnie Air Transport, France, at Manchester Airport in 1967

The Carvair was used by Aer Lingus, BUAF and BAF among others, and was used in Congo-Kinshasa during 1960-1964, under contract to the United Nations. Aircraft for Aer Lingus were quickly convertible between 55 seats and 22 seats with five cars. Some aircraft were pure freighters with only nine seats. One aircraft had 55 high-density seats and room for three cars. BAF was the last operator in Europe of the aircraft, keeping them flying into the 1970s.

British United Carvairs made an appearance in the 1964 James Bond movie Goldfinger^[6] as Auric Goldfinger and bodyguard Oddjob boarded G-ASDC bound for Switzerland while Goldfinger's Rolls-Royce car was being loaded through the Carvair nose; and in the 1967 TV series The Prisoner in the episode "The Chimes of Big Ben", it is seen loaded through the nose, taking off and then landing again.

Aviation Traders ATL-98 Carvair of Nationwide Air at Christchurch, New Zealand in 1977

Of the 21 airframes, eight were destroyed in crashes (one each in Rotterdam, Netherlands 1962; Karachi, Pakistan 1967; Twin Falls, Canada 1968; Le Touquet, France 1971; and four in the United States: Miami, Florida 1969; Venetie, Alaska 1997;^[7]Griffin, Georgia also in 1997; and McGrath, Alaska in 2007.) Perhaps the best-known Carvair crash was the one at Griffin in April 1997, where on its takeoff run the (fifth production) Carvair suffered catastrophic engine failure, failed to become properly airborne, and crashed into a vacant Piggly Wiggly supermarket past the airport perimeter, killing both pilots. However, the first of two catastrophic incidents occurred at Karachi on 8 March 1967 when F-BMHU of Compagnie Air Transport (the fourth produced) suffered a double engine failure on take-off and, as a result of the large cargo carried and the rarified atmosphere, the aircraft lost height rapidly and the pilot was forced to make a landing on the National Highway near the airport but struck the Drigh Road railway bridge and several vehicles, killing four of the crew of six plus seven others on the ground. The second catastrophic incident was near Miami, Florida on 23 June 1969 when HI-168 of Dominicana Aviation (the sixteenth produced), after three aborted taxy-outs due to the crew being unhappy with engine performance, finally took off grossly overloaded but suffered again a double engine failure and in trying to return to the airport crashed into a main street east of the airport. When the entire fuel load exploded and caught fire it set fire to many buildings despite the efforts of the 14 fire trucks that attended and took 45 minutes to quell the fire. The four crew and six on the ground were killed, with another 12 on the ground injured.

Surviving aircraft

9J-PAA seen at Rand Airport, South Africa on 18 August 2011

The Zambian-registered 9J-PAA, the 21st and final Carvair built, is in South Africa with Phoebus Apollo Aviation. The aircraft is currently on display at Rand Airport, where it sits near other uncommon aircraft such as the Boeing 747SP. Although now removed from the Zambian register, the owner plans to return it to the skies for air shows.^{[citation needed]}

The second (N89FA / "Miss 1944", the 9th Carvair) is based in Gainesville, Texas at KGLE Gainesville Municipal Airport, and flies with Gator Global Flying Services on ad-hoc cargo charters throughout the United States.^{[citation needed]}

Another Carvair (N898AT, the 20th built) had been airworthy, but was written off after crashing while landing on 30 May 2007 at the airstrip at Nixon Fork Mine in Alaska.^[8]

Past operators

British United Air Ferries Carvair at Guernsey Airport in 1972

 Australia

• Ansett Australia

 Canada

• Eastern Provincial Airways


• HawkAir Aviation Services Ltd

 Dominican Republic

• Dominicana de Aviación

 Spain

• Aviaco

 France

• Compagnie Air Transport

 Ireland

• Aer Lingus

 Luxembourg

• Interocean Airways

 New Zealand

• Nationwide Air

 South Africa

• Phoebus Apollo Aviation

 United Kingdom

• 
  British United Air Ferries and successor British Air Ferries (BAF)


• Channel Air Bridge

 United States

• Gator Global Flying Services


• Academy Airlines


• Brooks Fuels

Specifications

Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1965-66^[9]

General characteristics

• 
  Crew: two


• 
  Capacity: Maximum seating 85 passengers or five cars and 22 passengers


• 
  Payload: 19,335 lb (8,770 kg)


• 
  Length: 102 ft 7 in (31.27 m)


• 
  Wingspan: 117 ft 6 in (35.82 m)


• 
  Height: 29 ft 10 in (9.09 m)


• 
  Wing area: 1,462 ft² (135.8 m²)


• 
  Airfoil: NACA 23016 at root, NACA 23012 at tip


• 
  Aspect ratio: 9.45:1


• 
  Empty weight: 41,365 lb (18,762 kg)


• 
  Max. takeoff weight: 73,800 lb (33,475 kg)


• 
  Powerplant: 4 × Pratt & Whitney R-2000-7M2 Twin Wasp radial engine, 1,450 hp (1,081 kW) each

Performance

• 
  Never exceed speed: 275 mph (239 knots, 442 km/h)


• 
  Maximum speed: 250 mph (217 knots, 400 km/h)


• 
  Cruise speed: 207 mph (180 knots, 334 km/h) at 10,000 ft (3,050 m) (Econ cruise)


• 
  Stall speed: 119 mph (103 knots, 191 km/h) (wheels and flaps up)


• 
  Range: 2,300 miles (2,000 nmi, 3,700 km) with max payload


• 
  Service ceiling: 18,700 ft (5,700 m)


• 
  Rate of climb: 650 ft/min (3.3 m/s)

Notable appearances in media

See also

Related development

• Canadair North Star


• Douglas DC-4


• Douglas C-54 Skymaster

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

• Armstrong Whitworth AW.660 Argosy


• Bristol Freighter

Notes

References

• 
  Eglin, Roger & Ritchie, Berry (1980). Fly me, I'm Freddie. London, UK: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-77746-7.
  


• 
  Dean, W.P. & O'Callaghan, M. (2008). The ATL-98 Carvair: A Comprehensive History of the Aircraft and All 21 Airframes. Jefferson, N.C., USA: McFarland & Co. ISBN 978-0-7864-3670-5. (2nd printing)


• Doyle, Paul A. (2000). ‘Air Bridge 2’ (the design, development and service use of the ATL98 Carvair conversions and their effect on the civilian vehicle air ferry era). Hertfordshire, UK: Forward Airfield Research Publishing.
  ISBN 09525-624-72.


• 
  Airliner World – Britain's Carferry Airlines, January 2004. Avenel, New Jersey, USA: Key Publishing. (Airliner World online)


• 
  Taylor, John W. R. (1965). Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1965-66. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company.
  

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aviation Traders ATL-98 Carvair.

• Operators’ reference drawing


• Commercial Aircraft of the World Aviation Traders ATL-98 Carvair


• Aviation Traders Ltd.


• The Aviation Traders ATL-98 Carvair


• Aviation Traders Carvair


• DC-4 to Carvair, c/n 42994 history by Gil White


• ATL.98 Carvair N898AT in final stages of restoration


• Douglas DC-4-1009, Carvair ATL-98 Registration: N898AT


• 30 May 2007: Carvair N898AT Wrecked


• ASN Aviation Safety Database Aviation Traders ATL-98 Carvair


• Carvair in Goldfinger